p.5
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What are gametes?
Specialized cells that function in sexual reproduction, such as eggs and sperm/pollen.
p.5
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is budding in fungi?
A form of asexual reproduction typical of yeast.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is the chromosome number produced by meiosis?
4 (half of the parent cell).
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is a haplontic life cycle?
A life cycle where the dominant stage is haploid and the zygote is the only diploid cell.
p.8
Fungal Diversity: Unicellular vs. Multicellular
What types of organisms can fungi be?
Unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular.
p.2
Fungal Structure and Organization
What is an exception to the tissue or organ level of organization in animals?
Sponges, which are at the cellular level.
p.3
Fungal Structure and Organization
What is coenocytic hyphae?
Hyphae with many nuclei present in a single structure (no separation).
p.2
Fungal Structure and Organization
What is mycelium?
A mass of subterranean hyphae.
p.7
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
What is the symbiotic relationship in lichens?
Between fungal hyphae and algae or cyanobacteria.
p.3
Fungal Structure and Organization
What are fungal hyphae?
Hollow, slender, threadlike structures (filaments).
p.2
Fungal Structure and Organization
What are the levels of organization within a cell?
Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
p.5
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is the main difference between mating types and gametes?
Mating types refer to the compatibility of cells for sexual reproduction, while gametes are the actual reproductive cells.
p.8
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
What is an example of a fungal plant pathogen?
Aspergillus, found in peanuts.
p.2
Fungal Structure and Organization
What is the middle lamella composed of?
Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca).
p.6
Fungal Classification and Phyla
Name one of the five phyla of fungi.
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, or Basidiomycota.
p.6
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What type of spores do Chytrids produce?
Flagellated spores and gamete-like zoospores.
p.3
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
What are the two types of mycorrhizae?
Endomycorrhizae (arbuscular) and ectomycorrhizae.
p.2
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
Why is phosphorus (P) a limiting factor for plants?
Needed to make nucleic acids.
p.8
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
Why are fungal infections difficult to treat?
Because fungi are eukaryotes, and compounds that kill fungi can also harm eukaryotic animal hosts.
p.2
Fungal Structure and Organization
What are hyphae?
Fungal filaments composed of one or more cells.
p.7
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is a dikaryon?
A prolonged stage in which 2 nuclei are present in the hyphae.
p.5
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What are conidiospores?
Haploid spores found exposed on the tips of hyphae, known as conidia.
p.8
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
What are common types of mycosis in humans?
Ringworms, athlete's foot, and yeast infections.
p.7
Ecological Roles of Fungi
What role do lichens play in ecosystems?
They are pioneer species that colonize barren environments.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is karyogamy?
The fusion of two nuclei yielding a diploid zygote.
p.7
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
What mutualistic relationship do endophytes have with plants?
They provide toxins that deter herbivores.
p.6
Fungal Classification and Phyla
What are Chytrids known for?
Being the most simple and primitive fungi.
p.3
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
What are haustoria?
Specialized hyphae used to penetrate host tissue, release digestive enzymes, and extract or exchange nutrients.
p.8
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
What is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis known for?
It is implicated in declining frog populations.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is a diplontic life cycle?
A life cycle where the dominant stage is diploid and only gametes are haploid.
p.5
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What does heterothallic mean?
One mating type is present in the mycelium, requiring two different but compatible mycelia to reproduce sexually.
p.8
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is the role of meiosis in fungi?
It is an asexual process that restores the haploid condition via production of spores.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is the chromosome number produced by mitosis?
2 (same as the parent cell).
p.3
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
What are mycorrhizae?
Mutualistic fungi that exchange nutrients with plant roots.
p.2
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + light energy -> C6H12O2.
p.3
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
How do fungi prey upon nematodes and springtails?
By sucking nutrients and trace elements out while the animal is still alive using haustoria.
p.7
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
How do fungi assist animals in digestion?
They share digestive services and function in the gut of grazers.
p.8
Ecological Roles of Fungi
What ecological roles do some fungi play?
Decomposition, predation, mutualistic symbiont, and parasite.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What type of reproduction do perfect fungi undergo?
Both sexually and asexually.
p.2
Fungal Structure and Organization
What is the fruiting body of a fungus?
The spore-producing structure of some fungi.
p.2
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
Why is nitrogen (N) a limiting factor for plants?
Needed to make proteins and nucleic acids.
p.7
Fungal Diversity: Unicellular vs. Multicellular
What are the three broad groups of lichens?
Fruticose, crustose, and foliose.
p.3
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
How do endomycorrhizae interact with plant cells?
They penetrate the cell wall but not the plasma membrane.
p.2
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
Why can't plants obtain nitrogen and phosphorus?
N & P are in large macromolecules and can't cross membranes.
p.7
Fungal Diversity: Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Why is Saccharomyces cerevisiae considered the most important cultured fungus?
It is the yeast used to make bread.
p.3
Fungal Structure and Organization
What characterizes septate hyphae?
Nuclei are separated by septum containing pores for cell-to-cell movement of materials.
p.6
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is a defining feature of Zygomycetes?
They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What type of reproduction do imperfect fungi undergo?
Asexual only (by mitosis).
p.3
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
What is an example of parasitic fungi?
Fungi that extract nutrients from nematodes (roundworms).
p.7
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
How do lichens reproduce asexually?
By fragmentation or soredia.
p.2
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
What role do trace elements play in organisms?
They act as cofactors for enzymes.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is the heterokaryotic stage in fungi?
A stage called dikaryon with two haploid nuclei.
p.7
Ecological Roles of Fungi
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Primary succession occurs where no life exists, while secondary succession occurs where life has been removed but remnants remain.
p.2
Fungal Structure and Organization
What is the secondary wall of plants composed of?
Lignin (hydrophobic) and wood.
p.8
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
Do fungi have male and female sexes?
No, they do sexual reproduction but do not have male/female sexes.
p.1
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
As heterotrophs through absorptive nutrition.
p.1
Fungal Diversity: Unicellular vs. Multicellular
What are the two forms of fungi?
Unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular (network of filaments).
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is the dominant stage in the alternation of generations?
The stage the organism spends most of its time in, which is multicellular.
p.5
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What are sporangiospores?
Haploid spores contained in a reproductive sac called a sporangium.
p.6
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What type of reproduction do Imperfect fungi primarily use?
Asexual reproduction only.
p.5
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What does homothallic mean?
Both mating types are present in the same mycelium, making it self-fertile.
p.3
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
How do ectomycorrhizae interact with plant cells?
They do not penetrate the cell wall.
p.1
Nutrient Acquisition in Fungi
What is a saprophyte?
An organism that derives nutrients from decaying organic matter.
p.6
Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
What is a key characteristic of Glomeromycota?
They form mutualistic symbiotic mycorrhizae with plants.
p.8
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
What can cause strong allergic reactions in individuals?
Hypersensitivity to molds and spores.
p.1
Fungal Classification and Phyla
What are the main phyla of fungi?
Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota, and Hytridiomycota.
p.1
Fungal Structure and Organization
What pigments do fungi have for UV protection?
Red, green, and black pigments.
p.8
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
What is mycotoxicosis?
Poisoning by a fungal toxin (mycotoxin) released in food.
p.4
Fungal Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
What is plasmogamy?
The fusion of cytoplasm of two different mating types.
p.8
Fungal Pathogens and Human Mycosis
What is mycetismus?
Poisoning from ingestion of preformed toxins in poisonous mushrooms.
p.7
Fungi as Decomposers and Ecosystem Contributors
What is the role of fungi as decomposers?
They decompose organic material, especially plant cellulose and lignin.
p.1
Fungal Diversity: Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Which organisms are examples of fungi?
Yeasts, black mold, antibiotic penicillin, and edible mushrooms.
