p.5
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
What is the primary energy currency in cells?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
p.18
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
What are cytochromes?
A series of iron-protein electron carriers in the inner membranes of the mitochondrion.
p.1
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What is the primary focus of Chapter 6 in Exercise Physiology II?
Energy Transfer in the Body.
p.15
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What is the primary source of energy for phosphorylation?
The oxidation of dietary carbohydrate, lipid, and protein macronutrients.
p.16
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What process do carrier molecules in mitochondria perform?
They remove electrons from hydrogen (oxidation) and pass them to oxygen atoms (reduction).
p.13
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
How much more phosphocreatine do cells store compared to ATP?
Approximately 4 to 6 times more.
p.8
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of ATP with water?
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).
p.8
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
What is the primary energy currency in cells?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).
p.17
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What is the function of Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in cellular oxidation?
It serves as an electron acceptor and becomes FADH2 by accepting two hydrogens.
p.4
Efficiency of Energy Transfer in Cellular Metabolism
Do food macronutrients transfer energy directly to biological work?
No, they do not transfer directly.
p.12
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
What is phosphocreatine (PCr) primarily known for?
Being an energy reservoir.
p.3
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
What is the ATP yield from the catabolism of carbohydrates compared to fats and proteins?
Carbohydrates yield different amounts of ATP compared to fats and proteins, with fats generally yielding more ATP.
p.2
Citric Acid Cycle in Energy Metabolism
What is the role of the citric acid cycle in energy metabolism?
The citric acid cycle generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
p.10
Citric Acid Cycle in Energy Metabolism
What role does the citric acid cycle play in ATP production?
It generates electron carriers that feed into the electron transport chain.
p.27
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
What macronutrients provide the majority of our required energy?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
p.16
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What are mitochondria often referred to as?
The cell’s 'energy factories.'
p.22
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
How many distinct coupling sites are involved in the energy transfer from NADH to ADP during electron transport?
Three distinct coupling sites.
p.2
High-Energy Phosphates in Biological Work
What are two contributions of high-energy phosphates for energizing biological work?
High-energy phosphates provide immediate energy for cellular processes and help in the resynthesis of ATP.
p.2
Lactate Formation and Accumulation
What happens to lactate formation during increasing exercise intensity?
Lactate formation increases as exercise intensity rises due to anaerobic metabolism.
p.17
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What is produced alongside NADH during the reduction of NAD+?
H+ appears in the cell fluid.
p.7
High-Energy Phosphates in Biological Work
What is the primary energy currency of the cell?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
p.9
High-Energy Phosphates in Biological Work
Why must ATP be resynthesized?
Because cells contain a small quantity of ATP.
p.3
Functions of Carbohydrates in Energy Metabolism
What are the interconversions among carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be converted into one another through various metabolic pathways, allowing the body to utilize different macronutrients for energy.
p.7
High-Energy Phosphates in Biological Work
What does ATP provide for the cell?
Potential energy that powers all energy-requiring processes.
p.8
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
What forms when ATP joins with water?
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
p.26
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
What is necessary for energy transfer reactions to proceed at the appropriate rate?
Sufficient concentration of enzymes and mitochondria.
p.4
High-Energy Phosphates in Biological Work
What is the primary energy currency in biological systems?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
p.27
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
Does the body store large quantities of ATP?
No, the body doesn’t store large quantities of ATP.
p.21
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?
It acts as the final electron acceptor.
p.15
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What types of reactions are coupled in energy metabolism?
Oxidation reactions (donating electrons) and reduction reactions (accepting electrons).
p.6
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
How do cells conserve energy from food?
By extracting potential energy and storing it within ATP bonds.
p.17
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What role do dehydrogenase enzymes play in cellular oxidation?
They catalyze the release of hydrogen from nutrient substrates.
p.10
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
What is the significance of phosphocreatine in ATP resynthesis?
It provides a rapid source of energy by donating a phosphate group to ADP.
p.27
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
What do NADH and FADH2 do in cellular metabolism?
They shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation.
p.5
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
How does energy from macronutrient catabolism relate to ATP?
Energy from macronutrient catabolism funnels through ATP.
p.18
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
How do cytochromes function in electron transport?
They pass pairs of electrons in a 'bucket brigade' fashion.
p.11
High-Energy Phosphates in Biological Work
What is a thinking point regarding ATP usage?
How much ATP does it take to run a marathon?
p.15
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What do oxidation and reduction reactions provide for energy metabolism?
They provide hydrogen atoms from the catabolism of stored macronutrients.
p.3
Functions of Carbohydrates in Energy Metabolism
What does the phrase 'fats burn in a carbohydrate flame' mean?
It means that carbohydrates are necessary for the complete oxidation of fats, as they provide the intermediates needed for fat metabolism.
p.17
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What happens to NAD+ during cellular oxidation?
It gains hydrogen and two electrons, reducing to NADH.
p.10
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
What is the main function of the electron transport chain in ATP production?
To create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
p.14
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
How much more phosphocreatine do cells store compared to ATP?
Approximately 4 to 6 times more.
p.20
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
What does the electron transport chain represent?
The final common pathway where electrons extracted from hydrogen pass to oxygen.
p.12
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
How does phosphocreatine contribute to ATP re-synthesis?
By anaerobically splitting a phosphate from PCr.
p.26
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
What role does NADH or FADH2 play in ATP re-synthesis?
They serve as reducing agents.
p.13
Role of Phosphocreatine in ATP Resynthesis
What process contributes to ATP resynthesis from phosphocreatine?
Anaerobic splitting of a phosphate from PCr.
p.6
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
What role does ATP play in biological work?
It provides the chemical energy needed to power biological work.
p.10
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
What is the primary method of ATP production in aerobic conditions?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
p.10
Efficiency of Energy Transfer in Cellular Metabolism
What is the efficiency of energy transfer in cellular metabolism?
It varies, but typically around 40% of energy from nutrients is converted to ATP.
p.20
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
What happens for each pair of hydrogen atoms in the electron transport chain?
Two electrons flow down the chain and reduce one atom of oxygen to form one water molecule.
p.22
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP molecules compared to NADH?
Because FADH2 enters the respiratory chain at a lower energy level beyond the first ATP synthesis site.
p.2
Functions of Carbohydrates in Energy Metabolism
What are two important functions of carbohydrates in energy metabolism?
Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source and are involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
p.26
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
Why is oxygen important in oxidative phosphorylation?
It acts as the oxidizing agent in tissues.
p.10
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
How does substrate-level phosphorylation produce ATP?
By transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.
p.21
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
What process synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
p.6
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
What are the two major energy transforming activities of cells?
1) Extract potential energy from food and conserve it within ATP bonds. 2) Extract and transfer the chemical energy in ATP to power biological work.
p.26
Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis
What are the three prerequisites for continual re-synthesis of ATP during coupled oxidative phosphorylation?
1) Tissue availability of NADH or FADH2, 2) Presence of oxygen in tissues, 3) Sufficient concentration of enzymes and mitochondria.
p.17
Cellular Oxidation and Energy Production
What does the coenzyme component of dehydrogenase do?
It accepts pairs of electrons (energy) from hydrogen.
p.4
ATP Yield from Macronutrient Catabolism
What do food macronutrients provide?
Major sources of potential energy.
p.20
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
What role does mitochondrial oxygen play in the respiratory chain?
It serves as the final electron acceptor to combine with hydrogen to form water.
p.20
Electron Transport Chain Mechanism
What is released during the passage of electrons down the electron transport chain?
Enough energy to re-phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
