Early life experiences shape brain development and behavior, but influences continue throughout the lifespan.
They allow researchers to examine true developmental effects over time.
Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create environments that align with their traits, illustrating the concept of nature via nurture.
The developing human from the second to the eighth week of prenatal development.
A research design that tracks the development of the same group of people over time.
It's crucial to rule out important alternative explanations for the findings.
A design where researchers examine people of different ages at a single point in time.
Environmental experiences can turn genes on and off throughout our lives, indicating that having certain genes does not automatically activate those traits.
Physical maturation.
Yes, later positive experiences can often counteract the negative effects of early deprivation.
The mistake of assuming that because A comes before B, A must cause B.
By the ninth week of development, when major organs are established.
The brain changes in response to experience throughout childhood and into early adulthood.
Knowledge of computers declined dramatically with age, especially between 60 and 80.
Germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage.
The zygote begins to divide and form a blastocyst.
Spontaneous miscarriage can occur if the embryo does not form properly.
Separating an infant from its mother shortly after birth has no negative consequences for emotional adjustment.
It revealed that the genetic risk factor for violent behavior depends on exposure to specific environmental factors, such as maltreatment.
Administering the same task too close together may result in better performance due to familiarity.
Environmental experiences can flip the switches to turn genes 'on', such as stressful events triggering anxiety-related genes.
It refers to the tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.
They can be costly, time-consuming, and may suffer from participant attrition.
Most longitudinal studies use observational designs, which do not allow for random assignment to conditions.
Epigenetics is the environmental modification of genetic expression without changing the underlying genes themselves.
The hypothesis was that knowledge of computers would increase until age 30 and then level off.
Parents influence their children's behavior, which in turn influences parents' reactions.
They do not control for cohort effects, which can lead to misleading conclusions.
The assumption that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second.
Epigenetics regulates whether genes are active based on day-to-day and moment-to-moment environmental conditions.
It is the situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed.
Children's development influences their experiences, and their experiences also influence their development.
They can lead to differences in performance or behavior that are due to the era in which individuals grew up, rather than age.
It is easy to mistake an environmental effect for a genetic effect and vice versa, making it difficult to separate their influences.
