p.12
Thermodynamic Properties
Who provided encouragement and patience during the writing process?
The author's wife and family.
p.10
Chemical Reactions and Combustion Processes
What refrigerants are mentioned in the tables carried over from the seventh edition?
R-410a as a replacement for R-22 and carbon dioxide as a natural refrigerant.
p.16
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What is the Brayton Cycle associated with?
Air-Standard Power Cycles.
p.23
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What outputs are typically produced by a power plant?
Electric power, warm water for district heating, slag, ash, gypsum, and exhaust gases.
p.8
Thermodynamic Properties
How does internal energy and enthalpy vary with temperature?
They can vary nonlinearly, leading to nonconstant specific heats.
p.3
Fundamental Physical Constants
What is the value of Boltzmann's constant?
1.3806505 × 10^−23 J K^−1
p.8
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What is the significance of using the terms 'energy equation' and 'entropy equation'?
To stress that they are universally valid principles applicable to all fields of study.
p.12
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the author's hope for the book?
To contribute to the effective teaching of thermodynamics.
p.18
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
What is the momentum equation for a control volume used for?
To analyze the forces acting on a fluid within a defined volume.
p.25
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What is a control volume in thermodynamics?
The surroundings with separation provided by the control surface.
p.10
Thermodynamic Properties
How many homework problems are included in the text?
Over 2800 problems, with more than 700 new and modified problems.
p.10
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
How are the ideal gas tables presented in the text?
On both a mass basis and a mole basis.
p.21
Exergy and Efficiency
What does the symbol φ represent in thermodynamics?
Exergy or availability for a control mass.
p.15
Entropy and Its Applications
What is the Inequality of Clausius related to?
It is related to the concept of entropy in thermodynamics.
p.25
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What does the condenser do in a refrigeration cycle?
It cools the warm vapor into a warm liquid.
p.21
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the symbol ω represent?
Humidity ratio or specific humidity.
p.23
Power and Refrigeration Systems
How can a refrigerator be utilized in medical applications?
To produce a flow of cold fluid for cryogenic surgery by freezing tissue.
What is the purpose of presenting the energy and entropy equations in relation to heat engines and heat pumps?
To demonstrate the application of general laws for specific cases and enhance understanding.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
Which refrigerants are included in the CATT3 software?
R-11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 113, 114, 123, 134a, 152a, 404a, 407c, 410a, 500, 502, 507a, and C318.
p.9
Chemical Reactions and Combustion Processes
What is emphasized in Chapter 13 regarding combustion?
Understanding the basic physics of combustion.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the significance of the T–s and log P–log v diagrams in the software?
They allow plotting of real process curves instead of just sketches.
p.14
Thermodynamic Properties
What is enthalpy?
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property that represents the total heat content of a system.
p.13
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What are equations of state used for?
To relate pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance.
p.10
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the purpose of the 'Engineering Applications' section in each chapter?
To provide motivating material with examples of how chapter material is used in actual engineering.
p.25
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What can a control surface allow across it?
Mass flows and energy flows in terms of heat transfer and work.
p.10
Thermodynamic Properties
What type of problems are included in the Concept-Study Guide Problems section?
Short questions directed toward specific concepts for assessing understanding.
p.16
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What is the primary refrigeration cycle discussed?
The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the primary objective of the textbook?
To present a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics while retaining an engineering perspective.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
How are thermodynamic properties introduced in the textbook?
In the context where they are first relevant, following a natural progression.
p.17
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What is the Clapeyron Equation used for?
It relates the pressure and temperature of a phase change.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
Who contributed significantly to earlier versions of the textbook?
Professor Richard E. Sonntag.
p.17
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What is the significance of enthalpy in thermodynamics?
Enthalpy is a measure of total energy in a system, including internal energy and the energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
What type of examples are included in the textbook?
Real-world realistic examples to assist in understanding thermodynamics.
p.21
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the subscript 'g' indicate?
Property of saturated vapor.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
What types of cryogenic substances are mentioned in the software?
Ammonia, argon, ethane, ethylene, isobutane, methane, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and propane.
p.14
Thermodynamic Properties
What is internal energy?
Internal energy is the total energy contained within a system due to the kinetic and potential energies of its molecules.
p.14
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What is the difference between ideal and real machines?
Ideal machines operate without losses, while real machines experience inefficiencies due to friction, heat loss, and other factors.
p.18
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
What are stagnation properties in compressible flow?
Properties of a fluid at rest relative to the observer, including pressure and temperature.
p.18
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What are nozzle and diffuser coefficients used for?
To characterize the performance of nozzles and diffusers in fluid flow.
p.23
Thermodynamic Properties
What everyday processes illustrate thermodynamic principles?
Heating water for coffee or tea and cooling it in a refrigerator.
p.20
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What does the symbol β represent?
Coefficient of performance for a refrigerator.
p.21
Exergy and Efficiency
What does the symbol ψ denote?
Exergy, flow availability.
p.25
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What is the role of the expansion valve in a refrigerator?
To allow the warm liquid to expand into a cold vapor.
p.15
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What is the principle of the increase of entropy?
The principle states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
p.15
Exergy and Efficiency
What is exergy?
Exergy is a measure of the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir.
p.15
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What is the significance of the Rankine Cycle in power systems?
The Rankine Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used to convert heat into work, commonly used in power generation.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the intended audience for the book?
Students from various departments taking an introductory course in thermodynamics.
p.9
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the purpose of in-text concept questions?
To allow students to reflect on the material and serve as self-tests.
p.14
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What is the significance of the Carnot cycle?
The Carnot cycle is a theoretical model that defines the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine.
p.24
Exergy and Efficiency
What is the primary focus of engineers regarding natural resources?
To optimize their use and minimize negative environmental consequences.
p.24
Thermodynamic Properties
What foundational concepts will be reviewed before applying thermodynamic theory?
Basic concepts and definitions from physics and chemistry.
p.18
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
What is the significance of the velocity of sound in an ideal gas?
It determines how fast pressure waves travel through the gas.
p.25
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What is depicted in the schematic diagram of a steam power plant?
Components like the power grid, chimney, turbine, and heat exchanger.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
What are the first thermodynamic properties defined in the textbook?
Pressure, specific volume, and temperature.
p.15
Entropy and Its Applications
What does entropy represent in a system?
Entropy is a property of a system that measures the degree of disorder or randomness.
p.23
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What types of engines are commonly analyzed in thermodynamics?
Gasoline and diesel engines for ground transportation and gas turbines in aircraft.
p.19
Thermodynamic Properties
What does 'C_v' denote?
Constant-volume specific heat.
p.17
Introduction to Phase and Chemical Equilibrium
What is required for chemical equilibrium?
The rates of the forward and reverse reactions must be equal.
p.24
Thermodynamic Properties
What is a thermodynamic system?
A device or combination of devices containing a quantity of matter being studied.
p.6
Fundamental Physical Constants
What are some issues addressed by the Corporate Citizenship Initiative?
Carbon impact, paper specifications, ethical conduct, and community support.
p.20
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the symbol Q represent in thermodynamics?
Heat transfer per unit mass and total heat transfer.
p.16
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What cycle is used for combined heat and power?
Other configurations of the Combined Heat and Power.
p.16
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What cycle is characterized by deviations from ideal cycles?
The actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the significance of the chapter-end summaries?
They help students review and consolidate their understanding of the material.
p.16
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
What does the psychrometric chart help analyze?
Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures.
p.21
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the subscript 'c' indicate?
Property at the critical point.
p.21
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the subscript 'f' refer to?
Property of saturated liquid.
p.23
Chemical Reactions and Combustion Processes
What special situations does thermodynamics extend to?
Moist atmospheric air and the combustion of fuels.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the purpose of the problems at the end of each chapter?
To correlate with the subject matter and enhance student learning.
p.17
Introduction to Phase and Chemical Equilibrium
What is metastable equilibrium?
It is a state where a system is stable but not in its lowest energy state.
p.14
First Law of Thermodynamics
What is the significance of the moving boundary in a simple compressible system?
It relates to the work done by or on the system as the boundary moves.
p.3
Fundamental Physical Constants
What is Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ)?
5.670400 × 10^−8 W m^−2 K^−4
p.13
Thermodynamic Properties
What are the key properties that define the state of a substance?
Pressure, temperature, and specific volume.
p.13
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
What is the compressibility factor?
A measure of how much a substance deviates from ideal gas behavior.
p.12
Thermodynamic Properties
What role did colleagues play in the earlier editions of the book?
They reviewed the editions and provided input for revisions.
p.24
Exergy and Efficiency
Why is the treatment of efficiencies important in engineering?
It is essential for a complete analysis of system performance and operation.
p.6
Fundamental Physical Constants
What initiative did John Wiley & Sons, Inc. launch in 2008?
Corporate Citizenship Initiative.
p.10
Thermodynamic Properties
What do the end-of-chapter summaries include?
A review of main concepts, highlighted key words, and a list of skills to be mastered.
p.18
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
What is a normal shock in ideal gas flow?
A sudden change in pressure and density that occurs when the flow transitions from supersonic to subsonic.
p.25
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What types of boundaries can a control surface have?
Movable or stationary boundaries.
p.23
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the primary focus of thermodynamics?
The science of energy, particularly energy storage and conversion processes.
p.8
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the focus of Chapter 2 in the current edition?
The behavior of pure substances, with an expansion and separation of solid, liquid, and gas phase behavior.
p.23
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What dual purpose does an air conditioner serve?
Cooling a building in summer and heating it in winter (as a heat pump).
p.19
Exergy and Efficiency
What is the significance of 'COP'?
Coefficient of performance.
p.17
Chemical Reactions and Combustion Processes
What does the energy analysis of reacting systems involve?
It involves calculating the energy changes during chemical reactions.
p.9
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What type of notes are available for classical thermodynamics?
Basic thermodynamic analysis covering general laws and specific laws.
p.14
First Law of Thermodynamics
What is heat in thermodynamic terms?
Heat is the energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference.
p.24
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What is a control volume in thermodynamics?
A defined volume that contains the matter and devices inside a control surface.
p.18
Power and Refrigeration Systems
How are nozzles and orifices used as flow-measuring devices?
They measure the flow rate of fluids by creating a pressure drop.
p.25
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What is the function of the compressor in a refrigeration system?
To compress the cold vapor into a warm vapor.
p.15
Entropy and Its Applications
How does entropy change in reversible processes?
Entropy change in reversible processes is calculated based on the heat transfer divided by the temperature.
p.17
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What do the Maxwell Relations describe?
They provide relationships between different thermodynamic properties.
p.8
First Law of Thermodynamics
What does the first law of thermodynamics represent in this context?
It is shown as a natural consequence of the energy equation applied to a cyclic process.
p.17
Engineering Applications—Thermodynamic Tables
What is the purpose of thermodynamic tables?
They provide data for various thermodynamic properties of substances at different temperatures and pressures.
p.21
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the superscript '◦' denote?
Property at standard-state condition.
p.19
Fundamental Physical Constants
What does 'g' represent?
Acceleration due to gravity.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the software provide in addition to substance properties?
Psychrometric charts and compressibility charts using the Lee-Kesler equation-of-state.
p.9
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the extended set of study examples include?
Additional examples with detailed solutions for self-study.
p.14
Thermodynamic Properties
What are the modes of heat transfer?
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
p.14
Thermodynamic Properties
What are specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure?
Specific heat at constant volume is the heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree at constant volume, while at constant pressure, it is at constant pressure.
p.14
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What factors render processes irreversible?
Factors include friction, turbulence, and unrestrained expansion.
p.4
Thermodynamic Properties
What does it mean when a page is intentionally left blank?
It indicates that the page has no content or information.
p.25
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What happens when a control surface is closed to mass flow?
No mass can escape or enter.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
What foundational fields does the textbook prepare students for?
Fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and statistical thermodynamics.
p.8
First Law of Thermodynamics
What does the energy equation emphasize in Chapter 3?
That work and heat are transfer terms of energy affecting mass at different locations.
p.8
First Law of Thermodynamics
What is the basic principle of the energy equation?
Change of storage = transfer in − transfer out.
p.7
Thermodynamic Properties
What new features were introduced in this edition?
Chapter reorganization and revisions, including a shorter introduction and a new Chapter 1.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
How does the book aim to accommodate different educational needs?
By providing flexibility in coverage and scope of thermodynamic topics.
p.9
Thermodynamic Properties
What type of material is provided for instructors?
Typical syllabus, homework assignments, and exam examples.
p.13
Thermodynamic Properties
What distinguishes macroscopic from microscopic points of view in thermodynamics?
Macroscopic focuses on bulk properties, while microscopic examines individual particles.
p.13
Thermodynamic Properties
What are the two-phase states in thermodynamics?
States where a substance exists in both liquid and vapor forms.
p.18
Thermodynamic Properties
What does the term 'adiabatic' refer to in fluid flow?
A process in which no heat is transferred to or from the fluid.
p.23
Thermodynamic Properties
What changes occur in a mass when energy is transferred into or out of it?
Changes in properties like temperature, pressure, and volume.
p.16
Power and Refrigeration Systems
Which cycle is used in jet propulsion?
The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion.
p.19
Thermodynamic Properties
What does 'C_p' represent?
Constant-pressure specific heat.
p.8
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What does the entropy equation predict about heat transfer?
Heat transfers from a higher temperature domain to a lower temperature domain due to positive entropy generation.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
What additional substances does the CATT3 software include beyond those in Appendix B?
The software includes various refrigerants, cryogenics, and ideal gases.
p.9
Thermodynamic Properties
What has been expanded in the chapters concerning cycles?
Details for specific cycles and extensions to tie theory to industrial applications.
p.14
First Law of Thermodynamics
What is the definition of work in thermodynamics?
Work is defined as the energy transfer that occurs when a force is applied over a distance.
p.13
First Law of Thermodynamics
What is a thermodynamic system?
A defined quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for analysis.
p.13
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What is the significance of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
It establishes the concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium.
p.13
First Law of Thermodynamics
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
p.1
Fundamental Physical Constants
What is the primary focus of thermodynamics?
The study of energy, heat, and work interactions.
p.17
Chemical Reactions and Combustion Processes
What is the adiabatic flame temperature?
It is the maximum temperature that can be achieved during combustion without heat loss to the surroundings.
p.11
Thermodynamic Properties
What kind of feedback has influenced the writing of the book?
Suggestions and questions from colleagues and students.
p.13
Thermodynamic Properties
What is the purpose of the P-v-T surface?
To represent the relationship between pressure, specific volume, and temperature of a substance.
p.1
Gas Mixtures and Their Behavior
What is a gas mixture?
A combination of two or more gases that can behave independently.
p.1
Entropy and Its Applications
What is entropy?
A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.
p.1
First Law of Thermodynamics
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
p.1
Power and Refrigeration Systems
What are the key components of a power cycle?
Heat source, working fluid, heat sink, and work output.
p.1
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics concerned with?
The direction of energy transfer and the concept of entropy.
p.1
Thermodynamic Relations and Equations
What is the significance of thermodynamic relations?
They provide relationships between different thermodynamic properties.
What is exergy?
The maximum useful work obtainable from a system at a given state.
p.1
Chemical Reactions and Combustion Processes
How do chemical reactions relate to thermodynamics?
They involve energy changes and can be analyzed using thermodynamic principles.
