p.40
Overview of the Integumentary System
Does basal cell carcinoma metastasize?
No, it does not metastasize.
p.27
Dermis Structure and Function
What do tension lines in the skin follow?
The pattern of collagen fiber bundles in the dermis.
p.9
Epidermis Structure and Layers
Where is thick skin located?
Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
p.25
Dermis Structure and Function
What can cause stretch marks on the skin?
Excessive distortion of skin from pregnancy or weight gain.
p.15
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the stratum spinosum?
A layer superficial to the stratum basale in the epidermis.
p.79
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What symptoms are associated with second-degree burns?
Blistering, swelling, and pain.
p.78
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
How does scar formation vary?
Scar formation varies among individuals.
p.51
Hair Structure and Growth
What does the diagrammatic view of a hair follicle typically illustrate?
The base of a hair follicle.
p.30
Dermis Structure and Function
What type of sensory receptors detect light touch?
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles.
p.55
Hair Structure and Growth
What are vellus hairs?
Soft, fine hairs that cover most of the body surface.
p.45
Functions of the Integument
How does hair protect the body?
By guarding openings from particles and insects.
p.26
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
How does a cut made parallel to tension lines heal?
It heals well with minimal scarring.
p.15
Epidermis Structure and Layers
How are keratinocytes produced in the stratum spinosum?
By division of basal cells in the stratum basale, with some continuing to divide.
p.67
Components of the Integumentary System
What is the hyponychium?
The thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail.
p.48
Hair Structure and Growth
What are hair follicles?
Structures in the skin from which hair grows.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Layers
Where is EGF produced?
By the salivary glands and glands of the duodenum.
p.49
Hair Structure and Growth
What are the two main parts of a hair?
Hair root and hair shaft.
p.33
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Why is vitamin A important?
It is required for the maintenance of epithelia and the synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in the eye.
p.76
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What role does inflammation play in skin injury repair?
It helps to prevent infection and initiates the healing process.
p.43
Overview of the Integumentary System
What causes the bending of bones in Rickets?
Abnormally weak and flexible bones under the weight of the body.
p.59
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that secrete oil (sebum).
p.81
Aging and the Integumentary System
What happens to the epidermis as a person ages?
The epidermis thins and the connections between the dermis and epidermis weaken.
p.25
Dermis Structure and Function
What contributes to the formation of wrinkles in the skin?
Loss of elastic fibers in the dermis due to aging and UV radiation damage.
p.71
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What occurs during the inflammatory phase of skin injury repair?
Bleeding, swelling, and pain occur.
p.73
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the purpose of a scab during the migration phase of injury repair?
It stabilizes and protects the area.
p.69
Components of the Integumentary System
What does a cross-sectional view of a nail reveal?
The internal structure and layers of the nail.
p.24
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the characteristic of collagen fibers?
They are strong, can bend but do not stretch.
p.26
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What happens when a cut is made perpendicular to tension lines?
It pulls open and scars more.
p.73
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is granulation tissue?
Tissue formed by the blood clot of the scab, fibroblasts, and the capillary network.
p.43
Overview of the Integumentary System
What are the structural changes associated with Rickets?
Changes in bone structure due to weakness and flexibility.
p.59
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is the function of sebum?
To lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
p.35
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are melanocytes?
Cells that produce melanin, responsible for skin pigmentation.
p.30
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of nerve fibers in the skin?
To transmit information from sensory receptors, control blood flow, and adjust gland secretion rates.
p.26
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the function of tension lines?
They allow skin to resist applied forces.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is insensible perspiration?
Loss of water that diffuses across the stratum corneum and evaporates, approximately 500 mL per day.
p.79
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is required for the repair of third-degree burns?
Skin grafts are needed as they cannot repair themselves.
p.65
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is the role of cerumen?
It prevents foreign particles from reaching the eardrum.
p.34
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are the two types of melanin?
Pheomelanin (red-yellow) and eumelanin (brown-black).
p.60
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin.
p.15
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What type of immune cells are found in the stratum spinosum?
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells.
p.31
Subcutaneous Layer and Its Role
What are the functions of subcutaneous fat?
Energy storage, insulation, and padding.
p.57
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
Where are sebaceous follicles located?
On the face, back, chest, nipples, and external genitalia.
p.4
Functions of the Integument
What substances are excreted by the integumentary system?
Salts, water, and organic wastes.
p.41
Functions of the Integument
What condition can result from insufficient Vitamin D?
Rickets, which causes abnormal bone development.
p.29
Dermis Structure and Function
What are the two main plexuses involved in dermal circulation?
The cutaneous and subpapillary plexuses.
p.9
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What are the two types of skin?
Thin skin and thick skin.
p.36
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the function of melanocytes?
To produce and store melanin.
p.26
Dermis Structure and Function
What are tension lines in the dermis?
Patterns produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.
p.69
Components of the Integumentary System
What does a superficial view of a nail show?
The outer appearance and structure of the nail.
p.82
Functions of the Integument
What happens to hair follicles as a person ages?
Their function declines, resulting in hair loss and thin hair.
p.1
Components of the Integumentary System
What are some examples of accessory structures in the integumentary system?
Hair, hair follicles, nails, exocrine glands.
p.78
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
Why do infants experience less scarring?
Infants have a more efficient healing process.
p.31
Subcutaneous Layer and Its Role
Is the subcutaneous layer considered part of the skin?
No, it is not part of the skin (the integument).
p.78
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is a keloid?
A thick raised area of scar tissue covered by shiny smooth epidermis.
p.3
Components of the Integumentary System
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands.
p.59
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
Where are sebaceous follicles typically located?
In association with hair follicles.
p.33
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is carotene?
An orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables.
p.79
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What are first-degree burns?
Partial-thickness burns that damage only the surface of the epidermis, causing inflammation and minor pain.
p.67
Components of the Integumentary System
What are nails made of?
Dead, keratinized epidermal cells.
p.76
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What are the main stages involved in the repair of skin injuries?
Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
p.43
Overview of the Integumentary System
What is Rickets?
A disease caused by vitamin deficiency that results in weak and flexible bones.
p.14
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What are tactile (Merkel) cells responsible for?
They are sensory receptors for touch.
p.82
Functions of the Integument
What causes hair to become gray or white with aging?
Decreased melanocyte activity.
p.67
Components of the Integumentary System
What borders the nail body?
Lateral nail grooves and lateral nail folds.
p.24
Dermis Structure and Function
How do collagen fibers affect tissue?
They add strength and limit flexibility to prevent tissue damage.
p.55
Hair Structure and Growth
What factors determine hair color?
Pigment production by melanocytes, genes, environmental factors, and age.
p.24
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the role of elastic fibers in the dermis?
They provide stretching and recoil, contributing to flexibility.
p.77
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What are the main stages of skin injury repair?
Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is sensible perspiration?
Water loss by excretion from sweat glands, which allows for cooling the body.
p.7
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What type of tissue composes the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What does EGF stimulate from epithelial glands?
Secretions from epithelial glands.
p.63
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
Where are eccrine sweat glands widely distributed?
On the body surface, particularly on the hands and feet.
p.3
Components of the Integumentary System
What is the significance of nails in the integumentary system?
They protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping objects.
p.21
Dermis Structure and Function
What are dermal papillae?
Structures that attach epidermal ridges to the dermis.
p.76
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the primary focus of the repair process in the integument?
To restore the integrity and function of the skin after injury.
p.73
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What role do macrophages play in the migration phase of injury repair?
They clean debris, dead cells, and pathogens.
p.73
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
Which cells migrate around the scab to begin epidermis repair?
Cells from the stratum basale.
p.73
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What types of cells migrate into the scab to repair the dermis and blood supply?
Fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
p.3
Overview of the Integumentary System
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
To protect the body from external damage and regulate various bodily functions.
p.46
Hair Structure and Growth
What surrounds hair follicles?
A dense connective tissue sheath.
p.4
Functions of the Integument
What is one of the primary functions of the integumentary system?
Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical attack.
p.22
Dermis Structure and Function
What type of tissue makes up the reticular layer?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
p.81
Aging and the Integumentary System
How does aging affect the number of dendritic cells in the skin?
The number of dendritic cells decreases, making the skin more prone to infection.
p.81
Aging and the Integumentary System
What happens to Vitamin D production as we age?
Vitamin D production severely declines.
p.10
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What are the five strata of the epidermis from deep to superficial?
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
p.34
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What role does melanin play in skin protection?
It protects the skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can damage DNA and cause cancer.
p.33
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the role of epidermal pigmentation?
It contributes to skin color.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)?
A peptide growth factor that causes epithelial growth.
p.44
Hair Structure and Growth
What is hair classified as?
A nonliving, long, cylindrical accessory structure.
p.31
Subcutaneous Layer and Its Role
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?
It stabilizes the position of the skin and connects the dermis to underlying tissues.
p.65
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is the function of ceruminous glands?
To produce cerumen (earwax) in the ear canal.
p.76
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What occurs during the proliferation stage of skin repair?
New tissue forms, including collagen and new blood vessels.
p.22
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the reticular layer of the dermis?
The deeper layer of the dermis, located above the subcutaneous layer.
p.20
Dermis Structure and Function
What does the dermis contain?
A network of blood vessels and nerves.
p.41
Functions of the Integument
How is Vitamin D produced in the body?
By epidermal cells in the presence of UV radiation.
p.5
Functions of the Integument
How does the integumentary system contribute to immune response?
It coordinates the immune response to pathogens and cancers in the skin.
p.53
Hair Structure and Growth
Where does hair production begin?
At the hair bulb, at the base of the hair follicle.
p.57
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What do sweat glands produce?
A watery secretion called sweat.
p.54
Hair Structure and Growth
What is the hair growth cycle?
The cycle of how hairs grow and shed.
p.37
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What influences skin color?
Blood flow and the level of oxygenation.
p.74
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the primary focus of the repair process in the integument?
To restore the integrity and function of the skin after injury.
p.61
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?
In the armpits, around nipples, and in the pubic region.
p.35
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What does the micrograph show?
The location and orientation of melanocytes in the stratum basale of a dark-skinned person.
p.28
Dermis Structure and Function
Where is the cutaneous plexus located?
Along the border of the reticular layer of the dermis and the subcutaneous layer.
p.33
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Where does carotene accumulate in the body?
In epidermal cells, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the stratum corneum's role in water loss from the skin?
It is water resistant but not waterproof.
p.28
Dermis Structure and Function
What causes a contusion (bruise)?
Damage to blood vessels in the dermis.
p.20
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the dermis?
The deeper layer of skin located under the epidermis.
p.30
Dermis Structure and Function
What do lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles detect?
Deep pressure and vibration.
p.49
Hair Structure and Growth
Where is the junction located in relation to a hair?
Between the hair root and hair shaft.
p.20
Dermis Structure and Function
What structures does the dermis anchor?
Epidermal accessory structures such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
p.82
Dermis Structure and Function
What structural changes occur in the dermis due to aging?
The dermis thins and the elastic fiber network shrinks, causing sagging and wrinkling.
p.57
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What are sebaceous follicles?
Large sebaceous glands that discharge sebum directly onto the surface of the skin.
p.44
Hair Structure and Growth
Where on the body is hair not found?
On the lips, palms of the hands, sides of the fingers, sides and soles of feet, sides of toes, and portions of external genitalia.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Layers
How does EGF affect keratin production?
It accelerates keratin production.
p.46
Hair Structure and Growth
What is the root hair plexus?
A network of sensory nerves surrounding the base of hair follicles.
p.31
Subcutaneous Layer and Its Role
What does the subcutaneous layer contain that is important for blood circulation?
Large arteries and veins, acting as a reservoir for blood.
p.56
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What do sebaceous glands produce?
An oily lipid secretion called sebum.
p.24
Dermis Structure and Function
What does skin turgor refer to?
The strength and flexibility of skin due to its water content.
p.34
Skin Color and Pigmentation
How do dark-skinned individuals differ in melanosome characteristics?
They have larger and more numerous melanosomes.
p.17
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is keratinization?
The formation of protective layers of cells filled with keratin.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the stratum granulosum?
A thin layer of the epidermis, superficial to the stratum spinosum.
What are good sources of Vitamin D?
Fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and sunlight.
p.45
Functions of the Integument
What are the primary functions of hair?
To protect, cushion, and insulate.
p.82
Functions of the Integument
How does aging affect blood supply to the dermis?
It is reduced, decreasing the ability to thermoregulate.
p.2
Components of the Integumentary System
What does the integumentary system contain?
Blood vessels and sensory receptors.
p.24
Dermis Structure and Function
What are the main components that contribute to dermal strength and elasticity?
Collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
p.45
Functions of the Integument
What role do hair play in sensory perception?
They serve as sensory receptors.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Layers
Can insensible perspiration be felt or prevented?
No, it cannot be felt or prevented.
p.5
Functions of the Integument
What types of stimuli can the integumentary system detect?
Touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature stimuli.
p.77
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the primary focus of the repair process in the integument?
To restore the integrity and function of the skin after injury.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What happens to fluid loss if the stratum corneum is damaged?
Fluid loss increases, especially from burns.
p.7
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the epidermis?
The top layer of the skin.
p.3
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What role do exocrine glands play in the integumentary system?
They secrete substances such as sweat and oil to help regulate temperature and protect the skin.
p.77
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What role does inflammation play in skin repair?
It helps to prevent infection and initiates the healing process.
p.22
Dermis Structure and Function
How do the fibers in the reticular layer interact with other layers?
They extend and attach the reticular layer to the papillary layer and the subcutaneous layer.
p.77
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What occurs during the proliferation stage of skin repair?
New tissue forms, including collagen and new blood vessels.
p.59
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What role do sebaceous glands play in skin health?
They help maintain skin hydration and barrier function.
p.7
Epidermis Structure and Layers
How do nutrients and oxygen reach the epidermis?
They diffuse from capillaries in the dermis.
p.54
Hair Structure and Growth
What happens to the hair root as hair grows?
The root is firmly attached to the matrix of the follicle.
p.79
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What characterizes third-degree burns?
Full-thickness burns that destroy the epidermis, dermis, and extend into the subcutaneous layer, destroying hair follicles, nerves, and glands.
p.5
Functions of the Integument
What is one function of the integumentary system related to vitamin synthesis?
Synthesis of vitamin D, which is converted to calcitriol, a hormone important for calcium metabolism.
p.55
Hair Structure and Growth
What are terminal hairs?
Heavy, pigmented hairs found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is one laboratory use of EGF?
To grow skin grafts in tissue culture.
p.31
Subcutaneous Layer and Its Role
What is the primary composition of the subcutaneous layer?
Primarily composed of adipose tissue.
p.78
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What can cause excessive scar tissue in dark-skinned individuals?
Dark skin can produce an excessive amount of scar tissue, leading to keloids.
p.17
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the stratum lucidum?
A layer of dead keratinocytes superficial to the stratum granulosum, found only in thick skin.
p.20
Dermis Structure and Function
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The superficial papillary layer and the deeper reticular layer.
p.38
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is jaundice and what causes it?
Jaundice is a condition where the liver is unable to excrete bile, leading to a buildup of yellow pigment in the body.
p.68
Components of the Integumentary System
What is the nail root?
An epidermal fold where nail production occurs.
p.14
Epidermis Structure and Layers
Where are melanocytes distributed?
Through the stratum basale and their processes extend into other layers.
p.68
Components of the Integumentary System
What is the eponychium?
The stratum corneum of the nail root that extends over the exposed nail.
p.61
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What type of secretions do apocrine sweat glands produce?
Sticky, cloudy secretions.
p.74
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What occurs during the proliferation stage of skin repair?
New tissue forms, including collagen and new blood vessels.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the role of keratohyalin granules?
They promote cell dehydration, aggregation, and cross-linking of keratin fibers.
p.76
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the final stage of skin injury repair?
Remodeling, where the new tissue matures and strengthens.
p.82
Functions of the Integument
How does aging affect hormone levels in relation to hair and body fat distribution?
Loss of hormones causes sex-specific hair and body fat distribution to fade.
p.60
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
Where are sebaceous follicles typically located?
In the dermis, associated with hair follicles.
What is a primary source of Vitamin A?
Carrots and other orange or yellow fruits and vegetables.
p.34
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are melanosomes?
Intracellular vesicles that store melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes.
p.22
Dermis Structure and Function
What are the main components found in the reticular layer?
Rich in collagen and elastic fibers.
p.63
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What type of glands are eccrine sweat glands?
Coiled, tubular glands that secrete sweat directly onto the skin surface.
p.21
Dermis Structure and Function
What structures are contained within the papillary layer?
Capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons.
p.53
Hair Structure and Growth
What is the hair matrix?
A layer formed by epithelial cells at the base of the hair bulb.
p.81
Aging and the Integumentary System
What is the effect of aging on glandular activity in the skin?
Glandular activity declines, leading to a loss of lubrication and the ability to cool the skin.
p.77
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the final stage of skin injury repair?
Remodeling, where the new tissue strengthens and matures.
p.56
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What are the functions of sebum?
Lubricates and protects the hair shaft, inhibits bacterial growth, and conditions the surrounding skin.
p.68
Functions of the Integument
How can metabolic and other disorders affect nails?
They can change the nail structure and appearance.
p.10
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the function of the stratum granulosum?
It is involved in the process of keratinization.
p.54
Hair Structure and Growth
What occurs when a new hair growth cycle begins?
The follicle produces a new hair and the club hair is shed.
p.40
Overview of the Integumentary System
What primarily causes basal cell carcinoma?
Exposure to UV radiation.
p.63
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What protective functions do eccrine sweat glands provide?
Diluting environmental hazards, flushing microorganisms off, and having antibiotic properties.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What changes occur to the cells in the stratum granulosum?
They become thin, flat, less permeable, and dehydrated.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Layers
Are the patterns of epidermal ridges unique?
Yes, they are unique and genetically predetermined.
p.66
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
How do eccrine sweat glands help the body cool down?
By regulating sweat secretions and blood flow.
p.2
Subcutaneous Layer and Its Role
What does the subcutaneous layer separate the integument from?
The deep fascia around organs such as muscles and bones.
p.50
Hair Structure and Growth
What does a histological section of hair follicles show?
The longitudinal axis of hair follicles.
p.80
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What does the rule of nines apply to?
Estimation of burn surface area in adults.
p.53
Hair Structure and Growth
What surrounds the hair bulb?
The hair papilla, which contains connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves.
p.57
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands.
p.83
Overview of the Integumentary System
What is the relationship between the integumentary system and the endocrine system?
The skin can produce hormones like vitamin D, which is important for calcium metabolism.
p.83
Overview of the Integumentary System
How does the integumentary system support the musculoskeletal system?
It provides protection and support for underlying muscles and bones.
p.40
Overview of the Integumentary System
What are some signs of malignant melanoma?
Asymmetry, irregular border, mottled color, larger than 6 mm, changing size, shape, and color.
p.75
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What characterizes the scarring phase of skin injury repair?
Formation of scar tissue completes the repair process, which is less flexible, has more fibers, and fewer blood vessels than normal tissue.
p.80
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the purpose of estimating the surface area of a burn?
To assess the severity and treatment needs of the burn.
p.67
Components of the Integumentary System
Where is the hyponychium located?
Beneath the free edge, continuing past the nail bed.
p.15
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the function of dendritic (Langerhans) cells in the stratum spinosum?
To defend against microorganisms and skin cancers.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What role does EGF play in epidermal development?
It stimulates epidermal development and repair.
p.47
Hair Structure and Growth
Where does the hair root begin?
At the base of the hair (hair bulb).
p.46
Hair Structure and Growth
What type of muscle is the arrector pili?
Involuntary smooth muscle.
p.4
Functions of the Integument
How does the integumentary system help maintain normal body temperature?
Through insulation and evaporative cooling.
p.41
Functions of the Integument
Why is calcitriol important?
It is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions by the small intestine.
p.81
Aging and the Integumentary System
How does melanocyte activity change with aging?
Melanocyte activity declines, increasing the likelihood of skin burns and cancers.
p.83
Overview of the Integumentary System
What role does the integumentary system play in the immune system?
It acts as a barrier to protect against pathogens and foreign substances.
p.54
Hair Structure and Growth
How do cells of the hair root contribute to hair growth?
They absorb nutrients and incorporate them into the hair.
p.4
Functions of the Integument
What role does keratin play in the integumentary system?
It makes skin tough and protects against abrasion while repelling water.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What do cells in the stratum granulosum fill with?
Keratin and keratohyalin.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What are epidermal ridges?
Projections that interlock with dermal papillae to increase the surface area for attachment between the dermis and epidermis.
p.37
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What can cause cyanosis?
Extreme cold, heart failure, severe asthma, etc.
p.17
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the stratum corneum?
The top layer and exposed surface of the skin, consisting of 15−30 layers of keratinized cells.
p.60
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
To keep the skin and hair moisturized and protected.
p.83
Overview of the Integumentary System
How does the integumentary system integrate with the circulatory system?
It helps regulate body temperature and blood flow through the skin.
p.38
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What visible changes occur in the skin and eyes due to jaundice?
The skin and whites of the eyes may turn yellow.
p.60
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What can happen if sebaceous glands become blocked?
It can lead to acne or other skin conditions.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What type of cells are found in the stratum basale?
Basal cells (germinative cells), which are stem cells that divide to produce new keratinocytes.
p.80
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
How do burns affect the skin's function?
The skin is no longer an effective barrier, increasing the chance of infection.
p.40
Overview of the Integumentary System
Does squamous cell carcinoma metastasize?
No, it does not metastasize.
p.3
Hair Structure and Growth
How does hair contribute to the integumentary system?
It provides protection, regulates body temperature, and enhances sensory perception.
p.31
Subcutaneous Layer and Its Role
What is a common medical use of the subcutaneous layer?
It is a site for subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles.
p.46
Hair Structure and Growth
What happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
Hairs stand up, producing 'goose bumps'.
p.56
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is the structure of sebaceous glands?
Simple branched alveolar glands.
p.68
Components of the Integumentary System
What is the lunula?
A pale crescent near the root where blood vessels are obscured.
p.21
Dermis Structure and Function
What is dermatitis?
Inflammation of the dermis.
p.63
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is one function of eccrine sweat glands?
Cooling the surface of the skin to reduce body temperature.
p.61
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
Why can apocrine sweat gland secretions cause odors?
They can be a nutrient source for bacteria.
p.74
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What is the final stage of skin injury repair?
Remodeling, where the new tissue strengthens and matures.
p.37
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is cyanosis?
Bluish coloration of the skin due to reduction in blood supply and oxygen levels.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What happens to the nuclei and organelles of cells in the stratum granulosum?
They disintegrate, and the cells die but remain tightly interlocked.
p.66
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What controls the secretions of sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS).
p.38
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What effect do some pituitary tumors have on skin color?
They can result in excess melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), causing the skin to darken.
p.34
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What happens to melanin synthesis when exposed to the sun?
Melanin synthesis accelerates.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum).
p.53
Hair Structure and Growth
What happens to hair cells as they divide?
They are pushed up and out of the skin.
p.21
Dermis Structure and Function
What can cause dermatitis?
Infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy).
p.7
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What is keratin?
A tough, fibrous protein.
p.40
Overview of the Integumentary System
What exclusively causes squamous cell carcinoma?
Exposure to UV radiation.
p.40
Overview of the Integumentary System
Is metastasis common in malignant melanoma?
Yes, metastasis is common.
p.66
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is a limitation of the autonomic nervous system in glandular control?
It does not allow for specific regional control.
p.75
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What role do fibroblasts play in the proliferation phase?
Fibroblasts produce a collagen fiber meshwork.
p.74
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What are the main stages involved in the repair of skin injuries?
Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
p.34
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is albinism?
A genetic condition caused by a deficiency in melanin.
p.54
Hair Structure and Growth
What is club hair?
Hair that is called so when the follicle becomes inactive at the end of the growth cycle.
p.63
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
How do eccrine sweat glands help in excretion?
By excreting water and electrolytes.
p.54
Hair Structure and Growth
What causes hair loss?
When shedding outpaces production, which can be caused by drugs, dietary factors, radiation, stress, or hormones.
p.75
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What occurs during the proliferation phase of skin injury repair?
The scab begins to disintegrate, fibroblasts produce a collagen fiber meshwork, and epidermal cells migrate over the collagen meshwork.
p.75
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
How does scar tissue differ from normal tissue?
Scar tissue is less flexible, has more fibers, and fewer blood vessels than normal tissue.
p.83
Overview of the Integumentary System
How does the integumentary system interact with the nervous system?
It contains sensory receptors that provide information about the environment.
p.38
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is Addison's disease and how does it affect skin color?
Addison's disease causes the pituitary gland to release excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which can darken the skin.
p.74
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What role does inflammation play in skin injury repair?
It helps to prevent infection and initiates the healing process.
p.56
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
Inflammation caused by overactive sebaceous glands.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What do the contours of the skin surface follow?
The pattern of the epidermal ridges.
p.40
Overview of the Integumentary System
What is malignant melanoma?
An aggressive cancer of the melanocytes.
p.66
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
How are eccrine sweat gland secretions controlled?
More precisely, allowing for local sweating.
p.63
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What is the composition of sweat secreted by eccrine glands?
Mostly water, sodium chloride, and other solutes, known as sensible perspiration.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Layers
What happens to cells from the stratum spinosum as new cells are produced?
They get pushed into the stratum granulosum.
p.38
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is vitiligo?
Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition that causes the loss of melanocytes, resulting in white patches on the skin.
p.68
Functions of the Integument
What might yellow nails indicate?
Chronic respiratory disorders or AIDS.
p.80
Injury Repair and Skin Regeneration
What are some consequences of burns?
Fluid and electrolyte loss, loss of heat, thermoregulation problems, increased infection risk, and potential sepsis.
p.61
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
What triggers the myoepithelial cells to squeeze sweat out of the gland?
Hormonal or nervous signals.
