What is a complication of angina pectoris that involves irregular heartbeats?

Ventricular fibrillation.

What is multifocal microinfarction?

Infarction due to small vessel microembolization, vasculitis, or vascular spasm.

What color change occurs in myocardial infarction (NE) by 12 to 72 hours?

Pale to yellow.

What causes myocardial ischemia in ischemic heart disease?

An imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.

What causes circumferential subendocardial infarction?

Hypo-perfusion.

What areas are affected by an infarct in the anterior descending artery?

Anterior wall of the left ventricle, anterior wall of the right ventricle, anterior part of the interventricular septum, and apex.

What complications can arise from prolonged confinement to bed after a myocardial infarction?

Leg thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

What type of tissue is formed in the late stage of myocardial infarction?

White scar.

What is angina pectoris?

A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, often described as pressure or squeezing.

What causes myocardial rupture after an infarction?

Neutrophilic liquefactive enzymes.

What area is affected by an infarct in the circumflex branch of the left coronary?

Lateral wall of the left ventricle.

What is the definition of Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)?

Massive area of coagulative necrosis of myocardium due to complete cut of arterial blood supply.

What is a potential outcome of angina pectoris that affects the heart's ability to pump blood?

Heart failure.

What often precedes chronic ischemic heart disease?

Prior myocardial infarction (MI) and sometimes previous coronary arterial bypass graft surgery or other interventions.

What is vasospasm in the context of ischemic heart disease?

Constriction of the blood vessels.

When does myocardial rupture typically occur after an infarction?

Within 4 to 7 days.

What is chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

Progressive heart failure resulting from ischemic myocardial damage.

What qualities can angina pectoris pain have?

Constricting, squeezing, choking, or knifelike.

Is there any death of heart tissue in angina pectoris?

No, there is no death of heart tissue in angina pectoris.

What is sudden cardiac death?

An unexpected death caused by loss of heart function, often due to arrhythmias or myocardial infarction.

What is the immediate change observed in ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

No apparent changes.

What is ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

A group of closely related syndromes resulting from myocardial ischemia.

What is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?

Complicated coronary artery atherosclerosis, often accompanied by thrombosis.

Which ventricle is mainly affected by ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

The left ventricle.

What is a myocardial aneurysm?

A complication where a weakened area of the heart wall bulges and may contain thrombosis.

What is angina pectoris?

Transient chest discomfort (pain) lasting from 15 seconds to 15 minutes.

What changes are observed in myocardial infarction (ME) by 12 to 72 hours?

Coagulative necrosis and inflammatory cells.

What are clinical variants of Ischemic Heart Disease?

Different presentations of IHD, including stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction.

What is the most common site of myocardial infarction?

Anterior descending artery of the left coronary (40%).

What causes myocardial infarction?

When the severity or duration of ischemia is enough to cause cardiac muscle death.

What characterizes Prinzmetal (vasospastic) angina?

Occurs at rest due to coronary spasm.

What is a transmural infarction?

An infarction involving the whole thickness of the heart.

What occurs in the late stage of myocardial infarction?

Fibrosis.

What is chronic ischemic heart disease with heart failure?

A long-term condition where the heart is unable to pump effectively due to chronic ischemia.

What is stable angina?

Transient chest pain evoked by exercise or emotional stress, caused by fixed stenotic narrowing.

What are common symptoms of angina pectoris?

Recurrent chest discomfort that can radiate down the left arm or to the left jaw.

What is Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)?

A condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often due to coronary artery disease.

What is the most common cause of death in the first few hours following a myocardial infarction?

Arrhythmia.

What is the second most common site of myocardial infarction?

Right coronary artery (40%).

What is chronic heart failure?

A long-term complication that can develop after a myocardial infarction.

What serious condition can result from angina pectoris and involves damage to heart muscle?

Myocardial infarct.

What is ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

A condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

What characterizes a circumferential subendocardial infarction?

It involves the sub-endocardium of the left and less commonly right ventricles, affecting the inner 1/3 to 1/2 of the myocardium.

What is myocardial infarction?

A medical emergency where blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing tissue damage.

What is the third site of myocardial infarction?

Circumflex branch of the left coronary.

What are some risk factors for Ischemic Heart Disease?

Hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and genetic hypercholesterolemia.

What is another term for chronic ischemic heart disease?

Ischemic cardiomyopathy.

What causes angina pectoris?

Transient myocardial ischemia due to inadequate perfusion, lasting from seconds to minutes.

What role does vasculitis play in ischemic heart disease?

It is one of the causes of myocardial ischemia.

What triggers unstable angina?

Severe pain precipitated by less effort, caused by disruption of the atherosclerotic plaque, with superimposed thrombosis, embolization, or spasm.

What is the time frame for hyperemic changes in myocardial infarction?

3 to 7 days.

What is observed in the myocardium by 3 to 7 days post-myocardial infarction?

Granulation tissue.

What is myocardial (pump) failure?

A complication of myocardial infarction where the heart cannot pump effectively.

What areas are affected by an infarct in the right coronary artery?

Posterior wall of the left ventricle, posterior wall of the right ventricle, and posterior part of the interventricular septum.

Which of the following is a complication of angina pectoris?

A) Hypertension

B) Ventricular fibrillation

C) Atrial fibrillation

D) Stroke

E) Arrhythmia

What is the most common cause of death in the first few hours following a myocardial infarction?

A) Myocardial rupture

B) Arrhythmia

C) Chronic heart failure

D) Myocardial aneurysm

E) Leg thrombosis

What complication occurs within 4-7 days after a myocardial infarction?

A) Chronic heart failure

B) Myocardial rupture

C) Myocardial aneurysm

D) Arrhythmia

E) Leg thrombosis

Which of the following complications involves the formation of a thrombus inside an aneurysm?

A) Myocardial rupture

B) Myocardial aneurysm

C) Arrhythmia

D) Chronic heart failure

E) Pulmonary embolism

What is a potential outcome of untreated angina pectoris?

A) Increased stamina

B) Myocardial infarct

C) Improved circulation

D) Enhanced lung capacity

E) Decreased heart rate

What triggers stable angina?

A) Rest

B) Exercise or emotional stress

C) Eating a large meal

D) Cold weather

E) High altitude

What is ischemic heart disease (IHD) primarily characterized by?

A) Increased heart rate

B) Progressive heart failure due to ischemic myocardial damage

C) High blood pressure

D) Valve disorders

E) Arrhythmias

Which complication is characterized by the heart's inability to pump effectively after a myocardial infarction?

A) Myocardial rupture

B) Arrhythmia

C) Myocardial (pump) failure

D) Myocardial aneurysm

E) Leg thrombosis

What causes Prinzmetal (vasospastic) angina?

A) Fixed stenotic narrowing

B) Emotional stress

C) Coronary spasm

D) Atherosclerotic plaque rupture

E) High blood pressure

What is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?

A) Excessive exercise

B) Sudden cardiac arrest

C) Blockage of coronary arteries

D) High blood pressure

E) Heart valve malfunction

What is the definition of Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)?

A) A condition caused by high blood pressure

B) A group of syndromes resulting from myocardial ischemia

C) A type of heart valve disease

D) A congenital heart defect

E) A form of heart failure

Which complication of angina pectoris involves the heart's inability to pump effectively?

A) Myocardial infarct

B) Heart failure

C) Ventricular fibrillation

D) Tachycardia

E) Bradycardia

What complication can arise due to prolonged confinement to bed after a myocardial infarction?

A) Myocardial rupture

B) Chronic heart failure

C) Leg thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

D) Arrhythmia

E) Myocardial aneurysm

Which of the following may have been performed prior to the onset of chronic ischemic heart disease?

A) Heart transplant

B) Coronary arterial bypass graft surgery

C) Pacemaker insertion

D) Valve repair surgery

E) Angioplasty

What is a characteristic of circumferential subendocardial infarction?

A) It affects the outer layer of the myocardium

B) It involves the sub-endocardium of the ventricles

C) It affects the entire heart

D) It is caused by a heart attack

E) It only affects the right ventricle

Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the posterior wall of the left ventricle?

A) Anterior descending artery

B) Circumflex branch of left coronary

C) Right coronary artery

D) Left coronary artery

E) Pulmonary artery

Which of the following is a clinical variant of Ischemic Heart Disease?

A) Atrial fibrillation

B) Angina pectoris

C) Heart murmur

D) Hypertension

E) Heart valve stenosis

What is the immediate change observed in ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

A) Coagulative necrosis

B) Pale to yellow appearance

C) No apparent changes

D) Inflammatory cells present

E) Complete tissue regeneration

What change occurs in ischemic heart disease by 12 to 72 hours?

A) Complete healing

B) Coagulative necrosis and inflammatory cells

C) Regeneration of heart tissue

D) No changes observed

E) Increased blood flow

What are common qualities of angina pectoris pain?

A) Sharp and sudden

B) Constricting, squeezing, choking, or knifelike

C) Dull and throbbing

D) Constant and unchanging

E) Burning and tingling

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for ischemic heart disease?

A) Hypertension

B) Cigarette smoking

C) Diabetes mellitus

D) Genetic hypercholesterolemia

E) Regular physical activity

Which part of the heart is primarily affected by ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

A) Right atrium

B) Left ventricle

C) Right ventricle

D) Left atrium

E) Pulmonary artery

What is the immediate change observed in myocardial infarction (MI)?

A) Coagulative necrosis

B) Pale to yellow appearance

C) No apparent changes

D) Inflammatory cells present

E) Complete tissue regeneration

What is the definition of angina pectoris?

A) A type of heart attack

B) Transient chest discomfort lasting 15 seconds to 15 minutes

C) A chronic heart condition

D) A permanent heart condition

E) A type of stroke

What causes myocardial infarction?

A) Excessive exercise

B) Complete cut of arterial blood supply leading to ischemia

C) Viral infections

D) High levels of physical activity

E) Low cholesterol levels

Which type of angina is associated with atherosclerotic plaque disruption?

A) Stable angina

B) Unstable angina

C) Prinzmetal angina

D) Chronic angina

E) Microvascular angina

What area does the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery supply?

A) Anterior wall of the left ventricle

B) Posterior wall of the right ventricle

C) Lateral wall of the left ventricle

D) Apex of the heart

E) Interventricular septum

What is Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) primarily characterized by?

A) Increased blood flow to the heart

B) Reduced blood supply to the heart muscle

C) Normal heart function

D) Heart valve disorders

E) Congenital heart defects

What often precedes chronic ischemic heart disease?

A) Sudden cardiac arrest

B) Prior myocardial infarction (MI)

C) Heart valve replacement

D) Hypertension

E) Diabetes

What characterizes a transmural infarction?

A) Involves only the outer layer of the heart

B) Involves the whole thickness of the heart

C) Affects only the left ventricle

D) Is caused by vascular spasm

E) Affects only the right ventricle

What causes circumferential subendocardial infarction?

A) Myocardial rupture

B) Hypo-perfusion

C) Coronary artery bypass

D) Atrial fibrillation

E) Valve disease

What is a potential outcome of chronic Ischemic Heart Disease?

A) Improved heart function

B) Sudden cardiac death

C) Complete recovery

D) Increased exercise tolerance

E) Normal blood pressure

What is observed in the myocardial infarction stage by 3-7 days?

A) Normal tissue

B) Hyperemic tissue

C) Necrotic tissue

D) Healthy myocardium

E) Calcified tissue

What is the primary cause of angina pectoris?

A) Permanent myocardial damage

B) Transit myocardial ischemia due to inadequate perfusion

C) High blood pressure

D) Heart valve disease

E) Arrhythmias

Which condition is associated with genetic hypercholesterolemia?

A) Low blood pressure

B) High cholesterol levels leading to atherosclerosis

C) Increased physical fitness

D) Decreased risk of heart disease

E) Normal cholesterol levels

What percentage of myocardial infarctions are attributed to the right coronary artery?

A) 20%

B) 30%

C) 40%

D) 50%

E) 60%

What is the primary characteristic of ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

A) Increased blood flow to the heart

B) Reduced blood supply to the heart

C) Normal heart function

D) Heart valve malfunction

E) Increased oxygen delivery to the heart

What is the most common etiology of Ischemic Heart Disease?

A) Myocardial infarction

B) Complicated coronary artery atherosclerosis

C) Heart valve disease

D) Congenital heart defects

E) Arrhythmias

What occurs in the late stage of healing after myocardial infarction?

A) Increased blood flow

B) Fibrosis

C) Regeneration of muscle

D) Formation of new blood vessels

E) Normalization of heart function

What is the most common site of myocardial infarction?

A) Circumflex branch of left coronary

B) Right coronary artery

C) Anterior descending artery of left coronary

D) Left atrium

E) Right ventricle

What characterizes stable angina?

A) Severe pain at rest

B) Transient chest pain evoked by exercise or emotional stress

C) Pain caused by coronary spasm

D) Pain that occurs without any triggers

E) Pain that lasts for several hours

What does vasospasm refer to in the context of Ischemic Heart Disease?

A) The formation of blood clots

B) The constriction of blood vessels

C) The dilation of blood vessels

D) The hardening of arteries

E) The weakening of heart muscles

What is the primary issue in myocardial ischemia?

A) Excessive blood flow to the heart

B) Imbalance between supply and demand for oxygenated blood

C) Complete blockage of coronary arteries

D) Increased heart rate

E) Decreased heart muscle mass

What change occurs in myocardial infarction by 12 to 72 hours?

A) Complete healing

B) Coagulative necrosis and inflammatory cells

C) Regeneration of heart tissue

D) No changes observed

E) Increased blood flow

Which condition is associated with chronic Ischemic Heart Disease?

A) Acute respiratory distress

B) Heart failure

C) Diabetes mellitus

D) Stroke

E) Peripheral artery disease

What type of tissue is formed in the late stage of myocardial infarction?

A) Granulation tissue

B) Muscle tissue

C) White scar tissue

D) Adipose tissue

E) Cartilage

What is a key characteristic of angina pectoris regarding heart tissue?

A) It causes permanent damage to heart tissue

B) It leads to heart failure

C) There is no death of heart tissue

D) It always results in a heart attack

E) It causes inflammation of the heart

What is multifocal microinfarction associated with?

A) Large vessel occlusion

B) Small vessel microembolization

C) Coronary artery disease

D) Heart valve dysfunction

E) Atrial septal defect

What is another term for chronic ischemic heart disease with heart failure?

A) Myocardial infarction

B) Ischemic cardiomyopathy

C) Congestive heart failure

D) Atrial fibrillation

E) Coronary artery disease

What is a key feature of unstable angina?

A) It occurs only during sleep

B) It is precipitated by minimal effort

C) It is always accompanied by nausea

D) It is caused by fixed stenosis

E) It is relieved by rest

Which of the following is NOT a cause of Ischemic Heart Disease?

A) Vasculitis

B) Myocardial ischemia

C) High cholesterol

D) Vasospasm

E) Atrial fibrillation

Which type of infarction affects the inner one-third to one-half of the myocardium?

A) Transmural infarction

B) Circumferential subendocardial infarction

C) Multifocal microinfarction

D) Total occlusion infarction

E) Regional infarction

What is the definition of ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

A) A condition caused by high blood pressure

B) A massive area of coagulative necrosis of myocardium due to complete cut of arterial blood supply

C) A type of heart valve disease

D) A chronic lung disease affecting heart function

E) A temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart

What is a common outcome of ischemic myocardial damage in chronic IHD?

A) Increased exercise tolerance

B) Improved cardiac output

C) Progressive heart failure

D) Decreased heart rate

E) Enhanced myocardial perfusion

What is a common risk factor for ischemic heart disease?

A) Low sodium intake

B) Hypertension

C) High fiber diet

D) Regular sleep patterns

E) Low stress levels

What is the characteristic tissue observed by 3-7 days in the healing process of myocardial infarction?

A) Fibrosis

B) Granulation tissue

C) Necrotic tissue

D) Healthy myocardium

E) Inflammatory tissue

Where can angina pectoris pain radiate?

A) Down the right arm

B) To the left jaw or down the left arm

C) To the back only

D) To the stomach

E) To the legs