Stage 1: Confined to the ovary; Stage 2: Spread past the ovary but inside the pelvis; Stage 3: Spread past the pelvis but inside the abdomen; Stage 4: Spread outside the abdomen.
Alpha-fetoprotein (α-FP) and Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
It often presents late due to non-specific symptoms.
Rare tumours that can be benign or malignant, arising from the stroma or sex cords.
Abdominal bloating, early satiety, loss of appetite, pelvic pain, urinary symptoms, weight loss, abdominal or pelvic mass, and ascites.
Cancer of the ovaries.
Alpha-fetoprotein (α-FP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Combined contraceptive pill, breastfeeding, and pregnancy.
>35 IU/mL.
More than 70%.
It may cause referred hip or groin pain.
A CA125 blood test.
A metastasis in the ovary, usually from gastrointestinal tract cancer, particularly the stomach.
CT scan, histology, and paracentesis.
Menopausal status, ultrasound findings, and CA125 level.
Benign ovarian tumours that are teratomas arising from germ cells.
Age, BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, increased number of ovulations, obesity, smoking, and recurrent use of clomifene.
Ascites.
Endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, pelvic infection, liver disease, pregnancy.
Serous tumours, endometrioid carcinomas, clear cell tumours, mucinous tumours, and undifferentiated tumours.
Refer directly on a 2-week-wait urgent cancer referral or carry out initial investigations in primary care.
New symptoms of IBS, abdominal bloating, early satiety, pelvic pain, urinary frequency or urgency, weight loss.
By a specialist gynaecology oncology MDT, usually involving surgery and chemotherapy.
