p.5
Important Alloys in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
What are the three main allotropic forms of phosphorus?
White/Yellow, Red/Violet, and Black.
p.5
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What is the first anti-syphilis compound discovered by Paul Ehrlich?
Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan or Compound 606.
p.1
Physiological Roles of Ions
What are the most abundant intracellular and extracellular ions?
K+ (IN), Na+ (OUT); HPO4-2 (IN), Cl- (OUT)
p.5
Important Alloys in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
What is the primary use of red phosphorus?
Used in safety matches and pyrotechnics.
What are the three allotropes of Oxygen (O2)?
Nascent (O), Atmospheric/molecular (O2), and Ozone (O3).
p.1
Types and Properties of Glass
What is the composition of Type I glass?
Highly Resistant Borosilicate (Pyrex, Borosil)
p.1
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the antidote for barium toxicity?
MgSO4 (converted into BaSO4, non-absorbable)
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the two allotropes of carbon?
Crystalline (diamond and graphite) and amorphous (bituminous, anthracite, coke).
p.5
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the use of Paris green (Cupric acetoarsenite)?
Rodenticide, insecticide, pigment, and blue colorant for fireworks.
p.1
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the antidote for mercury poisoning?
Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate, DMSA (Succimer), Penicillamine (Cuprimine®), BAL, Ca EDTA
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the process of calcination?
CaCO3 + heat → CaO (lime) + O2.
p.3
Important Alloys in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
What elements make up German Silver?
Copper, Nickel, and Zinc.
p.3
Colors of Transition Metal Ions
What colors do Cr+2 and Cr+3 exhibit in aqueous solution?
Cr+2 is Blue, Cr+3 is Green.
p.1
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What disease is associated with cadmium toxicity?
Itai-itai disease or Ouch-ouch disease
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the use of thallium?
Ant poison (insecticide).
p.5
Physiological Roles of Ions
What are the essential physiological roles of phosphorus?
Constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissues, and bones.
Which is the least abundant noble gas?
Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe)
p.5
Physiological Roles of Ions
What is the use of Antimony (Sb)?
Astringent, antiperspirant, anthelmintic, emetic, and expectorant.
p.3
Important Alloys in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
What elements are in Woods Metal?
Cadmium, Tin, Lead, and Bismuth (12.5% : 12.5% : 25% : 50%).
p.1
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the antidote for copper toxicity (Wilson's disease)?
Penicillamine (Cuprimine®)
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the uses of zinc?
Insulin (DM), battery & dry cell container, galvanized iron protective coating.
p.4
Physiological Roles of Ions
What is the use of nitrogen in pharmaceuticals?
Provides inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals.
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What are the antidotes for phosphorus (P) toxicity?
Cupric sulfate, Ceric sulfate.
p.2
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What are some radiopharmaceuticals used for heart imaging?
Tc 99m sestamibi/methoxy isobutyl isonitrile, I 131 NaI.
p.5
Physiological Roles of Ions
What is the use of Bismuth (Bi)?
Astringent, antiseptic, and internal protectant (antacid and inhibits Helicobacter pylori).
p.1
Vitamins and Mineral Absorption
Which vitamins are essential for maximum mineral absorption?
Fe - Vit. C; Ca - Vit. D; Se - Vit. E
p.3
Colors of Transition Metal Ions
What colors do Fe+2 and Fe+3 exhibit in aqueous solution?
Fe+2 is Green, Fe+3 is Yellow/Orange/Brown.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is slaking?
Controlled addition of water to CaO to form Ca(OH)2 (slaked lime).
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the use of strontium in manufacturing?
Flare manufacture (Crimson red).
p.3
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the coinage metals?
Copper, Silver, and Gold.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the use of titanium?
Blocking agent (e.g., making transparent capsules opaque).
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the antidote for fluorine (F) toxicity?
Ca gluconate → CaF2 ppt (non-absorbable).
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What are the antidotes for iodine (I) toxicity?
Starch solution (starch-iodo complex: dark blue), NaCl, Na thiosulfate.
p.5
Important Alloys in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
What is the primary use of black phosphorus?
Air-stable and does not catch fire spontaneously.
What are the three most abundant elements in the Earth's crust?
1st - O2 (non-metal), 2nd - Si (non-metal), 3rd - Al (most abundant metal)
p.3
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the isotopes of Hydrogen?
Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is lime water?
A saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 in water.
p.3
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the use of Silver in medicine?
Germicidal action and protein precipitant.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the uses of lead?
Automobile exhaust, old pipes, canned food, batteries, paints, protein precipitant.
p.5
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the primary use of liquid nitrogen at -196°C?
Refrigerant (cryogenic preservation).
p.5
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the industrial use of Selenium (Se)?
Used in rubber manufacturing.
p.4
Physiological Roles of Ions
What percentage of calcium is found in bones and teeth?
98-99%, in the form of hydroxyapatite.
p.3
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the industrial use of Hydrogen in the Haber Process?
Production of ammonia (N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 at high pressures).
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the two forms of mercury?
Mercurous (Hg2 2+) and Mercuric (Hg2+).
p.5
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What is the use of 1% Potassium arsenite solution (Fowler’s solution)?
Formerly used as an antileukemic.
p.3
Important Alloys in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
What is the composition of Sterling Silver?
Copper and Silver (7.5% : 92.5%).
p.3
Colors of Transition Metal Ions
What colors do Chromate (Cr2O4-2) and Dichromate (Cr2O7-2) exhibit?
Chromate is Yellow, Dichromate is Orange.
p.4
Physiological Roles of Ions
What are the uses of calcium in the body?
Muscle contractant, blood coagulation factor (Prothrombin to thrombin), release of norepinephrine.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the unique property of carbon?
Catenation (ability to form multiple bonds with itself).
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What are the hypersensitivity reactions caused by sulfur (S) compounds?
Angioedema, bronchospasms, anaphylaxis.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the toxicity effect of bromine (Br)?
Bromism (psychosis, skin eruption, headache, weakness).
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the deficiency effect of cobalt (Co)?
Megaloblastic anemia/Macrocytic anemia (B9 & B12).
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What are the antidotes for cobalt (Co) deficiency?
Hydroxocobalamin, Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12).
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the antidote kit component for cyanide (CN) poisoning?
Amyl nitrite + Na nitrite + Na thiosulfate.
p.5
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the primary use of Tantalum (Ta)?
Surgical repair of bones, nerves, and tissues due to its inertness to body fluids.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What are the symptoms of bismuth (Bi) toxicity?
Blue-black gums, black stools (Bi2S3).
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the use of disodium EDTA/Edetate disodium?
Emergency treatment of hypercalcemia (IV).
p.5
Physiological Roles of Ions
What are the uses of Sulfur (S)?
Scabicide, keratolytic, antiseborrheic, anti-dandruff, stimulant cathartic, and depilatory.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the common magnesium carbonates?
Magnesite and dolomite (Ca + Mg).
p.3
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the alkali metals?
Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium, and Ammonium.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the uses of aluminum?
Astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant, burns (Al foil).
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the antidote for arsenic (As) toxicity?
British anti-lewisite (BAL/Dimercaprol).
p.2
Important Alloys in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
What are some important alloys in pharmaceutical chemistry?
Plumber’s Solider (67% Pb, 33% Sn), Solder (50% Pb, 50% Sn), Pewter (20% Pb, 80% Sn), Babbitt (20% Sb, 80% Sn), Type metal (50% Pb, 25% Sn, 25% Sb), Rose metal (25% Pb, 25% Sn, 50% Bi), Bronze (Copper + Sn), Gun metal (Copper + Sn (90:10)), Anti-friction Metal (Copper + Sn + Sb (12.5:75:12.5)), Brass (Copper + Zn), Monel (Copper + Ni).
What are the sources of calcium?
Apatite (CaF2), Fluorite (CaF2), Phosphate rock (Ca3(PO4)2), Dolomite (MgCO3 • CaCO3), Gypsum (CaSO4).
p.1
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the effect of hyperkalemia?
Cardiac arrest (muscle contraction)
p.3
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is the pharmacological use of Ammonium (NH4+)?
Diuretic, expectorant, and buffer component.
p.4
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What are the uses of radium?
CA radiotherapy and diagnostic purposes.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the toxicity effect of zirconium (Zr)?
Granuloma in skin and lungs.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the toxicity effect of nickel (Ni)?
Nickel itch (contact dermatitis).
p.3
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What is Lithium used for in medicine?
Diuretic, mood stabilizer, and treatment of bipolar disorders.
p.4
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What is the use of gallium in medical treatment?
Treatment of CA-related hypercalcemia by binding with transferrin.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What are the toxicity effects of iron (Fe)?
GI irritation (black stools) Fe2S3, hemochromatosis, cardiac collapse.
p.2
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What are some radiopharmaceuticals used for bone imaging?
Tc 99m etidronate/phosphonates.
p.4
Properties and Uses of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
What are the uses of mercury?
Thermometers, amalgams (dental cement), protein precipitant, antiseptic, anti-syphilitic, parasiticide, fungicide, cathartic, diuretic.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the deficiency and toxicity effect of selenium (Se)?
Deficiency: Keshan disease. Toxicity: Contact dermatitis.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What are the toxicity effects of fluorine (F)?
Dental (enamel mottling) and skeletal fluorosis. HF, F- salts: Slow-healing burns.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What are the deficiency and toxicity effects of iodine (I)?
Deficiency: Simple/colloid goiter, cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism). Toxicity: Iodism (acute), hypothyroidism (chronic).
p.2
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What are some radiopharmaceuticals used for kidney imaging?
Tc 99m heptagluconate, Hg 197 chlormerodrin.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What is the toxicity of lead (Pb) known as?
Plumbism/Saturnism, characterized by wrist drop/foot drop.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What are the acute and chronic effects of phosphorus (P) toxicity?
Acute: Garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation (bloody diarrhea, liver damage). Chronic: Bony necrosis, especially in mandible (Phossy jaw).
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Inorganic Elements
What are the acute and chronic effects of arsenic (As) toxicity?
Acute: Aldrich-Mee’s lines (white lines in fingernails), garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation (bloody diarrhea). Chronic: Arsenicosis, cancer.
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the universal antidote for weak acids and weak bases?
Activated charcoal + Tannic acid + MgO (2:1:1).
p.2
Antidotes for Inorganic Toxicities
What is the advantage of calcium disodium edetate over disodium EDTA?
Does not precipitate hypocalcemia.
p.2
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What are some radiopharmaceuticals used for liver imaging?
Tc 99m IDA (Imino diacetic acid), Tc 99m phytate, Au 198, I 131 Rose Bengal, Na iodohippurate.
p.2
Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications
What are some radiopharmaceuticals used for thyroid imaging?
Tc 99m pertechnetate, I 125 NaI.
