B) Blood circulates in a closed system

Explanation: The 17th century saw the discovery that blood circulates in a closed system, fundamentally changing the understanding of human physiology and laying the groundwork for modern medicine.

C) Herbal medicine

Explanation: China is noted for its emphasis on herbal medicine, which has been a traditional practice in its healthcare system.

B) 1918

Explanation: The Arabic dental school in Beirut was established in 1918, marking an important development in dental education in the region.

B) The Renaissance

Explanation: The Renaissance, particularly in the 16th century, marked a significant period for advances in both pharmacology and dentistry, leading to improved practices and understanding in these fields.

B) They act as a cohesive group in public matters

Explanation: Members of a profession are characterized by their ability to act as a cohesive group, particularly in matters that affect their relationship with the public they serve, highlighting their collective responsibility.

C) Egyptian 3100 BC

Explanation: The Egyptian civilization is noted for its early development, with records dating back to 3100 BC, making it the earliest among the civilizations listed in the Ancient Near East.

B) Research in molecular biology

Explanation: Research in molecular biology during the 2000s has provided promising new insights into many poorly understood diseases, marking a significant advancement in medical science.

B) 16th Century

Explanation: The 16th century is highlighted as a key period for advancements in dentistry and oral hygiene, reflecting the evolving practices and knowledge during the Renaissance.

A) Establishment of the first true medical school

Explanation: The Roman period is noted for the establishment of the first true medical school, which marked a significant advancement in medical education and training.

B) Intensive preparation and testing

Explanation: Admission into a profession necessitates intensive preparation and testing, which ensures that members possess the specialized knowledge required to serve the public effectively.

B) Computers

Explanation: The 2000s marked a significant increase in the use of computers, which have transformed various aspects of dentistry, including patient records and treatment planning.

C) The structure of the human body

Explanation: 'De humani corporis fabrica' primarily focuses on the detailed structure of the human body, marking a significant advancement in anatomical studies during the Renaissance.

C) 13th - 15th centuries

Explanation: Guy de Chauliac's contributions to surgery occurred during the Late Middle Ages, specifically in the 13th to 15th centuries, a period marked by significant developments in medical practices.

C) Dentist

Explanation: Pierre Fauchard was a dentist, and he is often referred to as the father of Scientific Dentistry due to his pioneering work in the field.

B) Being a famous dentist for all ages

Explanation: Green Vardiman Black is recognized as a prominent figure in dentistry, known for his contributions that have had a lasting impact across generations.

C) Bow drill

Explanation: Ancient Mayan dentists used a bow drill, which was made from metal and mounted on a shaft, to perform various dental procedures, showcasing their advanced skills in dentistry.

C) They have made significant contributions and advancements

Explanation: Women have played a crucial role in the dental profession, contributing significantly to advancements and changes within the field, breaking barriers and establishing their presence in various capacities.

B) Surgery

Explanation: In India, surgery became an important branch of medicine, highlighting its significance in the medical practices of the region.

B) As part of medicine

Explanation: In the Roman era, dentistry was considered a part of medicine, indicating the integrated approach to health care during that time.

B) Major diseases are better controlled

Explanation: The 1990s saw improvements in the control of major diseases, indicating advancements in healthcare and disease management during that decade.

B) 1814

Explanation: The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery was established in 1814, marking a significant milestone in the education of dental professionals.

D) 1975

Explanation: The dental school in Riyadh was established in 1975, representing a later development in the establishment of dental education in the Arab world.

C) 1895

Explanation: The discovery of X-rays occurred in 1895, which is a pivotal year in the history of medical technology and diagnostics.

C) Ether

Explanation: William Morton introduced ether as an anesthetic in 1846, contributing to the development of anesthesia in medical procedures, including dentistry.

A) New dental materials

Explanation: The 1950s saw the introduction of new dental materials, which contributed to advancements in dental practices and patient care.

B) 1854

Explanation: Emeline Rupert Jones made her contributions to dentistry in the United States in 1854, highlighting the involvement of women in the profession during that period.

B) The Renaissance

Explanation: The Renaissance, particularly in the 16th century, is known for the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek sciences, which greatly influenced various fields, including medicine.

C) It stopped

Explanation: During the Early Middle Ages, all progress in medicine is noted to have halted, indicating a significant regression in medical knowledge and practices.

C) Increase in public utilization

Explanation: The 1980s experienced an increase in public utilization of dental services, reflecting a growing awareness and demand for dental care among the population.

C) Hebrew

Explanation: The Hebrew civilization is associated with the year 1000 BC, highlighting its historical presence in the Ancient Near East.

B) A French surgeon

Explanation: Guy de Chauliac was a prominent French surgeon during the Late Middle Ages, known for his contributions to the field of surgery and his influential work.

B) Between oral conditions and general health

Explanation: Fauchard recognized the intimate relationship between oral conditions and general health, which was a groundbreaking understanding in the field of dentistry.

B) Changes in demographic profile

Explanation: The 1990s experienced changes in the demographic profile, which likely influenced healthcare needs and dental practices.

C) A prominent physician and surgeon

Explanation: Abul-Qasim (Albucasis) was a significant figure in medicine, particularly known for his contributions as a physician and surgeon during the Islamic Golden Age.

C) Japan

Explanation: Japan is recognized for having established dentistry as a specialty, marking an important development in the field of dental medicine.

B) Ancient Egypt

Explanation: Ancient Egypt is recognized for its early contributions to dentistry, including the use of dental tools and practices that laid the groundwork for future dental care.

B) New dental materials and equipment

Explanation: The 2000s saw the introduction of new dental materials and equipment, enhancing the quality and effectiveness of dental care.

B) Determining who shall join in serving the public

Explanation: Self-regulation involves the profession's ability to determine who is qualified to join and serve the public, ensuring that only competent individuals are allowed to practice.

B) Galen

Explanation: Galen was a significant Roman physician whose extensive work in medicine laid the foundation for many medical practices and theories that followed.

B) Discipline members who do not meet the profession’s requirements

Explanation: Self-regulation includes the responsibility to discipline members who fail to meet the profession's standards, ensuring accountability and maintaining the integrity of the profession.

B) The effect of fluoride

Explanation: The discovery of the effect of fluoride in the 1930s was crucial in promoting dental health, leading to widespread use in dental care and public health initiatives.

B) Filling cavities and cleaning tartar

Explanation: The Mayans practiced a form of modern dentistry that included filling cavities, cleaning tartar with copper instruments, and removing teeth, showcasing their advanced understanding of dental care for their time.

B) It established the principles of surgical work

Explanation: Guy de Chauliac's work, particularly 'Inventorium,' played a crucial role in establishing foundational principles for surgical practices, thereby contributing to the rise of surgery as a respected field.

B) Kitab Al-Malaki

Explanation: Ali ibn Al Abbas is known for his work titled Kitab Al-Malaki (Royal Book), which indicates his contributions to literature and knowledge in the Islamic world.

C) Microscope

Explanation: The microscope was a groundbreaking invention in the 17th century that enabled scientists to observe microscopic organisms and structures, leading to significant advancements in various scientific fields.

B) Decline in dental caries

Explanation: The 1980s saw a notable decline in dental caries in developed countries, indicating improvements in dental health and preventive care during that period.

B) A substantial body of knowledge

Explanation: A key characteristic of a profession is having a substantial body of knowledge that practitioners must acquire and maintain, ensuring they are well-equipped to serve the public effectively.

C) Celsus

Explanation: Celsus was a prominent figure in Roman medicine, recognized for his writings and contributions to medical knowledge during that period.

C) The Surgeon Dentist

Explanation: Pierre Fauchard's influential work is titled 'Le Chirurgien Dentiste', which laid the foundation for modern dental practices and emphasized the importance of oral health.

B) They were primarily surgeons

Explanation: Barbers during the Early Middle Ages took on the role of surgeons, indicating a blend of grooming and medical practices during this time.

B) Infection control

Explanation: Infection control practices improved significantly in the 2000s, ensuring better safety and hygiene standards in dental practices.

B) American Journal of Dental Science

Explanation: The American Journal of Dental Science, established in 1839, contributed significantly to the literature and dissemination of knowledge in the field of dentistry.

A) X-rays

Explanation: The introduction of X-rays in the early 20th century revolutionized dentistry by allowing for better diagnosis and treatment planning.

C) 1884

Explanation: N. Ash introduced cocaine as a local anesthetic in 1884, which was a significant milestone in the field of dentistry and medicine.

C) A historical figure who died in 994

Explanation: Ali ibn Al Abbas is noted as a historical figure who passed away in the year 994, highlighting his significance in the Islamic world.

B) Advances in Prosthetic Dentistry

Explanation: The 19th century in America marked significant advancements in prosthetic dentistry, which played a crucial role in improving dental care and patient outcomes during that period.

C) The Dark Ages

Explanation: The Early Middle Ages are often referred to as the Dark Ages, a period characterized by a perceived stagnation in cultural and scientific progress.

C) Oral hygiene and pharmacology

Explanation: The Renaissance was a time of significant focus on improving oral hygiene and pharmacology, leading to better health practices and innovations in these areas.

B) Advances in Anatomical Knowledge

Explanation: The Renaissance saw significant advances in anatomical knowledge, which laid the groundwork for modern medicine and understanding of the human body.

B) Physiology

Explanation: The 17th century brought significant advancements in physiology, particularly with discoveries related to blood circulation and the functioning of the human body, which were crucial for the development of medical science.

B) They disappeared

Explanation: The text indicates that all scientists disappeared during the Early Middle Ages, contributing to the notion of a period lacking in scientific advancement.

A) Pierre Fauchard

Explanation: Pierre Fauchard is often referred to as the 'father of modern dentistry' for his pioneering work in dental anatomy and the establishment of dentistry as a profession.

C) The closure of proprietary schools in 1929

Explanation: The closure of proprietary schools in 1929 was a pivotal moment in dental education, leading to a more standardized and formalized approach to training dental professionals.

C) Inventorium

Explanation: Guy de Chauliac authored 'Inventorium,' which outlines the principles of surgical work and marks a significant advancement in surgical practices during the Late Middle Ages.

B) Natural History of Human Teeth

Explanation: John Hunter is known for his publication 'Natural History of Human Teeth,' which contributed significantly to the understanding of human teeth and their development.

C) 1865

Explanation: Dr. Lucy Hobbs graduated as a dentist in 1865, making her a significant figure in the history of women in dentistry.

B) A calling with specialized knowledge requiring intensive preparation

Explanation: A profession is defined as a calling that involves specialized knowledge and requires extensive preparation and testing for qualification, emphasizing the commitment and expertise of its members.

D) Advances in Restorative Dentistry

Explanation: The 19th century saw notable advancements in restorative dentistry, which included improved techniques and materials for restoring teeth, enhancing the overall quality of dental care.

C) Reclining dental chair

Explanation: The development of the reclining dental chair in the 19th century was a significant innovation that improved patient comfort and accessibility during dental procedures.

C) It fostered a greater understanding of oral health

Explanation: The Renaissance contributed to a greater understanding of oral health, paving the way for advancements in dental practices and hygiene that are still relevant today.

C) Andreas Vesalius

Explanation: Andreas Vesalius, a Belgian anatomist, authored 'De humani corporis fabrica' (On the Fabric of the Human Body), which was a groundbreaking work in the field of anatomy during the Renaissance.

B) 1950s

Explanation: The 1950s are referred to as the 'Golden Age' of dentistry, highlighting a period of significant advancements and innovations in the field.

B) American Society of Dental Surgeons

Explanation: The American Society of Dental Surgeons was established in 1840, playing a crucial role in organizing and advancing the dental profession.

B) Increase interest in comprehensive treatment

Explanation: The 1960s and 1970s saw a notable increase in interest in comprehensive treatment, reflecting a shift towards more holistic approaches in dental care.

C) Personal gain

Explanation: Professional ethics emphasize integrity, accountability, respect, and confidentiality, while personal gain is generally contrary to ethical guidelines.

B) Disease patterns changed

Explanation: The 1990s saw changes in disease patterns, reflecting shifts in health trends and possibly the effectiveness of new treatments.

C) A great textbook of all medicine

Explanation: 'Al-Tasrif' (The Method) is recognized as a comprehensive textbook covering various aspects of medicine, showcasing the medical knowledge of the time.

B) Beginning of prepaid dental insurance

Explanation: The introduction of prepaid dental insurance during this time represented a significant shift in how dental care was financed, making it more accessible to patients.

B) Improved public trust

Explanation: Adhering to professional ethics typically leads to improved public trust in the profession, as ethical behavior fosters confidence and reliability among clients and the community.

B) Standardization of procedures

Explanation: Black's work included the standardization of dental procedures, which helped establish consistent practices in dentistry.

B) 1920

Explanation: The dental school in Damascus was established in 1920, contributing to the growth of dental education in the Arab world.

B) The development of anesthesia

Explanation: The development of anesthesia in the 19th century was a significant advancement in dentistry, allowing for pain-free procedures and transforming the patient experience.

B) It transitioned to university-based programs

Explanation: The 20th century saw recommendations for dental education to become university-based, marking a significant shift in how dental professionals were trained and educated.

B) Development of new restorative materials

Explanation: The 1990s marked a period of innovation with the development of new restorative materials, enhancing dental practices and patient care.

B) Guidelines for professional conduct

Explanation: Ethics serve as a framework for professional conduct, outlining the standards and principles that guide behavior in a professional setting.

C) 16th Century

Explanation: The Renaissance is often associated with the 16th century, a time of great cultural and scientific revival in Europe.

C) Rentogen-rays

Explanation: X-rays are also referred to as Rentogen-rays, named after their discoverer, Wilhelm Roentgen, highlighting the historical significance of the discovery.

C) Hippocrates

Explanation: Hippocrates is recognized as the father of medicine, and his contributions laid the foundation for medical practices and ethics that are still relevant today.

B) The introduction of dental radiography

Explanation: The introduction of dental radiography was a significant advancement that contributed to the development of the dental profession, allowing for better diagnosis and treatment planning.

D) They are essential standards for conduct

Explanation: Ethics are considered essential standards that professionals must adhere to in order to maintain integrity and trust within their field.

E) All of the above

Explanation: Dental associations played a crucial role in the development of the dental profession by regulating fees, providing networking opportunities, establishing ethical guidelines, and offering continuing education to practitioners.

C) It was rotated by a bow

Explanation: The bow drill was rotated by the bow, allowing ancient Mayan dentists to perform intricate dental procedures with precision.

C) Integration of advanced technology and techniques

Explanation: Modern dentistry is characterized by the integration of advanced technology and techniques that enhance patient care, improve outcomes, and expand the scope of dental practice.

C) Mayan tribe

Explanation: The question specifically refers to the Mayan tribe, which is known for its advanced civilization and practices, including dentistry.

B) 2000 BC

Explanation: The Phoenician civilization is recorded to have emerged around 2000 BC, marking its significance in the timeline of the Ancient Near East.

B) 1948

Explanation: The text indicates that dental research experienced significant growth starting in 1948, marking a pivotal moment in the field.

B) Wilhelm Roentgen

Explanation: X-rays, also known as Rentogen-rays, were discovered accidentally by Wilhelm Roentgen, a German professor of physics, in 1895, marking a significant advancement in medical imaging.

C) Horace Wells

Explanation: Horace Wells is recognized for his pioneering work with nitrous oxide as an anesthetic in 1844, marking a significant advancement in dental and medical anesthesia.

A) Tooth extraction without anesthesia

Explanation: In ancient Rome, tooth extraction was a common practice, often performed without anesthesia, reflecting the limited understanding of pain management at the time.

C) 18th Century

Explanation: Pierre Fauchard made his significant contributions to dentistry in the 18th Century, marking a pivotal era in the development of dental science.

B) Growth in use of auxiliaries

Explanation: During this period, there was a significant growth in the use of auxiliaries, indicating a shift towards collaborative practices in dentistry.

C) Copper instruments

Explanation: The Mayans utilized copper instruments to clean tartar, indicating their advanced techniques and materials used in dental practices.

B) It evolved from barbers and blacksmiths

Explanation: The dental profession has historical roots that trace back to barbers and blacksmiths, who performed dental procedures before the establishment of formal dental education and practice.

E) Surgeon

Explanation: The individual mentioned was a highly skilled surgeon who made significant contributions to dentistry by adapting tools from various professions, including watchmakers, jewelers, and barbers.

B) Introduction of anesthesia

Explanation: The introduction of anesthesia, including nitrous oxide, ether, and local anesthetics like cocaine and procaine, is regarded as dentistry's significant contribution to medicine, enhancing patient comfort during procedures.

B) Making remarkable improvisations of dental instruments

Explanation: The surgeon was recognized for his innovative adaptations of dental instruments, showcasing creativity in utilizing tools from other trades for dental purposes.

B) It has become more recognized as a vital health profession

Explanation: Over time, public perception of dentistry has evolved, with increased recognition of its importance as a vital health profession that contributes to overall health and well-being.

B) A medical encyclopedia

Explanation: 'Al-Hawi' is a significant medical encyclopedia authored by Abu Bakr Al Raze, which compiled medical knowledge and practices of the time.

C) Pierre Fauchard

Explanation: Pierre Fauchard is recognized as the father of Scientific Dentistry for his significant contributions to the field, particularly through his work 'Le Chirurgien Dentiste'.

C) Cairo

Explanation: The dental school in Cairo was established in 1924, further enhancing the educational landscape for dentistry in the Arab region.

C) Continuous growth in interest in dental research

Explanation: The 1980s marked a continuous growth in interest in dental research, indicating a commitment to advancing knowledge and practices within the dental profession.

C) Egyptian, Phoenician, Hebrew

Explanation: The correct chronological order is Egyptian (3100 BC), followed by Phoenician (2000 BC), and then Hebrew (1000 BC), reflecting the timeline of these civilizations.

B) High-speed air turbine engine

Explanation: The arrival of the high-speed air turbine engine in 1957 is noted as a significant advancement in dental technology during the Golden Age of dentistry.

B) 1945

Explanation: The first controlled water fluoridation project began in 1945, marking a significant advancement in public health efforts to reduce dental caries and improve oral health in communities.

C) They guide decision-making and behavior

Explanation: Ethics are crucial as they provide a framework for making decisions and behaving appropriately in professional situations, ensuring that actions align with moral principles.

B) Dr. Lucy Hobbs

Explanation: Dr. Lucy Hobbs became the first woman graduate dentist in the United States in 1865, marking a significant milestone in the history of women in dentistry.

B) Dentition

Explanation: In 'Peri - Arthron', Hippocrates devoted 32 paragraphs specifically to dentition, highlighting the importance of dental health in ancient medical practices.

C) The most influential medical text

Explanation: 'The Canon' is recognized as the most influential medical text in the Islamic World, serving as a comprehensive encyclopedia of various sciences, excluding mathematics.

B) 1880

Explanation: Green Vardiman Black published 'The Principles of Cavity Cutting' in 1880, which laid foundational principles for dental procedures.

C) Scaling of teeth

Explanation: Albucasis made significant contributions to dentistry, including the practice of scaling teeth, which is essential for maintaining oral health.

C) Performing heart transplants

Explanation: Dentistry focuses on oral health, including the treatment of teeth, jaws, and mouth, and does not involve procedures related to heart transplants.

B) The system of dental nomenclature

Explanation: Black developed a system of dental nomenclature, which is crucial for the classification and communication of dental procedures and conditions.

A) Generating an infection

Explanation: Ancient Mayan dentists were so skilled with the bow drill that they could perform procedures without generating an infection, which is a remarkable achievement in the context of ancient medicine.

B) The founding of dental schools

Explanation: The formal establishment of dentistry as a profession is often marked by the founding of dental schools, which provided structured education and training for aspiring dentists, legitimizing the field.

C) The study of stars

Explanation: John Hunter's contributions were focused on human anatomy and health, including bone growth, child development, and the lymphatic system, but he did not contribute to the study of stars.

C) Physicist

Explanation: Wilhelm Roentgen was a German professor of physics, which underscores the scientific background that contributed to his accidental discovery of X-rays.

C) Procaine

Explanation: Novacaine, introduced in 1905, is the trade name for procaine, which became a widely used local anesthetic in dentistry.

C) Calculus

Explanation: Albucasis identified calculus as a major cause of periodontal diseases, highlighting the importance of dental hygiene in preventing such conditions.

D) Treatment of respiratory diseases

Explanation: Dentistry specifically focuses on the mouth, teeth, and gums, and does not encompass the treatment of respiratory diseases.

B) An encyclopedia of all sciences except mathematics

Explanation: 'The Canon' is an extensive encyclopedia that covers a wide range of sciences, making it a pivotal reference in the Islamic World, though it notably excludes mathematics.

C) The lymphatic system

Explanation: John Hunter contributed to the understanding of the lymphatic system, among other areas, highlighting his impact on medical knowledge.

B) Oral health

Explanation: Dentistry is fundamentally focused on oral health, dealing with the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases related to the mouth and its structures.

B) Specialized knowledge

Explanation: A key characteristic of a profession is the possession of specialized knowledge that is often acquired through extensive education and training, distinguishing it from other types of work.

B) The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the teeth and gums

Explanation: Dentistry is defined as the science concerned with diagnosing, preventing, and treating diseases of the teeth, gums, and related structures of the mouth.

C) They had names for every procedure and tooth

Explanation: The Mayans had a remarkable system where they assigned names to every dental procedure and tooth, reflecting their sophisticated understanding and categorization of dental practices.

B) They provide guidelines and support for practitioners

Explanation: Dental associations play a crucial role in the development of the dental profession by providing guidelines, support, and resources for practitioners, ensuring high standards of care.

B) They were very advanced for their time

Explanation: The Mayans are recognized for their advanced dental practices, which included cavity fillings and tooth cleaning, indicating a high level of knowledge and skill in dentistry for their era.

B) Watchmakers, jewelers, and barbers

Explanation: The surgeon adapted tools from watchmakers, jewelers, and barbers, indicating a cross-disciplinary approach to improving dental instruments.

C) A medical text by Al Raze

Explanation: 'Kitab Al-Mansori' is another important medical text written by Abu Bakr Al Raze, contributing to the field of medicine and showcasing his expertise.

C) It involves specialized training and education

Explanation: The dental profession is characterized by the necessity of specialized training and education, which is essential for providing safe and effective dental care.

C) A prominent medical scholar

Explanation: Ibn Sina, or Avicenna, was a significant figure in the field of medicine, known for his influential contributions, particularly through his work 'The Canon'.

B) Infection control procedures

Explanation: The necessity for infection control procedures became prominent in the 1990s, highlighting the importance of maintaining hygiene and safety in dental practices.

C) 18th Century

Explanation: The text states that dentistry became independent in the 18th Century in Europe, marking a significant development in the profession.

B) Venereal diseases

Explanation: John Hunter's research included various health topics, one of which was venereal diseases, showcasing his broad contributions to medical science.

C) Repair or replacement

Explanation: Dentistry includes the repair or replacement of defective teeth as part of its comprehensive approach to oral health.

C) Tooth extraction

Explanation: One of the earliest forms of dental practice was tooth extraction, which has been performed since ancient times as a means to alleviate pain and treat dental issues.

B) To enhance dental instruments

Explanation: The surgeon aimed to improve dental instruments by adapting existing tools from other professions, thereby enhancing the practice of dentistry.

C) It is both a science and an art

Explanation: Dentistry encompasses both scientific knowledge and artistic skills, as it involves the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral health issues.

B) Development of a community outlook in dentistry

Explanation: The 1960s and 1970s marked the beginning of a community outlook in dentistry, emphasizing the importance of community health and preventive care.

B) It has evolved with advancements in technology and techniques

Explanation: The dental profession has developed significantly over time, incorporating advancements in technology and techniques that enhance patient care and treatment outcomes.

C) Late Middle Ages

Explanation: The Late Middle Ages, particularly the 13th to 15th centuries, is recognized as a significant period for the rise of surgery in Europe, with figures like Guy de Chauliac leading the way.

C) The portrayal of dentists in media

Explanation: The portrayal of dentists in media has significantly influenced public perception of the dental profession, shaping how people view dental care and the role of dentists in society.

C) 980 - 1037

Explanation: Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, lived from 980 to 1037, during which he made significant contributions to medicine and other sciences.

B) Teeth, gums, and related structures of the mouth

Explanation: Dentistry is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases affecting the teeth, gums, and related structures of the mouth.

C) They educated early physicians, including women

Explanation: Medical schools in the Classical World played a crucial role in educating early physicians, including the earliest women doctors, which was significant for the advancement of medicine.

B) She practiced in England in 1719

Explanation: The widow of Dr. Povey is noted for her involvement in dentistry in England in 1719, representing early contributions of women in the field.

B) They could carve into a tooth without generating an infection

Explanation: The ancient Mayan dentists were skilled enough to carefully carve into a tooth using the bow drill without generating an infection, highlighting their expertise in dental procedures.

B) The practice of treating and preventing oral diseases

Explanation: Dentistry is defined as the practice focused on the treatment and prevention of oral diseases, encompassing a wide range of procedures and care for oral health.

C) The Islamic World

Explanation: Ibn Sina's contributions, particularly through 'The Canon', were made within the context of the Islamic World, where he became a key figure in the advancement of medical knowledge.

C) A notable physician and scholar

Explanation: Abu Bakr Al Raze was a prominent physician and scholar in the Islamic world, known for his contributions to medicine and science during the 9th and 10th centuries.

B) 841 - 926

Explanation: Abu Bakr Al Raze lived from 841 to 926, a period during which he made significant contributions to medicine and science.

B) Preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases of the teeth, jaws, and mouth

Explanation: Dentistry is defined as the science and art of preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases, injuries, and malformations specifically related to the teeth, jaws, and mouth.

C) They were the earliest doctors

Explanation: The mention of the earliest women doctors indicates that women played a role in the medical field during the Classical World, which was a significant development in the history of medicine.

A) Provoke the loss of a tooth

Explanation: While ancient Mayan dentists were skilled, there was still a risk of provoking the loss of a tooth during procedures, indicating the challenges they faced in dental care.

C) Advances in dental technology and research

Explanation: Advances in dental technology and research have significantly influenced the development of the dental profession, leading to improved treatment options and patient care.

B) Emeline Rupert Jones

Explanation: Emeline Rupert Jones is associated with the year 1854, marking her contributions to the field of dentistry in the United States.

A) Lost or absent teeth and associated structures

Explanation: One of the key aspects of dentistry is the replacement of lost or absent teeth and their associated structures, which is essential for maintaining oral health and function.

C) Medicine and healthcare

Explanation: Abu Bakr Al Raze's primary focus was on medicine and healthcare, where he made notable advancements and contributions through his writings and practices.

B) 18th Century

Explanation: The contributions of the skilled surgeon to dentistry are specifically noted to have occurred in the 18th century, marking an important period in the evolution of dental practices.