What remains on the filter paper after filtration?
Insoluble solids, like mud.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What is the purpose of using a separation method?
To separate and obtain substances from a mixture.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
How does sodium chloride obtained by crystallization compare to that obtained by evaporation?
It contains less impurities.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What does the table in Chapter 3 compare?
Methods of evaporation and crystallization in extracting common salt from seawater.
What is filtration?
A method that separates an insoluble solid from a liquid or solution.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What is the flame test used for?
To test for the presence of metal ions in ionic compounds.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What are some examples of separation methods?
Decantation, Filtration, Evaporation, Crystallization.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What happens to the liquid during distillation?
Only the liquid vaporizes.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What color precipitate forms for iodide ions in the silver nitrate test?
Yellow precipitate (silver iodide, AgI).
What is a limitation of decantation?
It cannot separate fine and tiny solids from the liquid.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What happens when copper(II) sulphate crystals are added to a dilute solution?
The solution becomes more concentrated until it reaches saturation.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is the purpose of cold running water in the 'Quickfit' apparatus during distillation?
To provide a better cooling effect for the steam.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What do you do after moistening the wire in a flame test?
Dip the wire into a crushed sample of the substance to be tested.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What indicates the presence of chloride ions in the silver nitrate test?
The appearance of a white precipitate (silver chloride, AgCl).
How is decantation performed?
The solid is allowed to settle, and the liquid on top is carefully poured off.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is the purpose of adding anti-bumping granules before heating sea water?
To prevent bumping during boiling.
What is the typical quality of the liquid obtained from decantation?
Usually a turbid liquid with tiny solids.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What are the two key aspects compared in the extraction methods?
The form and purity of the salt obtained.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What happens to the steam in the condenser?
The steam is cooled by the cold running water and condenses to pure water.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the first technique used in crystallization?
Slow cooling of hot saturated solution.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What defines a crystal?
A solid with a regular shape, smooth flat faces, and straight edges.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the primary method used to extract common salt from seawater?
Evaporation and crystallization.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What is the first step in the silver nitrate test procedure?
Dissolve a solid sample in deionized water.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What is a key characteristic of the separation methods mentioned?
No new substances are formed at the end of separation.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is a soluble substance?
A substance that dissolves in a solvent.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What can occur if bumping happens during distillation?
Some sea water may splash out into the receiver test tube.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
How do scientists abbreviate 'aqueous solution'?
They commonly abbreviate it as 'solution'.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is left behind after the distillation process?
A mixture of salts, referred to as the residue.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
In a salt solution, what is the solute and what is the solvent?
Salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
What is the main dissolved substance in sea water?
Common salt, which is sodium chloride.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is collected in the conical flask during distillation?
The pure water that distils over, known as the distillate.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What type of flame is used in a flame test?
A non-luminous Bunsen flame.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What color precipitate forms for bromide ions in the silver nitrate test?
Pale yellow precipitate (silver bromide, AgBr).
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is the temperature difference required for distillation of a mixture of liquids?
Usually higher than 30 ºC.
What does filtration separate from liquids?
Fine and tiny insoluble solids.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is crystallization?
The process of forming crystals from a saturated solution.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is sea water classified as?
A mixture that contains many different dissolved substances, regarded as a solution.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
How do you determine if a solution is saturated enough to form crystals?
Dip a glass rod in the solution; if small solids form on the rod, the solution is saturated.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the process to separate common salt crystals from remaining sea water?
Filtration after several days of evaporation.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What characterizes a concentrated solution?
It contains a large amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
What passes through the filter paper during filtration?
Particles of water (solvent) and dissolved salts.
What is collected after the filtration process?
The sea water that passes through the filter paper.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
How can you identify the metal element present in the sample during a flame test?
By observing the flame color produced.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
How does natural evaporation compare to laboratory evaporation?
Natural evaporation is a slow process, while laboratory evaporation can be done quickly by heating.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What does the silver nitrate test indicate?
Whether a compound contains halide ions such as chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
Why is excess dilute nitric acid added in the silver nitrate test?
To prevent the formation of other precipitates like silver carbonate and silver sulphite.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What happens when sea water evaporates slowly at room temperature?
It becomes more concentrated and eventually saturated, leading to the formation of salt crystals.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
Is water the only solvent?
No, water is an example of a solvent; there are other solvents like propanone and heptane.
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
Name some other salts found in sea water.
Magnesium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium chloride.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What is the first step in performing a flame test?
Moisten a clean platinum or nichrome wire with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
What is decantation?
A quick but rough method of separating a dense insoluble solid from a liquid or solution.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is an insoluble substance?
A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution formed when a solute is dissolved in water.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is the function of the inner tube in the condenser?
To allow steam to pass through for cooling.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What does evaporation refer to?
The change of a liquid to vapor at a temperature below its boiling point.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the result of heating sea water to dryness?
An impure sodium chloride containing other salts like magnesium chloride.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What is a dilute solution?
A solution that contains a small amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is a solution?
A mixture formed when one or more substances (the solute(s)) dissolve in another substance (the solvent).
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
What types of substances, other than salts, are dissolved in sea water?
Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, and organic substances like urea.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What is a saturated solution?
A solution that has dissolved all the solute it can at a given temperature.
