Urinalysis is defined as the testing of urine with procedures that are expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective.
Aiding in the diagnosis of disease, screening asymptomatic populations, monitoring disease progress, and evaluating therapy effectiveness.
Physical Examination, Chemical Examination, and Microscopic Examination.
Color can indicate the presence of blood and help confirm pathologic or non-pathologic causes of turbidity.
The presence of nitrite suggests the presence of bacteria in the urine.
Hematuria can indicate the presence of red blood cells in urine, which may suggest a pathologic condition.
The presence of glucose may indicate conditions such as diabetes or yeast infections.
Maintaining homeostasis, excretion of waste products, and maintenance of blood pressure and erythropoiesis.
Glomerular Disorder, Tubular Disorder, Interstitial Disorder.
The kidney is the only organ that can be evaluated noninvasively to assess its status.
Decrease in GFR, Oliguria, Edema, Azotemia.
Hematuria, Proteinuria, Oliguria, Presence of casts (RBC cast, WBC casts, Hyaline Casts, Granular Casts), Increased BUN Levels, Positive ASO Titer.
Hematuria, Proteinuria, Leukocyturia, WBC casts, Urine eosinophils.
It is typically associated with renal tubular damage or injury.
Mucosal infection.
Diabetic Nephropathy, also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease.
Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitium in response to certain medications, often accompanied by acute onset of renal dysfunction and a skin rash.
Burns, Hemorrhage, Surgery, Septicemia.
Nephrotic Syndrome.
It indicates the presence of hemoglobin pigment in the urine.
Recurrent infection of the renal tubules and interstitium caused by structural abnormalities affecting the flow of urine.
Disorders affecting the renal interstitium that also impact the tubules, involving inflammatory conditions and infections.
Certain strains of Group A Streptococcus, pneumonia, endocarditis, and severe infections.
Hereditary exposure to toxic agents and failure of tubular reabsorption in the PCT.
Fever, hypertension, edema, oliguria, fatigue, and hematuria.
It is an allergic vasculitis involving the skin, GIT, kidneys, heart, and CNS, characterized by immune complex disease with capillary involvement and diffuse infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages.
Serum albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides.
Usually of immune origins that result in immunologic disorders.
It causes granuloma producing inflammation of the small blood vessels in the lungs and kidneys, caused by antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA).
Immune complexes are deposited on the glomerular membrane.
Hematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, broad casts, decreased GFR, increased BUN and creatinine levels, and electrolyte imbalance.
Aminoglycosides, amphotericin, cyclosporine, radiographic dyes, ethylene glycol, mushroom poisoning, and heavy metals.
Acute onset of urinary frequency, burning, and lower back pain, resolved with antibiotics.
An inherited disorder affecting the glomerular basement membrane, often more severe in males.
Macroscopic hematuria, Proteinuria, RBC casts.
Thickening of the glomerular membrane due to deposition of IgG immune complexes.
Disruption of podocytes associated with analgesic and heroin abuse and AIDS.
Leukocyturia, Bacteriuria, WBC casts, Bacterial casts, Granular, waxy, broad casts, Hematuria, Proteinuria.
60-89 ml/min/1.73 m².
Damage to the renal tubules caused by toxic agents or ischemia.
> 3.5 g/d of protein loss.
Heavy proteinuria, transient hematuria, fat droplets.
Sterile inflammatory processes that affect the glomerulus, associated with blood, protein, and casts in urine.
Berger’s Disease.
Cellular proliferation in capillary walls or glomerular basement membrane.
Ascending bacterial infection of the bladder.
Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Azotemia, Electrolyte imbalance, Lack of renal concentrating activity, Proteinuria, Renal glycosuria.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
Type I and Type II.
Leukocyturia, bacteriuria, microscopic hematuria, mild proteinuria, and increased pH.
It is a more serious form that can lead to renal failure, has a poor prognosis, and involves damage to the capillary wall due to macrophages releasing cells and plasma in the Bowman’s space, leading to crescentic formations.
Gradual progression to chronic glomerulonephritis and end stage renal disease.
Leukocyturia, bacteriuria, WBC casts, bacterial casts, microscopic hematuria, and proteinuria.
Increased permeability of the glomerular membrane due to disruption in electrical charges.
