p.28
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What are the two main types of glands?
Endocrine glands and Exocrine glands.
p.21
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
To maintain cell shape and facilitate intracellular transport.
p.33
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Where is nervous tissue found?
In the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
p.25
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium commonly found?
In the respiratory tract, particularly in the trachea and bronchi.
p.3
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What is Histology?
The study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye and need a microscope.
p.25
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the primary function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
To help in the secretion and movement of mucus and other substances.
p.4
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What is the Standard Anatomical Position?
A position where the body is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
p.28
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the main function of glands?
To synthesize and secrete a product (secretions).
p.29
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Which tracts are examples of areas lined by mucous membranes?
Respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
p.24
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for epithelial cells.
p.41
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
A series of actions that counteracts deviations from a reference point, stabilizing and maintaining balance within the body.
p.7
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What does the Transverse or Horizontal Plane separate?
Superior and inferior parts of the body.
p.26
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
A type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells with varying heights.
p.2
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What will you understand by attending this lecture?
Fundamental anatomy and physiology concepts.
p.27
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the primary function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
To secrete mucus and facilitate the movement of particles out of the respiratory tract.
p.43
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What happens if mitosis exceeds apoptosis?
It leads to an uncontrolled increase in cell number and homeostasis failure.
p.21
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What role does the centrosome play in a cell?
It is involved in cell division.
p.7
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What is the function of the Frontal or Coronal Plane?
To separate anterior and posterior parts of the body.
p.3
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What is Gross Anatomy?
The study of structures that can be observed with the naked eye.
p.43
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis in the context of the body?
The internal environment of the body is kept relatively constant.
p.25
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is a key feature of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
It often contains cilia and goblet cells that produce mucus.
p.2
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What is the standard anatomical position?
A reference position used to describe the location of body parts.
p.20
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Transport and modification of molecules.
p.8
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
What are the two main types of body cavities?
Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity.
p.20
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Packages and secretes molecules.
p.43
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What are benign tumors?
Tumors that do not invade surrounding tissues or spread.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
Where is the brain located in relation to the skull?
The brain is deep in the skull.
p.1
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What is the primary focus of the course NURS N110F?
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology.
p.7
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What does the Sagittal Plane separate?
Left and right sides of the body.
p.38
Skin Structure and Functions
What functions does the dermis serve?
Provides strength, elasticity, and houses sensory receptors.
p.16
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.
p.41
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
Why is the negative feedback mechanism important?
It is crucial for body regulation.
p.44
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What role do microorganisms play in disease?
Microorganisms can be pathogenic, causing diseases.
p.44
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What is pathogenicity?
The ability of microorganisms to cause disease.
p.26
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the primary function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
To help in the secretion and movement of mucus and other substances.
p.20
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Produce energy for cell activities.
p.35
Skin Structure and Functions
What role does the skin play as a sensory organ?
It detects heat, cold, touch, and pain.
p.28
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
How do exocrine glands secrete their products?
With ducts, onto the epithelial surface.
p.37
Skin Structure and Functions
What layer does the dermis rest on?
A layer of subcutaneous fat.
p.14
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What type of substances struggle to pass through a lipid membrane?
Water-soluble substances.
p.19
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is chromatin?
A complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
p.19
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?
A chromosome is a single piece of coiled DNA, while a chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome.
p.42
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is a positive feedback mechanism?
Actions that amplify or reinforce a deviation from the desired state, leading to a cascading effect.
p.23
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What are the four main types of tissues?
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue.
p.18
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is one of the primary functions of cytoplasm?
It serves as a medium for cell metabolism.
p.3
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What is Physiology?
The study of function and internal mechanisms of the body.
p.27
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
How does the structure of pseudostratified columnar epithelium relate to its function?
The varying cell heights and presence of cilia help trap and move debris and pathogens out of the airways.
p.4
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
In the Standard Anatomical Position, how are the arms positioned?
At the sides with palms facing forward.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What does 'deep' refer to in anatomical terms?
Towards the inside of the body.
p.35
Skin Structure and Functions
How does the skin help in temperature regulation?
By retaining body water and heat.
p.28
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Give an example of an endocrine gland and its secretion.
Pancreas secretes insulin into the blood.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What does 'proximal' mean?
Close to the point of attachment.
p.2
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What basic concepts will you learn in genetics?
Basic concepts in genetics.
p.11
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What are some examples of inorganic compounds essential for life?
Water and Electrolytes (ions).
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What is the function of the urinary system?
To remove waste and regulate fluid balance.
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What does the musculoskeletal system provide?
Support, movement, and protection for the body.
p.40
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
Why is it important to keep internal conditions in a stable range?
To maintain health and proper physiological function.
p.19
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
It serves as the control center, housing the cell's genetic material.
p.33
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the primary function of nervous tissue?
Nerve impulse transmission.
p.42
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What happens in a positive feedback mechanism?
The deviation continues to increase until a specific endpoint is reached.
p.34
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is an exocrine gland?
A gland that has ducts, such as the pancreas which secretes pancreatic juice to the digestive tract.
p.8
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
What is the purpose of body cavities?
To accommodate internal organs.
p.9
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
What does 'hypo' refer to in abdominal terminology?
It typically indicates a deficiency or below normal.
p.2
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What will you understand about diseases?
The nature and causes of diseases.
p.29
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells in mucous membranes?
To trap dust and bacteria.
p.36
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the stratum lucidum known for?
It is microscopically transparent.
p.10
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
How are the levels of organization in the body characterized?
They are highly cooperative in performing body functions.
p.13
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It serves as a fluid-filled compartment for various functions.
p.14
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What type of substances can easily pass through a lipid membrane?
Lipid-soluble substances.
p.38
Skin Structure and Functions
What are the main components of the dermis?
Connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings.
p.25
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
A type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells with varying heights.
p.15
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is simple diffusion?
Movement of substances from high to low concentration directly across the cell membrane.
p.34
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What do glands synthesize and secrete?
A product known as secretions.
p.16
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
In which direction do water molecules move during osmosis?
From a region with high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region with low water concentration (high solute concentration).
p.26
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium commonly found?
In the respiratory tract, particularly in the trachea and bronchi.
p.26
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is a key feature of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
It often contains cilia and goblet cells that produce mucus.
p.2
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What will you learn about cells in this lecture?
The structure of a cell and plasma membrane transport mechanisms.
p.12
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What is the function of haemoglobin?
It transfers essential substances in the blood system.
p.8
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
What does the ventral cavity include?
Thoracic cavity (with heart and lungs) and Abdominopelvic cavity.
p.40
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
A collective communication and control effort of the body to maintain internal conditions within a stable and narrow physiologic range.
p.43
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What indicates that the body is not in a homeostatic state?
An abnormal increase in cell number, which might form a tumor.
p.11
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What are the main types of organic compounds?
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Nucleic acids.
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What does the cardiovascular system do?
It circulates blood throughout the body.
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What is the primary role of the digestive system?
To break down food and absorb nutrients.
p.24
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
As a barrier for protection.
p.33
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What are the two main types of cells in nervous tissue?
Neurons and neuroglial cells.
p.18
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the structure of cytoplasm?
A fluid-filled gel-like medium.
p.41
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?
Body temperature regulation.
p.44
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What is the relationship between immunity and disease?
Immunity failure can lead to disease.
p.15
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of substances from high to low concentration facilitated by channels or carrier proteins.
p.18
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What does cytoplasm provide for organelles?
Space to accommodate organelles.
p.15
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What aids facilitated diffusion?
Channels or carrier proteins (transporters).
p.12
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What is the role of immunoglobulins?
They are involved in body defense within the immune system.
p.8
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
What does the dorsal cavity consist of?
Cranial cavity (with brain) and Spinal cavity (with spinal cord).
p.20
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digestion of worn-out parts of cells and removal of pathogens.
p.2
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What mechanism will you explain related to the body?
The homeostasis mechanism.
p.22
Basic Concepts in Genetics
How many chromosomes do gametes have after meiosis?
Half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells (n).
p.11
Basic Concepts in Genetics
Which ions are considered important electrolytes for life?
K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, I-.
p.11
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What is the significance of glucose in biological systems?
It is a primary energy source.
p.30
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Name one of the three major serous membranes.
Pericardium (heart and pericardial cavity).
p.13
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
Carrying genetic materials.
p.17
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is active transport?
A process that requires energy (ATP) to move substances from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration, against the concentration gradient.
p.31
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What does blood transport in the body?
Water, nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones, and blood cells.
p.23
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What are tissues?
Groups of cells with similar functions.
p.15
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What direction does simple diffusion occur?
From high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient).
p.12
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What role do enzymes play in the body?
They act as biological catalysts in the digestive system.
p.12
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
How do hormones function in the body?
They regulate body functions and mood control in the endocrine system.
p.42
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the significance of positive feedback mechanisms?
They help to achieve a specific endpoint by amplifying the initial stimulus.
p.34
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is one function of glands?
To regulate various bodily functions.
p.22
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What is the outcome of mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells.
p.4
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
Why is the Standard Anatomical Position important?
It provides a clear and consistent reference for anatomical terminology and descriptions.
p.8
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
What are the two components of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity (mainly digestive organs) and Pelvic cavity (mainly reproductive organs).
p.40
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
Which internal conditions are commonly regulated by homeostasis?
Body temperature, blood pressure, glucose, water, ions, and pH.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What does 'superficial' indicate in anatomical terms?
Towards the outside of the body.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
Where is the skin located in relation to the muscle?
The skin is superficial to the muscle.
p.40
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What indicates a 'healthy' state in homeostasis?
Attainment of a stable rest state.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How is the ankle related to the knee in terms of proximity?
The ankle is distal to the knee.
p.31
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What are the 5 main types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
p.31
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the primary function of bone tissue?
To provide compact and tough support.
p.5
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How are the toes positioned relative to the heel?
Toes are anterior to the heel.
p.38
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the dermis?
The inner layer of skin located beneath the epidermis.
p.21
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the primary function of organelles within a cell?
To perform specific functions necessary for cell survival and operation.
p.27
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
A type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells with varying heights.
p.38
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the relationship between the dermis and the epidermis?
The dermis supports and nourishes the epidermis.
p.27
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium commonly found?
In the respiratory tract, particularly in the trachea and bronchi.
p.34
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is an endocrine gland?
A gland that does not have ducts, such as the pancreas which secretes insulin to the blood.
p.29
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What do mucous membranes line?
Body cavities and structures exposed to the external environment.
p.2
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What will you illustrate regarding tissues?
The characteristics of different types of tissues.
p.28
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
How do endocrine glands secrete their products?
Without ducts, directly into the blood.
p.12
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
What proteins provide structural support in the body?
Collagen and keratin in the bone system.
p.11
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What are the major elements that make up life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus (CHNOP).
p.36
Skin Structure and Functions
What is characteristic of the stratum granulosum?
Contains many protein-filled granules.
p.30
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What do serous membranes line?
Body cavities that do not open directly to the outside.
p.40
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
Which systems mainly control homeostasis?
The nervous and endocrine systems.
p.40
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the sequence of events in the homeostatic control mechanism?
Stimulation → receptor → control center → effector → response.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
What does 'distal' mean?
Away from the point of attachment.
p.40
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What indicates a 'disease' state in homeostasis?
Failure to attain a stable rest state.
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What does the immune system do?
It protects the body against infections and diseases.
p.9
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
What does 'hyper' refer to in abdominal terminology?
It typically indicates an excess or above normal.
p.22
Basic Concepts in Genetics
How many chromosomes do the daughter cells have after mitosis?
The same number as the original cell (23 pairs, 2n).
p.36
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the function of keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?
Protection against infection.
p.12
Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
Which proteins are involved in muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin in the muscle system.
p.22
Basic Concepts in Genetics
What is the outcome of meiosis?
Four gametes (sperm and egg cells).
p.28
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Give an example of an exocrine gland and its secretion.
Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to the digestive tract.
p.32
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Where is smooth muscle located?
Covering walls of internal organs.
p.31
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the function of loose connective tissue?
It provides cushioning for internal organs.
p.31
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What is the role of cartilage in the body?
It acts as a cushion between bones and joints.
p.17
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What is the direction of movement in active transport?
From low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient).
p.44
Nature and Causes of Diseases
How can a systems approach help in understanding infectious diseases?
It provides a comprehensive view of interactions between pathogens and the immune system.
p.43
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What are malignant tumors?
Tumors that are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues.
p.6
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How is the elbow related to the wrist in terms of proximity?
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
p.32
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
p.37
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the function of sweat glands in the dermis?
Produce sweat for regulation of body temperature.
p.32
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Covering walls of the heart.
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What is the function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate breathing and gas exchange.
p.37
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the dermis composed of?
A framework of fibrous and elastic tissue under the epidermis.
p.30
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What are the two layers of serous membranes?
Visceral layer and parietal layer.
p.30
Types of Tissues and Their Functions
What does the parietal layer do?
Attaches to the cavity wall.
p.17
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
What energy source is needed for active transport?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
p.45
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What are two types of damages that can lead to diseases?
Physical (e.g., UV light) and chemical (e.g., toxins) damages.
p.37
Skin Structure and Functions
What role do blood vessels play in the dermis?
Nutrient supply and body temperature regulation.
p.37
Skin Structure and Functions
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Oily sebum for waterproofing and protection.
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What is the main role of the nervous system?
To control and coordinate body activities.
p.5
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How are the eyes positioned relative to the mouth?
Eyes are superior to the mouth.
p.45
Nature and Causes of Diseases
What type of organisms can cause diseases?
Micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
p.39
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
What is the role of the endocrine system?
To regulate bodily functions through hormones.
p.37
Skin Structure and Functions
What are hair follicles associated with in the dermis?
Arrector pili muscles, which cause goosebumps in response to cold.
p.5
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How is the heart positioned relative to the sternum?
The heart is posterior to the sternum.
p.17
Cell Structure and Plasma Membrane Transport Mechanisms
How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?
Through active transport mechanisms like the sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT).
p.5
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How are the ears positioned relative to the nose?
Ears are lateral to the nose.
p.5
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How is the nose positioned relative to the eyes?
Nose is medial to the eyes.
p.5
Standard Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
How is the mouth positioned relative to the nose?
Mouth is inferior to the nose.
