p.21
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What increases the surface area for nutrient absorption in the intestinal villus?
The presence of microvilli at the apex of columnar epithelial cells.
p.21
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What structures are involved in the microanatomy of an intestinal villus?
Goblet cells, lacteals, capillary networks, arterioles, and venules.
p.43
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What are the three main divisions of the embryonic gastrointestinal tract?
Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut.
p.7
Anatomy of the Esophagus
What is the function of the esophagus?
To transport food from the pharynx to the stomach.
p.13
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
Where is the lamina propria located in the stomach?
Just deep to the surface epithelium.
p.7
Anatomy of the Esophagus
What is peristalsis?
An involuntary process that moves food through the esophagus.
p.4
Functions of the Digestive System
What type of digestion does saliva assist with?
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
p.12
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the visceral peritoneum?
The serous membrane that covers the stomach and other abdominal organs.
p.8
Structure and Function of the Esophagus
What is the function of the epithelial lining of the esophagus?
Protection, absorption, and secretion.
p.42
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What are the main veins involved in the venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract?
The superior mesenteric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein, which drain into the portal vein.
p.10
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the four parts of the stomach?
Cardia, Fundus, Body, and Pyloric part.
p.22
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the role of the portal vein in nutrient absorption?
It transports absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver.
p.12
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What type of vessels are present in the stomach's microanatomy?
Arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
p.43
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What are the three embryonic layers involved in GI tract development?
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm.
p.53
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the Greater Omentum?
An apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine and transverse colon; a site of fat deposition in overweight individuals.
p.33
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What are liver sinusoids?
A type of capillary known as a sinusoidal capillary, allowing mixing of oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein.
p.23
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What are the main sections of the large intestine?
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
p.4
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What do sympathetic fibers stimulate in the salivary glands?
The secretion of thicker, mucous-rich saliva.
p.30
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What major vessels are associated with the porta hepatis?
Hepatic artery (proper), portal vein, and common bile duct.
p.3
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What is the hyoid bone known for?
It is the only 'floating' bone in the body.
p.19
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
How do the circular folds of the ileum compare to those of the jejunum?
The ileum has fewer circular folds than the jejunum.
p.40
Anatomy of the Spleen
How does the spleen contribute to the immune response?
By fighting invading germs in the blood.
p.23
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
To absorb water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter.
p.53
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the function of the Lesser Omentum?
Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver and provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver.
p.33
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
They are white blood cells that help in the immune response within the liver.
p.20
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What are villi?
Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the luminal surface in the small intestine.
p.35
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Where is the gallbladder located?
At the visceral surface of the liver.
p.27
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What is the primary function of the anus?
To serve as the exit point for waste from the GI tract.
p.12
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the four main layers of the stomach?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
p.13
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the lamina propria?
A layer of connective tissue located just deep to the surface epithelium of the stomach.
p.4
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is stimulated by parasympathetic fibers in the salivary glands?
The secretion of watery, enzyme-rich saliva.
p.19
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is a distinguishing feature of the jejunum?
It has a lot of circular folds.
p.33
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What are the components of a portal triad in the liver?
Microscopic branch of the hepatic artery, microscopic branch of the portal vein, and bile ductule.
p.7
Anatomy of the Esophagus
What is the esophageal hiatus?
The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.
p.5
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What forms the roof of the oral cavity?
The palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones.
p.41
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Can one survive without the spleen?
Yes, one can survive without it.
p.16
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To complete digestive processes and absorb nutrients.
p.7
Anatomy of the Esophagus
What type of muscle is found in the esophagus?
Skeletal muscle (voluntary control) and smooth muscle (involuntary control).
p.29
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is one of the primary functions of the liver related to fat?
Produces bile, which emulsifies fat.
p.43
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
On which day after fertilization does the embryonic development of the GI tract begin?
Day 7 after fertilization.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What are the three main parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
p.42
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the role of the lymphatic system in the gastrointestinal tract?
To transport absorbed fats and immune cells.
p.33
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the central vein in a liver lobule?
The vein that collects blood from the liver sinusoids and drains into the hepatic vein.
p.1
Structure and Function of the Esophagus
What layers should students be able to identify in the digestive tract?
The layers of the wall of the digestive tract.
p.31
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the significance of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in relation to the liver?
It receives blood from the hepatic veins.
p.32
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the significance of the liver in relation to the GI tract?
It processes everything absorbed from the GI tract.
p.51
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the function of the blood vessels and nerves within the peritoneal folds?
They innervate the organs and supply adjacent organs.
p.55
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What is the focus of Module II in the Human Anatomy series?
Regional anatomy of the Abdomen & Pelvis, Organs of the Digestive system, and Organs of the Urogenital system.
p.3
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What type of tissue makes up the tonsils?
Lymphoid tissues (lymphocytes).
p.40
Anatomy of the Spleen
What type of organ is the spleen?
A secondary lymphoid organ.
p.3
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What is the primary function of the tonsils?
To defend against microbial infections.
p.38
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the function of the pancreatic duct?
It transports pancreatic juice towards the duodenum.
p.25
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.37
Anatomy and Function of the Pancreas
What are the main anatomical parts of the pancreas?
Head, neck, body, and tail.
p.31
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the role of the hepatic veins?
To drain blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava (IVC).
p.52
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What are some examples of retroperitoneal structures?
Suprarenal glands, aorta/IVC, second to fourth parts of duodenum, head, neck, and body of pancreas, ureters, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, esophagus, rectum.
p.37
Anatomy and Function of the Pancreas
Where is the pancreas located in relation to the peritoneum?
It is a retroperitoneal organ.
p.46
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which artery supplies the esophagus in the thorax?
The descending aorta, through a series of esophageal branches.
p.47
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the primary function of the Hepatic Portal System?
To drain blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
p.52
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What are the greater and lesser sacs?
The greater sac is the main part of the peritoneal cavity, while the lesser sac is a smaller space behind the stomach.
p.24
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What are epiploic appendages?
Small outpouchings of fat-filled serosa-covered structures on the colon.
p.49
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on sphincter tone?
It decreases sphincter tone.
p.34
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
How does the liver store and release glucose?
It stores glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis) and releases it into the blood (glycogenolysis).
p.21
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What type of cells are primarily found in the intestinal villus?
Columnar epithelial cells.
p.26
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
At what vertebral level does the rectum begin?
At the vertebral level of S2.
p.41
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the primary function of the spleen?
It is an important immune organ.
p.35
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile.
p.27
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What is the anus?
The exit of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
p.5
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What types of tissue make up the roof of the oral cavity?
Muscle and connective tissue.
p.30
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What are the main lobes of the liver?
Caudate lobe and Quadrate lobe.
p.30
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the function of the porta hepatis?
It is a transverse fissure where major vessels and ducts enter or leave the liver.
p.12
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the function of the gastric mucosa?
It contains gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acids.
p.22
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What nutrients are primarily absorbed in the small intestine?
Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
p.13
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What does the lamina propria contain?
Blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue, and surrounds the gastric glands.
p.36
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What are the two main ducts that form the common bile duct?
Right and Left hepatic ducts.
p.12
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are rugae?
Folds in the gastric mucosa that allow for expansion of the stomach.
p.10
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which arteries are involved in the anastomosis related to the stomach?
Right and Left gastroepiploic arteries.
p.22
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What type of fatty acids are absorbed in the small intestine?
Both small short-chain and large short-chain fatty acids.
p.30
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the significance of the line of demarcation in the liver?
It separates the lateral segment from the posterior segment.
p.12
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the role of the myenteric plexus?
It regulates gastrointestinal motility.
p.30
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the inferior surface of the liver known for?
It contains the porta hepatis and major vessels.
p.36
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What does the hepatobiliary flow refer to?
The flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the duodenum.
p.40
Anatomy of the Spleen
What type of leukocytes does the spleen produce?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).
p.48
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in the GI tract?
To transport lymph, which contains immune cells and helps in fat absorption.
p.40
Anatomy of the Spleen
What is one of the primary functions of the spleen?
Stores and filters blood, removing old or damaged RBCs.
p.3
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
In which anatomical section is the hyoid bone located?
In the mid-sagittal section of the head and neck.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To digest food and absorb nutrients.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What role does the duodenum play in digestion?
It is the first part of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs.
p.52
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What are some examples of intraperitoneal structures?
Stomach, appendix, liver, transverse colon, first part of duodenum, small intestines (jejunum and ileum), tail of pancreas, upper third of rectum, spleen, sigmoid colon.
p.53
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the Mesentery?
A vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae that anchors all of the small intestine except the initial portion (the duodenum).
p.24
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What are taeniae coli?
Thickening of the three longitudinal layers of muscularis external in the large intestine.
p.50
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the origin in the CNS for the parasympathetic division?
Craniosacral (Vagus nerve (X), S2 - S4).
p.1
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What should students name and describe regarding the mesentery?
The regions of the mesentery and their relationship to the digestive system.
p.2
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of absorption in the digestive system?
To take nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.
p.14
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the function of chief cells in the gastric glands?
They secrete pepsinogen for the digestion of proteins.
p.45
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the major artery supplying the small intestine and part of the large intestine?
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
p.14
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the role of regenerative (stem) cells in the gastric glands?
Related to the repair processes.
p.54
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What are the regions of the mesentery?
Mesentery proper, mesocolon, and omentum.
p.48
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What role do lymphatic vessels play in the GI tract?
They collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
p.31
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What classification system is used to explain the nomenclature of hepatic segments?
Couinaud’s classification.
p.1
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the major functions of the digestive system?
Identify the functions and major processes of the digestive system.
p.48
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is absorbed by the lymphatic system in the intestines?
Fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
p.53
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What does the Falciform Ligament do?
Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the inferior border of the diaphragm.
p.49
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on peristalsis in the GI tract?
It decreases peristalsis.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
How does the small intestine increase nutrient absorption?
Through its large surface area created by villi and microvilli.
p.46
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What structures are supplied by the embryonic foregut?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and proximal part of the duodenum.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the primary function of the stomach?
To digest food and mix it with gastric juices.
p.23
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What is the significance of the cecum in the large intestine?
It is the beginning of the large intestine and connects to the ileum of the small intestine.
p.51
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the role of the falciform ligament?
It is a peritoneal fold that helps attach the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.
p.28
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is bile, and where is it produced?
Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps emulsify fats.
p.50
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Where are the ganglia located in the sympathetic division?
Paravertebral ganglia adjacent to the spinal column and prevertebral ganglia anterior to it.
p.34
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is bilirubin and how is it processed by the liver?
Bilirubin is a metabolic byproduct of hemoglobin, excreted into bile by the liver.
p.2
Functions of the Digestive System
What is compaction in the context of the digestive system?
The process of consolidating waste material.
p.14
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What happens to pepsinogen at low pH?
It is converted into pepsin, which aids in digesting proteins into amino acids.
p.14
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What do parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor for absorption of Vitamin B12.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
How does the stomach protect itself from its acidic environment?
By secreting a thick layer of mucus.
p.34
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
How does the liver defend against foreign particles?
Through the action of Kupffer cells.
p.42
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the primary blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract?
The celiac trunk and the mesenteric arteries.
p.48
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
How does the lymphatic system contribute to immune function in the GI tract?
It helps in the transport of immune cells to fight infections.
p.32
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What does SMV stand for in the context of the hepato-portal venous system?
Superior mesenteric vein.
p.37
Anatomy and Function of the Pancreas
What is the length of the pancreas?
Approximately 15 cm long.
p.52
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The space within the abdomen that contains the intraperitoneal organs.
p.17
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
Where does the duodenum begin?
At the pyloric sphincter.
p.34
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What are the primary metabolic functions of hepatocytes?
They carry out the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
p.51
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the significance of the greater omentum?
It is a large peritoneal fold that hangs from the stomach and helps protect abdominal organs.
p.50
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Where are the ganglia located in the parasympathetic division?
Terminal ganglia near or within target organs.
p.54
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the organs of the digestive system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the main anatomical regions of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
p.11
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the function of gastric rugae?
They allow the stomach to expand and increase surface area for digestion.
p.54
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
p.54
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What is the function of the anal canal?
To regulate the expulsion of feces.
p.32
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the primary function of the hepato-portal venous system?
To transport blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for first-pass metabolism.
p.25
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What is the function of goblet cells in the large intestine?
They secrete mucus into the lumen of the gut.
p.28
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the primary function of the liver?
To process nutrients from the digestive system and detoxify harmful substances.
p.25
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What is the role of the submucosa in the large intestine?
It provides support and contains blood vessels and nerves.
p.49
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What effect does sympathetic innervation have on sphincter tone?
It increases sphincter tone.
p.24
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What are haustra?
Small pouches that give the large intestine its segmented appearance.
p.37
Anatomy and Function of the Pancreas
What vessels are associated with the pancreas?
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV).
p.46
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What structures are supplied by the embryonic midgut?
Distal part of the duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine up to the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon.
p.28
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the significance of insulin produced by the pancreas?
Insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
p.51
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What does the transverse mesocolon connect?
It connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
p.54
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
Name three pairs of salivary glands.
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
p.33
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is a liver lobule?
The functional unit of the liver containing hepatocytes and other cellular components.
p.7
Anatomy of the Esophagus
What is the anatomical relationship of the esophagus to the thorax and abdomen?
The esophagus descends from the thorax into the abdomen.
p.6
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What shape is the epiglottis?
It is a small, leaf-shaped sheet of elastic cartilage.
p.23
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What role does the large intestine play in the digestive system?
It compacts waste into feces and stores it until elimination.
p.42
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Which nerves are primarily responsible for the nerve innervation of the gastrointestinal tract?
The vagus nerve and the pelvic splanchnic nerves.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is the significance of the ileocecal valve?
It regulates the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine.
p.20
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
How do the size of villi change throughout the small intestine?
They become progressively smaller from the duodenum to the jejunum and ileum.
p.49
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on peristalsis in the GI tract?
It increases peristalsis.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What role does hydrochloric acid play in the stomach?
It helps to break down food and kill harmful bacteria.
p.20
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?
Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.
p.24
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the gut-brain axis (GBA)?
A complex communication network linking the gut and the brain.
p.47
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which vein is associated with the midgut?
Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV).
p.11
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine, where chyme is mixed with digestive juices.
p.17
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is the function of the alkaline fluid secreted by Brunner’s glands?
It protects the mucosa from acidic stomach contents.
p.11
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the layers of muscle in the stomach?
Circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer, and longitudinal muscle layer.
p.14
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the role of enteroendocrine cells?
They secrete hormones into the blood that regulate digestion.
p.14
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What does gastrin do?
Stimulates HCl secretion and intestinal motility.
p.2
Functions of the Digestive System
Which organs are considered accessory organs in digestion?
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
p.11
Functions of the Digestive System
What is chyme?
The mixture of gastric contents and secretions from gastric glands.
p.6
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What is the function of the pharynx?
It connects the oral cavity to the esophagus and the nasal cavity to the larynx, intersecting the digestive and respiratory tracts.
p.31
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What are the three main components of a portal triad?
Hepatic artery (proper), portal vein, and common bile duct.
p.37
Anatomy and Function of the Pancreas
What are the two main functions of the pancreas?
Endocrine and exocrine functions.
p.38
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Where are hormones released from the pancreas?
Into blood vessels at the pancreatic islet.
p.28
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What role does the gallbladder play in digestion?
It stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
p.28
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the function of the pancreas?
To produce digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.
p.37
Anatomy and Function of the Pancreas
What is the uncinate process of the pancreas?
A part of the head of the pancreas, often evaluated in ultrasound (USG).
p.44
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which artery is responsible for supplying the hindgut derivatives?
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
p.20
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is the role of lymphatic vessels in the small intestine?
They transport lymph and play a role in immune function.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What role does gut microbiota play?
It contributes to various functions including digestion and immune response.
p.54
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What are the major structures of the oral cavity?
Teeth, tongue, gums, hard palate, soft palate.
p.34
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the role of the liver in vitamin D metabolism?
The liver activates vitamin D from pre-vitamin D3.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
It regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.
p.54
Structure and Function of the Esophagus
How is the digestive tract organized using the esophagus as an example?
It consists of layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
p.25
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
What are the two layers of the muscularis externa in the large intestine?
Circular layer and longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.
p.1
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What should students be able to list regarding the digestive system?
The regions and accessory organs of the digestive system.
p.51
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What do peritoneal folds do?
They envelope various abdominal organs, holding them to the dorsal surface of the body wall.
p.32
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What does IMV stand for?
Inferior mesenteric vein.
p.51
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What structures are contained within the peritoneal folds?
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
p.53
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the function of the Mesocolon?
Attaches two portions of the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall.
p.28
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
How does the liver contribute to metabolism?
It regulates glucose levels, synthesizes proteins, and stores vitamins and minerals.
p.47
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which vein drains the upper 1/3 of the rectum?
Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) and its tributaries.
p.44
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What artery supplies the midgut derivatives?
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
p.39
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Why is bile important?
It is important for the emulsification of fats.
p.51
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the function of the mesentery proper?
It supports the small intestine and contains blood vessels and nerves.
p.17
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What do Brunner’s glands secrete?
An alkaline fluid containing mucin.
p.34
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What role does the liver play in drug and alcohol metabolism?
It performs first-pass metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) and drugs, aiding in detoxification.
p.47
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the final destination of blood from the Hepatic Portal System?
Right atrium of the heart via the inferior vena cava.
p.54
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What are the tonsils located in the oral cavity and nasopharynx?
Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the primary functions of the large intestine?
Absorbs water and salts, absorbs vitamins produced by intestinal bacteria, and compacts and eliminates feces.
p.42
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the significance of the enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract?
It regulates gastrointestinal motility and secretion independently of the central nervous system.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the main components of gastric juice?
Hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor.
p.39
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What is the role of the gallbladder in bile flow?
It stores bile until needed after a fatty meal.
p.52
Peritoneal Folds and Their Functions
What is the epiploic foramen?
An opening that connects the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity.
p.47
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What vein mirrors the arterial branches of the foregut?
Gastric, Gastroomental, and Splenic veins.
p.46
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which artery supplies the midgut derivatives?
The superior mesenteric artery.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
It is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestines.
p.45
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which artery supplies the distal part of the large intestine?
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
p.50
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What are the fiber lengths in the parasympathetic division?
Long preganglionic and short postganglionic.
p.39
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic sphincter.
p.54
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
What is the function of salivary glands?
To produce saliva, which aids in digestion and oral health.
p.11
Functions of the Digestive System
What does peristaltic movement do in the stomach?
It churns gastric contents and facilitates the physical breakdown of food.
p.23
Anatomy and Function of the Large Intestine
How does the large intestine contribute to gut health?
By housing beneficial bacteria that aid in fermentation and vitamin production.
p.17
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is the length of the duodenum?
25 cm (equal to the width of 12 fingers).
p.1
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the enteric plexus?
A network of neurons that controls the gastrointestinal system.
p.46
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What artery supplies the foregut derivatives in the abdomen?
The celiac trunk, which branches from the abdominal aorta.
p.11
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
It regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum.
p.9
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the significance of pepsin in the stomach?
Pepsin is an enzyme that digests proteins into smaller peptides.
p.39
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
How does bile enter the duodenum?
Through the cystic duct and the common bile duct (CBD).
p.46
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What structures are supplied by the embryonic hindgut?
Distal one-third of the transverse colon and the remainder of the large intestine up to the upper part of the rectum.
p.46
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
Which artery supplies the hindgut derivatives?
The inferior mesenteric artery.
p.11
Functions of the Digestive System
What is peristalsis?
The contraction of smooth muscle fibers that moves food through the digestive tract.
p.54
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What is the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract?
It is supplied by branches of the celiac trunk and mesenteric arteries.
p.50
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the origin in the CNS for the sympathetic division?
Thoracolumbar (T5 - T9, Celiac ganglion T9 - T10, Lumbar - Interior mesenteric ganglion).
p.1
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What aspects of the digestive tract should students describe?
The blood supply and nerve innervation to the digestive tract.
p.20
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What layers make up the structure of the small intestine?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
p.11
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the role of the lesser omentum?
It connects the stomach to the liver and supports blood vessels and nerves.
p.44
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What parts of the GI tract does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
p.50
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What are the fiber lengths in the sympathetic division?
Short preganglionic and long postganglionic.
p.47
Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the GI Tract
What vein is associated with the hindgut?
Inferior Mesenteric Vein (IMV).
p.39
Anatomy and Functions of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What do bile and pancreatic juice contain?
Digestive enzymes for digestion of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
p.11
Nerve Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the role of the vagus nerve in the stomach?
It provides parasympathetic stimulation for digestive processes.
p.14
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the function of serotonin in the gastric glands?
Stimulates gastric motility.
p.54
Anatomy and Function of the Small Intestine
What is the general function of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients and minerals from food.
p.54
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the microanatomy of the stomach?
It includes gastric pits, mucous cells, parietal cells, and chief cells.
