p.17
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What are the three buffering systems in the body?
Chemical, Respiratory, and Renal systems.
p.18
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What regulates the HCO3- buffering system?
Both the lungs and kidneys.
p.17
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What is the role of the fast-acting buffering systems?
They allow time for the slower renal system to kick in.
p.5
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
What is osmolality?
The concentration of solute particles per kilogram of solvent (temperature independent).
p.5
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
How is osmolality typically expressed?
In milliosmoles per kilogram of water (mOsm/kg H2O).
p.15
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is neuroendocrine integration?
The coordination of neural and endocrine systems for homeostatic regulation.
p.8
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What internal environments are involved in homeostasis?
Blood volume and arterial blood pressure.
p.19
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What is the role of phosphate in buffering systems?
Very important for renal tubules and intracellular fluid (ICF).
p.12
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What compensatory mechanism occurs in the body due to type II diabetes?
Increased production of insulin.
p.18
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What type of disorder results from a disturbance of bicarbonate?
Metabolic acid/base disorder.
p.14
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What is the main characteristic of positive feedback mechanisms?
They amplify the response or process.
p.5
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
What is osmolarity?
The concentration of solute particles per liter of solvent (temperature dependent).
p.5
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
How is osmolarity typically expressed?
In milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L).
p.5
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
What is the osmotic relationship between ECF and ICF?
They are typically in osmotic equilibrium.
p.10
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What are set points in homeostasis?
They are not static; they can change.
p.16
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What are two important buffering components in the body?
HCO3- (bicarbonate) and H2CO3 (carbonic acid).
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is the significance of arterial PCO2 in the body?
It helps regulate blood pH and respiratory function.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
Why is blood glucose regulation important?
It provides energy for cells and maintains metabolic balance.
p.18
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What type of disorder results from a disturbance of PCO2?
Respiratory acid/base disorder.
p.15
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
How is blood glucose primarily regulated?
Through endocrine mechanisms.
p.12
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What happens to negative feedback in type II diabetes?
There is a lack of negative feedback.
p.2
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments
What does extracellular fluid (ECF) include?
Interstitial fluid and plasma.
p.16
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What type of acids and bases are most common in the body?
Most are weak acids and bases.
p.3
Composition of ECF and ICF
What anions are balanced with potassium (K+) in the ICF?
Phosphate (P-) and proteins (-).
p.4
Molarity and Equivalence
How do you calculate milliequivalents for ions with valence greater than 1?
Multiply mmol by the valence to get mEq.
p.6
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
Why is glucose considered unique in terms of osmolality?
Normally ineffective, but becomes effective in insulin deficiency.
p.17
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
Which buffering systems are fast-acting?
Chemical and Respiratory systems.
p.8
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What role does homeostasis play in living organisms?
It contributes to maintaining life.
p.19
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What role do proteins play in buffering systems?
Proteins inside cells help maintain pH balance.
p.3
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments
What is the primary function of Na+/K+ ATPase?
To maintain the balance of sodium (Na+) in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and potassium (K+) in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
p.4
Molarity and Equivalence
How are ion concentrations typically expressed?
In milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
p.11
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What are the components of homeostatic regulatory requirements?
1. Sensor 2. Set point 3. Error detector 4. Controller 5. Effector.
p.11
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What does the effector do in the homeostatic process?
It carries out the response to restore balance.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is the normal core body temperature in humans?
Approximately 37°C (98.6°F).
p.8
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
Is homeostasis more important than other life variables?
No, it is not more important than other life variables.
p.10
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What is an example of adaptation in homeostasis?
High altitude adaptation.
p.4
Molarity and Equivalence
What is the relationship between molarity and equivalence for univalent ions?
Molarity equals equivalence.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
Why is blood Ca2+ important for the body?
It is essential for bone health, muscle function, and blood clotting.
p.7
Plasma Osmolality and Its Regulation
What is the formula for calculating plasma osmolality under normal conditions?
P osm = 2 x plasma [Na + ].
p.7
Plasma Osmolality and Its Regulation
What happens to effective osmolality with a 20 mOsm/kg H2O increase in sodium?
It also increases effective osmolality.
p.13
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
Why might a negative feedback loop not be considered homeostatic regulation?
It may not maintain stability if the set-point is not properly defined or if the system is unable to respond effectively.
p.16
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What is the function of a base in body fluid?
Removes H+ from body fluid.
p.16
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
How is pH calculated from H+ concentration?
pH = -log[0.00000004] = 7.4.
p.4
Molarity and Equivalence
What does equivalence refer to?
The interaction between cation and anion, determined by the valence of these ions.
p.11
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
How is arterial blood pressure regulated in homeostasis?
Through a negative feedback mechanism involving sensors, controllers, and effectors.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What does mean arterial pressure indicate?
It reflects the average blood pressure in a person's arteries.
p.7
Plasma Osmolality and Its Regulation
What happens to effective osmolality with a 20 mOsm/kg H2O increase in BUN?
It increases effective osmolality.
p.7
Plasma Osmolality and Its Regulation
What is the significance of using values from a patient's basic metabolic panel (BMP)?
It provides accurate measurements for calculating plasma osmolality.
p.19
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
How significant is phosphate for extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Less important compared to its role in renal tubules and ICF.
p.2
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments
What are the two main fluid compartments in the body?
Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
p.4
Molarity and Equivalence
What is molarity typically expressed for?
Uncharged molecules (mmol/L).
p.3
Composition of ECF and ICF
What anions are balanced with sodium (Na+) in the ECF?
Chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-).
p.11
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What is the function of the error detector in homeostatic regulation?
To compare the actual value to the set point.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
Why is blood volume important for homeostasis?
It affects blood pressure and the distribution of nutrients and waste.
p.8
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is homeostasis?
A self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
p.8
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
Where is homeostasis primarily found?
In blood extracellular fluid (ECF).
p.12
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is the result of losing homeostatic control in diabetes?
The body tries to compensate.
p.12
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is a common symptom of type II diabetes related to urination?
Increased frequency of urination.
p.2
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments
What is lymph considered in terms of fluid compartments?
A component of extracellular fluid (ECF).
p.3
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What does electrochemical equilibrium set us up for?
It establishes the conditions necessary for cellular functions and signaling.
p.11
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What does the set point refer to in homeostasis?
A range of values that the body aims to maintain.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What does blood H+ concentration indicate?
It reflects the acidity of the blood and is crucial for pH balance.
p.13
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What are the four elements of a negative feedback loop?
Sensor, Set-point, Error detection, Effector activation.
p.16
Buffering Systems in Acid-Base Regulation
What is the normal concentration of H+ in the blood?
40 nEq/L (0.00000004 Eq/L).
p.2
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments
What is interstitial fluid (ISF) associated with?
Bone and connective tissue.
p.2
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments
What is edema?
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces.
p.11
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What is the role of the controller in homeostatic regulation?
To process information and determine the necessary response.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is the normal blood pH range?
Typically between 7.35 and 7.45.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What does blood osmolarity measure?
It measures the concentration of solutes in the blood.
p.15
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What is the difference between fast and slow responses in homeostatic regulation?
Fast responses are typically neural, while slow responses are endocrine.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What is the normal range for arterial PO2 in humans?
Typically around 75-100 mmHg.
p.6
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
What are effective solutes?
Non-permeable solutes like Na+ and K+.
p.1
Total Body Water and Body Weight
How can Total Body Water affect drug dosage?
It can affect effective concentration.
p.2
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments
What can lead to inappropriate distribution of body fluids?
Conditions such as edema.
p.11
Homeostatic Dynamics and Set Points
What is the role of the sensor in homeostatic regulation?
To detect changes in the environment.
p.6
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
What is the relationship between low and high osmolality?
Low osmolality indicates fewer solutes, while high osmolality indicates more solutes.
p.9
Homeostasis and Biological Stability
What role does blood K+ play in homeostasis?
It is crucial for nerve function and muscle contraction.
p.6
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
What are ineffective solutes?
Permeable solutes like urea and ethanol.
