p.33
False Confessions Types
What is a consequence of police receiving a false confession?
They may be diverted down a false trail, wasting valuable time.
p.33
False Confessions Types
What could the wasted time from a false confession prevent?
Identifying and apprehending the real offender.
p.60
Geographic Profiling Methods
What is the accuracy level of geographic profiling systems?
Geographic profiling systems can be quite accurate.
p.9
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the purpose of the non-accusatorial interview in the Reid Model?
To assess deception and determine if the suspect is lying about their innocence.
p.37
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What term does the RCMP prefer over 'profiling'?
Criminal investigative analysis.
p.30
False Confessions Types
What are the three types of false confessions identified in Kassin and Kiechel's study?
Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation.
p.9
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the Reid Model of Interrogation?
A common nine-step method used in North America to extract confessions from suspects.
p.54
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
Why can't ambiguous profiles be used effectively in investigations?
Because they can be interpreted to fit a wide range of individuals, making it difficult to prioritize suspects.
p.20
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What must the Court consider about police trickery in obtaining a confession?
The degree of police trickery used, ensuring it does not 'shock the community.'
p.55
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is a major criticism of professional profilers?
They may not be more accurate in their predictions than individuals without specialized training.
p.16
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
What is the assumption made by investigators when moving from stage 2 to 3 of the Reid model?
That investigators can detect deception accurately.
p.25
False Confessions Types
Can you provide an example of a case involving voluntary false confessions?
The Lindbergh case, where approximately 200 people made false confessions.
p.55
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What did Snook, Eastwood, et al. (2007) conclude about profilers' performance?
They demonstrate better performance, but not necessarily expert performance.
p.33
Power of Confession Evidence
How can false confessions affect other evidence in a trial?
They may taint other evidence, making it appear more corroborative than it really is.
p.30
False Confessions Types
Who conducted the study on false confessions?
Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel.
p.54
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is an example of an ambiguous prediction in criminal profiling?
The offender will be a 'social misfit'.
p.5
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
What key details do police seek during investigations?
Who was involved, what happened, where and when it happened, how and why it happened.
p.9
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the final goal of the Reid Model of Interrogation?
To obtain a confession from the suspect.
p.6
Power of Confession Evidence
Why is there concern regarding coercive techniques in police interrogations?
Because of the power of confessions as evidence.
p.41
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How do different profilers construct criminal profiles?
Profiles are constructed differently by different profilers, with various 'schools' of profiling guiding the process.
p.4
Power of Confession Evidence
What types of tactics do interrogators use to generate confessions?
A variety of tactics, including psychologically coercive methods.
p.58
Geographic Profiling Methods
What can be utilized for local serial offenders in investigations?
A number of profiling strategies.
p.35
Criminal Profiling Techniques
When is identifying probable suspects relatively straightforward?
When the victim and offender know each other and there is a clear motivation for the crime.
p.56
Geographic Profiling Methods
What do geographic profiling systems do?
They utilize crime data to create profiles of offenders based on the geographic locations of their crimes.
p.20
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What does the term 'operating mind' refer to in the context of a confession?
The suspect's awareness of what they were saying and who they were saying it to.
p.31
False Confessions Types
What is a weakness of the 'Alt-key' paradigm regarding false confessions?
There are no consequences for confessing.
p.55
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What must police consider regarding statements made by professional profilers?
How much weight to put on those statements.
p.58
Geographic Profiling Methods
For which type of offenders is geographic profiling typically useful?
For the majority of serial offenders who commit their crimes locally.
p.49
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What type of offender predominantly targets adult females with specific physical features?
Telio specific offenders.
p.11
Reid Model of Interrogation
How can interrogators imply evidence against a suspect?
By hiding the fact that they do not have evidence and implying that such evidence exists.
p.41
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a characteristic of the deductive profiling method?
It involves reasoning from specific cases to general principles.
p.26
False Confessions Types
What is a coerced-compliant false confession?
A confession resulting from a desire to escape a coercive interrogation or gain a promised benefit, where the confessor knows they did not commit the crime.
p.1
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
What is the focus of Chapter 3?
The Psychology of Police Investigations.
p.35
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are some common motivations for crimes?
Passion, greed, or revenge.
p.46
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the approach for organized crime scenes in the Organized-Disorganized Model?
Profile the background characteristics of organized offenders.
p.5
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
How is evidence often collected in police investigations?
Through interrogations of suspects.
p.31
False Confessions Types
What confusion might participants experience in the 'Alt-key' paradigm?
They may be confused about their own guilt.
p.3
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the Reid Model of Interrogation?
A structured approach to interrogation that includes specific stages and techniques.
p.22
False Confessions Types
What is a coerced-compliant false confession?
A confession made to escape a stressful situation or gain a benefit.
p.31
False Confessions Types
How can false memories be induced according to the text?
Through suggestive interviews.
p.3
Reid Model of Interrogation
What do Minimization and Maximization refer to in the Reid Model?
Techniques used to either downplay the seriousness of the situation or emphasize the consequences to encourage confessions.
p.14
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is one common technique used in the Reid Model?
Appealing to the suspect’s pride with flattery.
p.38
Criminal Profiling Techniques
Why do profilers consider an offender's educational history?
To understand their background and potential motivations.
p.37
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
Why have many agencies moved away from the term 'profiling'?
To suggest a broader focus that includes more than just making predictions about an offender's background.
p.56
Geographic Profiling Methods
What is geographic profiling?
A technique used to analyze the locations of a series of crimes to determine the likely area of the offender's residence.
p.20
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What does the Court look for regarding the treatment of the suspect?
An atmosphere of oppression (unjust or inhumane treatment).
p.9
Reid Model of Interrogation
What are the three general stages of the Reid Model?
1. Gather evidence and interview witnesses; 2. Conduct a non-accusatorial interview; 3. Conduct an accusatorial interrogation.
p.22
False Confessions Types
What is a false confession?
A confession that is not true, often made under pressure or coercion.
p.60
Geographic Profiling Methods
How can geographic profiling predictions assist law enforcement?
These predictions are likely to assist the police.
p.22
False Confessions Types
What characterizes a voluntary false confession?
A confession made willingly without external pressure.
p.14
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the Reid Model primarily used for?
Interrogation techniques.
p.41
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is known about the profiling process?
Relatively little is known about the profiling process, and descriptions provided by researchers and profilers are often vague.
p.4
Power of Confession Evidence
What were historically used as coercive tactics in interrogations?
Physically coercive methods, such as whipping.
p.2
Criminal Profiling Techniques
Why do police use criminal profiling?
To narrow down suspects and predict behaviors, but it can lead to potential problems such as bias and inaccuracies.
p.17
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
How can comprehension of legal rights be improved?
By delivering cautions in an appropriate format, such as written versus verbal.
p.2
False Confessions Types
What are the three major types of false confessions?
Voluntary false confessions, coerced-compliant false confessions, and coerced-internalized false confessions.
p.26
False Confessions Types
What tactics are often used by police to elicit coerced-compliant false confessions?
Coercive interrogation tactics, such as maximization and minimization techniques.
p.20
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What is the first point in the Supreme Court of Canada's framework for determining the voluntariness of a confession?
The Court must consider whether the police made any threats or promises.
p.54
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is a major criticism of many criminal profiles?
They are so ambiguous that they can fit many suspects.
p.22
False Confessions Types
What are the three main types of false confessions?
Voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized.
p.58
Geographic Profiling Methods
Why is geographic profiling not useful for traveling offenders?
Because they travel in a particular direction to commit their crimes.
p.17
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What does research indicate about people's understanding of their legal rights?
Many individuals often do not understand their rights when presented to them.
p.22
False Confessions Types
What does coerced-internalized false confession mean?
A confession where the individual comes to believe they committed the crime due to pressure.
p.36
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How does the FBI define criminal profiling?
As a technique for identifying the personality and behavioral features of an individual based on an analysis of the crimes they have committed.
p.3
Reid Model of Interrogation
What are potential problems with the Reid Model?
Issues such as false confessions, coercion, and ethical concerns.
p.11
Reid Model of Interrogation
What psychological themes are developed in the Reid Model?
Themes that allow the suspect to rationalize or excuse the crime.
p.41
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a characteristic of the inductive profiling method?
It involves drawing generalizations from a large number of cases.
p.3
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
How can investigator bias affect interrogations?
It can lead to unfair treatment of suspects and influence the outcome of the interrogation.
p.37
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How can criminal profiles assist in interrogation?
By providing advice on how to approach the interrogation process.
p.26
False Confessions Types
Why might coerced-compliant false confessions be considered common?
They often arise from the pressure of coercive interrogation environments.
p.18
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
What did research by Kassin et al. (2003) reveal about investigative biases?
It indicated that biases led to coercive interrogations, making suspects appear guiltier even if they committed no crime.
p.7
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What type of interrogation tactics were used by Chicago police in the 1970s and 80s?
A wide range of torture tactics.
p.57
Geographic Profiling Methods
What does research indicate about serial offenders and their crime site selection?
Serial offenders tend to commit their crimes very close to where they reside.
p.19
Power of Confession Evidence
What makes confessions more likely to be unreliable?
Involuntary confessions and those provided when a person's mind is unstable.
p.10
Reid Model of Interrogation
What psychological strategy does the Reid technique employ regarding anxiety?
It aims to make the anxiety of maintaining innocence greater than that of confessing.
p.29
False Confessions Types
What is internalization in the context of false confessions?
The acceptance of guilt for an act that the person did not commit.
p.13
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is a common tactic used in minimization techniques?
Offering face-saving excuses or moral justification.
p.15
False Confessions Types
What type of interrogations can lead to false confessions in the Reid Model?
Coercive/suggestive interrogations.
p.46
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the basic idea behind the Organized-Disorganized Model?
To profile the background characteristics of offenders based on the organization level of the crime scene.
p.5
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
What do police rely on to gather details about crimes?
Witnesses, victims, and suspects.
p.6
Power of Confession Evidence
What is the primary purpose of a police interrogation?
To gather evidence and obtain a confession.
p.31
False Confessions Types
What is another weakness of the 'Alt-key' paradigm?
All participants were innocent.
p.25
False Confessions Types
What is a voluntary false confession?
A confession that occurs without being prompted by the police.
p.24
False Confessions Types
What is a coerced-internalized false confession?
A confession where the individual comes to believe they committed the crime due to suggestive interrogation techniques.
p.11
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the first step of the Reid Model of Interrogation?
The suspect is immediately confronted with his or her guilt.
p.2
Geographic Profiling Methods
What is geographic profiling?
A technique used in investigations to analyze the locations of a series of crimes to identify the likely area where the offender resides.
p.38
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are some common characteristics profilers try to predict about an offender?
Age, sex, race, level of intelligence, educational history, hobbies, family background, residential location, criminal history, employment status, psychosexual development, and post-offence behaviour.
p.14
Reid Model of Interrogation
How do interrogators minimize the seriousness of the offense?
By downplaying the consequences to the suspect.
p.16
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
What type of interrogation may innocent suspects undergo?
Guilt-presumptive interrogation.
p.14
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the importance of building rapport with a suspect?
It can lead to more confessions.
p.11
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is done if a suspect becomes withdrawn during interrogation?
The interrogator ensures they have the suspect's attention and uses techniques to reduce psychological distance.
p.8
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
Why would a confession obtained through the third degree be considered inadmissible in court?
Because it is considered oppressive.
p.8
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
How do modern interrogation techniques differ from the third degree?
They rely more on psychological approaches rather than physical coercion.
p.18
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
How do biased interrogators behave towards suspects?
They judge more suspects as guilty and exert more pressure to confess.
p.27
False Confessions Types
Why might individuals with brain impairments be more susceptible to coerced-internalized false confessions?
They may have difficulty detecting discrepancies between their observations and erroneous suggestions.
p.57
Geographic Profiling Methods
How is geographic profiling used in investigations?
Primarily for prioritizing potential suspects based on their proximity to the predicted home location.
p.57
Geographic Profiling Methods
How are suspects prioritized in geographic profiling?
By rank ordering them based on how close they live to the predicted home location.
p.59
Geographic Profiling Methods
How do police utilize the output from geographic profiling systems?
To prioritize their investigative activities.
p.13
Reid Model of Interrogation
What are the two categories of interrogation techniques in the Reid model?
Minimization techniques and maximization techniques.
p.47
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is a major issue with the Organized-Disorganized Model?
Little research has examined the model, raising doubts about its validity.
p.35
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What challenges arise in crimes where the victim and offender are strangers?
It is more difficult to identify a suspect and there is often no clear motive.
p.60
Geographic Profiling Methods
What do studies of computerized geographic profiling systems indicate?
They can make accurate profiling predictions.
p.6
Power of Confession Evidence
What are the two main goals of police interrogations in North America?
To obtain a confession and to gain information that will further the investigation.
p.17
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What are Miranda rights?
Safeguards assumed to protect individuals during interrogation, including the rights to silence and legal counsel.
p.4
Power of Confession Evidence
What is the primary goal of many police interrogations?
To generate a confession.
p.16
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
What does research say about the ability of investigators to detect deception?
Little research supports the assumption that investigators can accurately detect deception, even with specialized training.
p.17
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
Which groups are particularly likely to misunderstand their rights?
Juveniles and individuals with impaired intellectual capacity.
p.41
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are the two main profiling methods discussed?
The deductive profiling method and the inductive profiling method.
p.16
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
What do recent meta-analyses suggest about the utility of objective cues in deception detection?
They suggest that the training approach has limited utility because the cues are too weak to distinguish between truth-tellers and liars.
p.11
Reid Model of Interrogation
How does the interrogator handle a suspect's denial?
By interrupting any statements of denial to prevent the suspect from gaining the upper hand.
p.10
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the first step in the Nine Steps of Reid?
Direct statement of belief in the suspect’s guilt.
p.11
Reid Model of Interrogation
What technique can be used to keep a suspect engaged in the interrogation?
Physically moving closer to the suspect.
p.59
Geographic Profiling Methods
How do geographic profiling systems represent crime sites?
As points on a map based on linked crime locations.
p.7
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What was one example of a coercive tactic used in the mid-twentieth century?
Whipping, as seen in Brown v. Mississippi (1936).
p.48
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the focus of investigative psychology approaches in profiling?
They emphasize rigorously testing the validity of proposed categories and the linkage between crime scene behaviors and background characteristics.
p.23
False Confessions Types
What is known about the frequency of false confessions?
The frequency of false confessions is unknown but they are common in high-profile wrongful convictions.
p.48
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How do investigative psychology approaches differ from previous inductive approaches?
They place more emphasis on testing the validity of categories rather than just relying on previously solved cases.
p.27
False Confessions Types
What mental states can increase susceptibility to coerced-internalized false confessions?
Severe anxiety, confusion, or feelings of guilt.
p.59
Geographic Profiling Methods
What additional factors do geographic profilers consider?
Factors such as the density of suitable victims in an area.
p.28
False Confessions Types
What were the two manipulated factors in the ALT key experiment?
Participant vulnerability and false evidence.
p.29
False Confessions Types
How did researchers investigate confabulation in the experiment?
By asking participants to reconstruct events after being presented with false evidence.
p.45
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How do disorganized offenders typically live in relation to their crimes?
They live and work close to crimes.
p.51
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What do the core psychological assumptions underlying profiling lack?
Strong empirical support.
p.35
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What do police need to conduct interrogations?
A viable suspect in custody.
p.47
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What limitation does the Organized-Disorganized Model have regarding offender characteristics?
It cannot account for offenders who display a mixture of organized and disorganized features.
p.46
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What should an investigator do when encountering a disorganized crime scene?
Profile the background characteristics of a disorganized offender.
p.24
False Confessions Types
What are the three types of false confessions?
Voluntary false confessions, coerced-compliant false confessions, and coerced-internalized false confessions.
p.24
False Confessions Types
What is a voluntary false confession?
A confession made without any external pressure or coercion.
p.31
False Confessions Types
What do new paradigms confirm about false confessions?
They confirm original findings.
p.3
Reid Model of Interrogation
What are the Nine Steps of Reid?
A series of steps designed to elicit confessions from suspects during interrogations.
p.36
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the challenge in defining criminal profiling?
It is difficult to define precisely.
p.16
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
What do current deception detection training programs, including Reid interrogation training, focus on?
Informing people about objective cues to deception.
p.37
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are some purposes of criminal profiles?
To help set traps for offenders, determine the seriousness of threats, provide interrogation advice, and inform prosecutors for cross-examination.
p.18
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
What is investigator bias in the context of interrogations?
It refers to officers entering the interrogation phase believing the suspect is guilty.
p.26
False Confessions Types
What is the significance of the case R. v. M.J.S. (2000)?
It illustrates a potential coerced-compliant false confession, where M.J.S. confessed to aggravated assault on his son but may not have been responsible for the crime.
p.10
Reid Model of Interrogation
What does the second step of the Reid technique involve?
Developing and introducing psychological themes.
p.38
Criminal Profiling Techniques
Why is psychosexual development important in profiling?
It can reveal motivations and behaviours related to sexual offences.
p.39
Criminal Profiling Techniques
Who was Dr. George Phillips?
A police surgeon involved in the Jack the Ripper investigation who engaged in criminal profiling.
p.10
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the goal of presenting the alternative question in the Reid technique?
To guide the suspect towards admitting guilt.
p.18
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
What impact does investigator bias have on neutral observers of interrogations?
Observers rate the interrogations as more coercive.
p.45
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are the two categories of an offender's background characteristics in the Organized-Disorganized Model?
Organized (methodical) and disorganized (disturbed).
p.45
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What type of individual is characterized as disorganized in the Organized-Disorganized Model?
A disturbed individual, usually suffering from some form of psychopathology.
p.48
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are the three clusters of sex offenders identified by Goodwill et al.?
1) Adult females with specific features, 2) Children/adolescents with specific features, 3) No preferred type.
p.29
False Confessions Types
Which participants were particularly susceptible to confabulation?
Vulnerable participants presented with false evidence.
p.51
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is a key consideration regarding the validity of criminal profiling?
Whether the technique is actually reliable and valid.
p.42
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What area of psychology did David Canter draw on for his profiling work?
Environmental psychology.
p.51
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What issue is often found in many criminal profiles?
They contain vague and ambiguous information that can fit many suspects.
p.13
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is implied by maximization techniques?
A threat of severe punishment.
p.40
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What was established in 1972 to enhance criminal profiling within the FBI?
The Behavioral Sciences Unit.
p.24
False Confessions Types
What characterizes coerced-compliant false confessions?
Confessions made under pressure, where the individual complies to escape a stressful situation.
p.25
False Confessions Types
What are some reasons for a voluntary false confession?
Desire for notoriety, inability to distinguish fact from fantasy, need to be punished, or attempt to protect the real offender.
p.55
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What does research indicate about the accuracy of professional profilers?
They do not always produce more accurate profiles than non-professionals under laboratory conditions.
p.49
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are the three clusters identified for victim selection by sex offenders?
1. Telio specific (adult females), 2. Pedo/hebe specific (children and adolescents), 3. Non-specific (no preferred victim type).
p.14
Reid Model of Interrogation
Do actual interrogations always include Reid techniques?
No, they do not always include Reid techniques.
p.49
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What type of offender predominantly targets child and adolescent victims?
Pedo/hebe specific offenders.
p.23
False Confessions Types
What is a false confession?
A confession that is either intentionally fabricated or not based on actual knowledge of the facts.
p.3
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What is the role of procedural safeguards in interrogations?
To protect the rights of suspects and ensure fair interrogation practices.
p.8
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What happened to Tony Colleti before his trial?
He hanged himself in jail.
p.59
Geographic Profiling Methods
What are geographic profiling systems?
Computer systems that use mathematical models of offender spatial behavior to predict where unknown serial offenders are likely to reside.
p.7
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What tactics were historically used to extract confessions from suspects?
Physically coercive tactics.
p.10
Reid Model of Interrogation
How does the Reid technique suggest handling a suspect's denial?
By interrupting statements of denial.
p.27
False Confessions Types
What are some vulnerability factors associated with coerced-internalized false confessions?
History of substance abuse, inability to detect discrepancies, and factors related to mental state such as severe anxiety or confusion.
p.19
Power of Confession Evidence
What are the key issues a judge must consider regarding a questionable confession?
Whether the confession was made voluntarily and if the defendant was competent.
p.29
False Confessions Types
What does compliance refer to in the context of false confessions?
A tendency to go along with demands made by authority figures.
p.29
False Confessions Types
How did researchers measure compliance in the ALT key experiment?
By presenting participants with a written confession and recording how many signed it.
p.28
False Confessions Types
What was the focus of Kassin and Kiechel’s (1996) ALT key experiment?
Participants were accused of committing a mock 'crime'.
p.53
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What did a recent review conclude about the link between crime scene behaviors and offender background characteristics?
The majority of studies provide no support or little support for the assumption that crime scene behaviors can reliably predict background characteristics.
p.13
Reid Model of Interrogation
What do minimization techniques in interrogations aim to provide?
A sense of false security.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a common feature of disorganized offenses?
No restraints used on the victim.
p.13
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is a characteristic of maximization techniques?
Making false or exaggerated claims about evidence.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How does the use of a vehicle differ between organized and disorganized crimes?
Organized crimes typically use a vehicle, while disorganized crimes do not.
p.32
False Confessions Types
What is one reason jurors may view genuine false confessions as evidence of guilt?
Difficulty with self-incrimination explanation.
p.21
Alternatives to Traditional Interrogation Techniques
What term have police agencies in England and Wales adopted instead of 'interrogation'?
Investigative interviewing.
p.22
False Confessions Types
What are some consequences of false confessions?
Wrongful convictions, loss of trust in the justice system, and psychological harm to the confessor.
p.36
Criminal Profiling Techniques
In what type of investigations was criminal profiling originally used?
In cases involving violent serial crime investigations.
p.4
Power of Confession Evidence
What has replaced physically coercive tactics in interrogations?
Psychologically coercive tactics, like lying about evidence.
p.4
Power of Confession Evidence
How are coercive tactics often viewed in the context of interrogations?
As a necessary evil to convince guilty people to talk.
p.23
False Confessions Types
What can contribute to the likelihood of false confessions?
Coercive interrogation tactics.
p.27
False Confessions Types
What is a coerced-internalized false confession?
A confession that results from suggestive interrogations, where the confessor comes to believe they committed the crime.
p.18
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
What are some consequences of investigator bias during interrogations?
Leads to biased perceptions, more guilt-presumptive questions, and increased pressure on suspects.
p.39
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What significant event in 1888 involved early attempts at criminal profiling?
The Jack the Ripper murders.
p.2
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
What is a third problem with the Reid model of interrogation?
It often relies on subjective judgment, which can introduce investigator bias.
p.59
Geographic Profiling Methods
How is the probability of an offender's residence represented on the map?
Each location is assigned an overall probability and designated a color.
p.28
False Confessions Types
What ethical constraint is faced in laboratory studies of false confessions?
Making someone believe they committed a horrible crime.
p.19
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What type of coercion makes a confession likely inadmissible in North America?
Physical coercion, such as physical force, prolonged isolation, or sleep deprivation.
p.53
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What are the two key assumptions underlying criminal profiling?
1. Offenders behave in a stable fashion across the crimes they commit. 2. Reliable relationships exist between the way offenders commit their crimes and their background characteristics.
p.45
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How do organized offenders typically live in relation to their crimes?
They live and work far away from crimes.
p.42
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What significant case contributed to the development of investigative psychology?
The John Duffy (Railway Rapist) rape/murder case.
p.43
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are the two general approaches to constructing a criminal profile?
Deductive profiling and inductive profiling.
p.34
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is the validity of criminal profiling?
It refers to the effectiveness and reliability of profiling techniques in accurately identifying suspects.
p.32
False Confessions Types
What specific details do false confessions often contain?
Specific visual and auditory details concerning the crime and victim(s).
p.40
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What type of support do profiling units typically provide to police agencies?
Operational support in cases where profiling and criminal investigative analysis may be useful.
p.12
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the sixth step of the Reid technique?
The interrogator exhibits sympathy and understanding, urging the suspect to come clean.
p.17
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What contributes to the misunderstanding of Miranda rights?
The complex structure and language used in presenting these rights.
p.49
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are the three clusters of background characteristics identified in the study?
1. Socially competent offender, 2. Anti-social generalist offender, 3. Sexually deviant offender.
p.8
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What extreme methods were used during the third degree interrogation of Tony Colleti?
Continuous questioning, lying, threats, deprivation of food and water, physical abuse, and sleep deprivation.
p.10
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the purpose of the Nine Steps of Reid?
To break down the suspect’s resistance to confessing.
p.18
Investigator Bias in Interrogations
How does investigator bias affect the interpretation of information during interrogations?
Officers may seek out and interpret information in a way that verifies their initial belief of guilt.
p.38
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What role does an offender's criminal history play in profiling?
It helps in predicting future behaviour and understanding patterns.
p.2
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
Name another problem with the Reid model of interrogation.
It may create a psychological pressure that can overwhelm suspects, leading to unreliable confessions.
p.57
Geographic Profiling Methods
What is geographic profiling?
An analysis of crime scene locations to determine the most probable area of offender residence.
p.26
False Confessions Types
What is an example of a coerced-compliant false confession?
M.J.S.'s confession to child abuse in the case R. v. M.J.S. (2000).
p.8
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What is one psychological tactic used in modern interrogations?
The presentation of false evidence.
p.52
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is a major flaw of the classic trait model?
It incorrectly assumes that internal traits are the sole determinants of behavior, ignoring situational influences.
p.48
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What model is similar to the inductive approaches proposed by investigative psychology?
The organized-disorganized model.
p.39
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What happened to George Metesky after his arrest in 1957?
He was sent to a mental institution for the criminally insane.
p.27
False Confessions Types
Can you provide an example of a coerced-internalized false confession case?
The Billy Wayne Cope case.
p.50
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How can the relationships found in the study be utilized?
To inform profiling approaches with sex offenders.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What characterizes organized crime scene behaviors?
Well-planned (methodical) and controlled crime.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a common feature of organized offenses?
Use of restraints on the victim.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a key difference in evidence left at the crime scene between organized and disorganized crimes?
Organized crimes leave little evidence, while disorganized crimes leave evidence at the scene.
p.34
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are Investigative Psychology Approaches?
These are methods that apply psychological principles to understand criminal behavior and assist in investigations.
p.32
False Confessions Types
What references are commonly found in both true and false confessions?
References to the confessor's thoughts, feelings, and motives during and after committing the crime.
p.12
Reid Model of Interrogation
How does the interrogator facilitate self-incrimination in the seventh step?
By offering explanations for the crime that make it easier for the suspect to admit guilt.
p.38
Criminal Profiling Techniques
How does an offender's family background contribute to profiling?
It provides insights into their upbringing and possible influences on behaviour.
p.14
Reid Model of Interrogation
What tactic involves sympathizing with the suspect?
Condemning others to create a bond.
p.52
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is the classic trait model in personality profiling?
A model that assumes stable, internal traits are the primary determinants of behavior.
p.23
False Confessions Types
What is a disputed confession?
A confession that is later disputed at trial, which does not necessarily mean it is false or retracted.
p.52
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
How does the classic trait model apply to criminal profiling?
It suggests that an offender's internal traits influence their criminal behavior and noncriminal lifestyle.
p.28
False Confessions Types
What is the purpose of laboratory studies on false confessions?
To understand the nature of false confessions.
p.39
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What was the outcome of Dr. James Brussel's profiling of the Mad Bomber in New York City?
His profile matched the actual suspect, George Metesky.
p.59
Geographic Profiling Methods
What does a colored map output from geographic profiling systems indicate?
The probability that the offender lives in different areas, with color bands corresponding to different probability levels.
p.27
False Confessions Types
In what context are coerced-internalized false confessions most common?
After highly suggestible questioning.
p.50
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What type of relationships were found using MCA in the study?
Logical relationships between different clusters of crime scene behaviors and background characteristics.
p.28
False Confessions Types
How was participant vulnerability manipulated in the ALT key experiment?
By varying the speed of typing: 43 letters per minute (not vulnerable) vs. 67 letters per minute (vulnerable).
p.45
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a characteristic of disorganized offenders regarding media?
They have little interest in media.
p.43
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is deductive profiling?
Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left at the crime scenes.
p.32
False Confessions Types
What complicates jurors' ability to distinguish between true and false confessions?
Difficulty distinguishing true vs false confessions.
p.34
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is empirical support for assumptions in criminal profiling?
It refers to the evidence gathered from research that supports the claims made by profiling techniques.
p.34
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is the accuracy of profilers?
It refers to how often criminal profilers correctly identify or predict the characteristics of offenders.
p.12
Reid Model of Interrogation
What happens once the suspect accepts responsibility for the crime?
The interrogator develops this admission into a full confession.
p.2
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What is one problem with the Reid model of interrogation?
It can lead to high rates of false confessions due to its confrontational nature.
p.23
False Confessions Types
How does a retracted confession differ from a false confession?
A retracted confession is one that the confessor later declares to be false, regardless of its actual truth.
p.52
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What does the classic trait model assume about behavior patterns?
It assumes that consistent patterns of behavior persist over time and across situations.
p.59
Geographic Profiling Methods
What do geographic profiling systems calculate?
The probability that an offender lives at particular points in the area where the offenses have taken place.
p.29
False Confessions Types
What was the focus of Kassin and Kiechel’s ALT key experiment?
To study false confessions under various conditions.
p.10
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the final step in the Nine Steps of Reid?
Turning oral confession into a written confession.
p.52
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
How can situational factors affect criminal behavior according to the text?
Situational factors can create behavioral inconsistencies, complicating the profiling process.
p.48
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What did Goodwill et al. (2016) find in their cluster analyses of sex offenders?
They identified 3 clusters of sex offenders based on the type of victim preferred.
p.19
Detecting Deception in Interrogations
Why are psychological tactics more difficult to judge in interrogations?
The issue of 'voluntary' becomes less clear with subtler forms of psychological coercion.
p.29
False Confessions Types
What is confabulation?
The reporting of events that never actually occurred.
p.28
False Confessions Types
What were the conditions regarding false evidence in the ALT key experiment?
No false evidence condition (witness did not see) vs. false evidence condition (witness saw the participant hit the ALT key).
p.45
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a characteristic of organized offenders regarding media?
They follow crimes in the media.
p.13
Reid Model of Interrogation
What do maximization techniques in interrogations attempt to do?
Intimidate suspects using scare tactics.
p.34
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the definition of criminal profiling?
Criminal profiling is a technique used to identify the characteristics of a criminal based on the analysis of their behavior and the crime scene.
p.32
Power of Confession Evidence
How might jurors react to confession evidence, even if it was obtained coercively?
Jurors might still be likely to convict the suspect.
p.43
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is inductive profiling?
Profiling an offender based on what is known about other offenders who have committed similar crimes.
p.43
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What premise does inductive profiling operate on?
If certain crimes committed by different people are similar, then the offenders must also share some common personality traits.
p.34
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What are ambiguous profiles in criminal profiling?
These are profiles that lack clarity or specificity, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about a suspect.
p.21
Alternatives to Traditional Interrogation Techniques
What does the PEACE model stand for?
Planning and preparation, engage and explain, account, closure, and evaluation.
p.21
Alternatives to Traditional Interrogation Techniques
What have findings suggested about the use of coercive interrogation tactics?
A decrease in coercive tactics does not necessarily lead to a substantial reduction in confessions.
p.3
Alternatives to Traditional Interrogation Techniques
What are alternatives to the Reid Model?
Different interrogation techniques that may be more ethical or effective.
p.14
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is a noted gap in research regarding the Reid Model?
Lack of direct research using real-world data.
p.37
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is one example of assessing the seriousness of a threat using profiling?
Determining whether a threatening note should be taken seriously.
p.57
Geographic Profiling Methods
What assumption does geographic profiling make about offenders?
Offenders do not travel long distances from home to commit the majority of their crimes.
p.39
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What method did Dr. George Phillips use to profile the offender in the Jack the Ripper case?
Circumspect examination of the wound patterns of murder victims.
p.7
Procedural Safeguards in Interrogation
What was the financial consequence for the City of Chicago due to the use of torture tactics?
The city paid out millions of dollars in settlements.
p.39
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What notable detail did Dr. James Brussel include in his profile of the Mad Bomber?
The suspect wore a double-breasted suit.
p.50
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What statistical technique did Goodwill and his colleagues use to examine inter-relationships in crime scene behaviors?
Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA).
p.29
False Confessions Types
How did researchers measure internalization in the study?
By recording comments made by participants to a co-conspirator about accepting blame.
p.53
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
How does the consistency of offender behavior vary?
Consistency levels vary based on the behaviors examined; for example, where crimes are committed tends to be more consistent than how offenders interact with victims.
p.53
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
When is the link between crime scene behaviors and background characteristics stronger?
When contextual details are taken into account.
p.51
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
How do professional profilers compare to untrained individuals in constructing profiles?
They may be no better than untrained individuals.
p.34
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the origins of criminal profiling?
Criminal profiling has its roots in psychological theories and practices, particularly in understanding criminal behavior.
p.32
False Confessions Types
What similarities exist between true and false confessions?
They often have similar content and structure.
p.40
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What was the purpose of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime?
To conduct research in criminal profiling and provide guidance to police agencies investigating serial crimes.
p.53
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What does research suggest about the stability assumption in criminal profiling?
There is partial research support, showing moderate levels of behavioral consistency across crimes committed by serial offenders.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the organized-disorganized model?
A profiling model developed by the FBI that categorizes crime scenes and backgrounds of serial offenders as organized or disorganized.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What characterizes disorganized crime scene behaviors?
Impulsive crime that is chaotic in nature.
p.51
Validity and Reliability of Criminal Profiling
What is a common criticism of criminal profiling?
It is often based on a theoretical model of personality that lacks strong empirical support.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What type of sexual acts are typically associated with organized crimes?
Ante-mortem sexual acts committed.
p.34
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is the theoretical base of criminal profiling?
It is grounded in psychological theories that explain criminal behavior and motivations.
p.21
Alternatives to Traditional Interrogation Techniques
What is the PEACE model used for?
It is used for conducting police interrogations in an inquisitorial framework.
p.12
Reid Model of Interrogation
What is the final step in the Reid technique?
The interrogator gets the suspect to write and sign a full confession.
p.44
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What type of sexual acts are typically associated with disorganized crimes?
Post-mortem sexual acts committed.
p.32
Power of Confession Evidence
What is a significant consequence of false confessions?
They often lead to convictions.
p.40
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What significant development occurred in the FBI during the 1970s regarding criminal profiling?
The first systematic production of profiles by a law enforcement agency and training on how to construct them.
p.43
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What does inductive profiling determine?
How likely it is that an offender will possess certain background characteristics based on known offenders.
p.40
Criminal Profiling Techniques
Do profiling units conduct their own research?
Yes, many conduct their own research into criminal profiling.
p.34
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What are the primary goals of criminal profiling?
To assist law enforcement in identifying and apprehending suspects, and to provide insights into the behavior of offenders.
p.34
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What does the Organized-Disorganized Model refer to in criminal profiling?
It categorizes criminals based on their behavior and the nature of their crimes, distinguishing between organized and disorganized offenders.
p.43
Criminal Profiling Techniques
What is a limitation of inductive profiling?
It is unclear how this method could be used to profile offenders if the crimes being investigated are unique.
p.40
Criminal Profiling Techniques
Which countries have developed similar criminal profiling units to the FBI?
Canada, Germany, and England.
p.21
Alternatives to Traditional Interrogation Techniques
What is the main focus of the conversation management method in the PEACE model?
Encouraging information gathering rather than securing a confession.
p.12
Reid Model of Interrogation
What alternative explanation might an interrogator suggest to a murder suspect?
That the crime was accidental rather than intentional homicide.
