p.5
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon dioxide and water.
p.26
Polymers and Polymerization
What type of reaction occurs when forming addition polymers?
Addition polymerisation reaction.
p.6
Alkanes and Their Reactions
What happens to boiling points and viscosity as alkane molecules increase in size?
Boiling points and viscosity increase.
p.19
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What are three common uses of alcohols?
Fuels, solvents, and drinks.
p.31
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
What is an amino acid?
An organic compound that contains both a carboxylic acid functionality (COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2).
p.2
Hydrocarbons and Alkanes
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound made up exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
p.21
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
What are carboxylic acids?
Organic compounds that contain a COOH functional group.
p.16
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is an alcohol?
An organic compound that contains an -OH functional group.
p.3
Hydrocarbons and Alkanes
What are alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
p.4
Hydrocarbons and Alkanes
What is a homologous series?
A series of compounds with the same general formula, same functional groups, and similar chemical properties.
p.1
Definition and Composition of Crude Oil
What is crude oil?
A mixture of compounds; a fossil fuel consisting of the remains of ancient biomass.
p.24
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
Why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?
They are partially dissociated in water, resulting in a higher pH compared to strong acids of the same concentration.
p.28
Polymers and Polymerization
What is a repeating unit of a polymer?
It is the smallest structure which, upon numerous translations, yields the structure of the polymer.
p.13
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What color change indicates the presence of alkenes when testing with bromine water?
From orange to colorless.
p.20
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What are the conditions required for fermentation of glucose?
30 degrees Celsius, aqueous solution of glucose, absence of air, yeast added.
p.30
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
What is an amide bond?
An amide bond is similar to an ester bond, with O replaced by N, containing the C=O group.
p.22
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?
They form an acidic solution containing H+ ions.
p.6
Alkanes and Their Reactions
How do volatility and flammability change with larger alkane molecules?
Volatility and flammability decrease.
p.8
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?
The thermal breakdown of large hydrocarbons into smaller and useful molecules.
p.14
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
What type of flames do alkenes produce when burned?
Smoky flames due to incomplete combustion.
p.26
Polymers and Polymerization
What is a polymer?
A long chain molecule made by many smaller molecules joining together.
p.27
Polymers and Polymerization
What is the use of (Poly)tetrafluoroethene (PTFE)?
It is used for Teflon surfaces in non-stick kitchenware.
p.15
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What is hydration in relation to alkenes?
The addition of steam to alkenes, requiring high temperature, pressure, and concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst.
p.17
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is a common characteristic of methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol regarding their solubility?
They dissolve in water to form a neutral solution.
p.11
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
How are alkanes and alkenes used?
As polymers and starting materials for synthesis.
p.5
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
What happens to carbon and hydrogen atoms during complete combustion?
They are completely oxidised.
p.6
Alkanes and Their Reactions
How do the physical states of alkanes change as the molecules get larger?
They change from gases to liquids, then to solids.
p.32
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
What are polypeptides?
Polypeptides are shorter chains made by the condensation polymerization of amino acids.
p.7
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
What is the first step in the fractional distillation of crude oil?
Crude oil is heated and vaporised.
p.10
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is the first condition for catalytic cracking?
The reactant is heated to vapor and passed over a hot catalyst.
p.6
Alkanes and Their Reactions
What is the reactivity of alkanes?
They have poor reactivity.
p.26
Polymers and Polymerization
How do molecules containing C=C bonds form polymers?
C=C bonds open up, allowing smaller molecules (monomers) to join together to form a chain (polymer).
p.5
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
What are the products of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon or carbon monoxide and water.
p.34
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
What are the building blocks of DNA?
DNA is made from 4 different monomers called nucleotides.
p.25
Esters and Their Formation
What is an ester?
An organic compound containing a -COO- functional group.
p.15
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What happens during addition reactions of alkenes?
Atoms are added across the carbon-carbon double bond, converting it into a single carbon-carbon bond.
p.34
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is made of two polymer chains held together in a double helix.
p.20
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is the equation for the fermentation of glucose?
C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2.
p.17
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What reaction occurs between alcohols and carboxylic acids in the presence of an acid catalyst?
They react to form esters.
p.12
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What is an alkene?
An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a C=C bond.
p.29
Polymers and Polymerization
What is a condensation polymer?
A polymer made in condensation polymerisation where many molecules join together, releasing a small molecule like H2O or HCl.
p.10
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What are the two methods of cracking hydrocarbons?
Catalytic cracking and steam cracking.
p.33
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
What are carbohydrates?
Organic molecules made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
p.25
Esters and Their Formation
How is an ester formed?
From a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst.
p.34
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a material that makes up chromosomes, storing genetic information.
p.10
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is the first condition for steam cracking?
The reactant is heated to vapor, mixed with steam, and heated to high temperatures.
p.27
Polymers and Polymerization
What is (Poly)chloroethene commonly known as, and what is its use?
It is known as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and is used for water pipes.
p.32
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
How can proteins be described in relation to polypeptides?
Proteins can be thought of as products of many polypeptide chains bonded together.
p.15
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What is hydrogenation in the context of alkenes?
The addition of hydrogen to alkenes, requiring higher temperature and a nickel catalyst.
p.15
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What occurs during the addition of halogens to alkenes?
Alkenes react with Br2, Cl2, or I2, resulting in the addition of halogens.
p.32
Biological Molecules: Amino Acids and Proteins
How do amino acids contribute to protein formation?
Amino acids undergo numerous condensation polymerization reactions to form proteins.
