p.8
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What are signs of meningeal irritation associated with meningitis?
Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs.
p.15
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
What chemoprophylaxis is recommended for close contacts of Neisseria meningitidis?
Rifampin, minocycline, or ciprofloxacin.
p.3
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What are the clinical features of genital gonorrhea?
Purulent urethral/vaginal discharge, dysuria, and frequency.
p.7
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What is a characteristic feature of pyogenic meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Accumulation of pus/exudates.
p.5
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What are the clinical manifestations of gonococcal infection?
Symptoms can include urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and disseminated gonococcal infection.
p.13
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the typical colony size of N. gonorrhoeae?
0.5 - 1.0 mm, gray-brown translucent.
p.13
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What type of bacteria are Neisseria species identified as under Gram stain?
Gram-negative diplococci.
p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What specimens are collected for disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) diagnosis?
Skin lesions, joint fluids, blood, CSF.
p.9
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What other clinical conditions can arise from meningococcal infections?
Pneumonia, arthritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
p.6
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
Where is anogenital carriage of Neisseria meningitidis common?
In military recruits, boarding schools, and prisons (up to 95%).
p.12
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What specimens can be used for culturing N. gonorrhoeae?
Discharge, sputum, swabs, and urine.
p.4
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What condition can keratoconjunctivitis lead to in adults?
It can occur as a result of autoinoculation.
p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What specimens are collected from males for N. gonorrhoeae diagnosis?
Urethral discharge, rectal and throat swabs.
p.4
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What are some clinical manifestations of disseminated gonococcal infections?
Skin lesions (macular, pustular, hemorrhagic lesions with central necrosis), septic arthritis, endocarditis, and meningitis.
p.1
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What are the virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Adhesins, outer membrane proteins, lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and pili.
p.2
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the role of pili in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
They facilitate initial binding to epithelial cells.
p.6
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
What is the carrier rate of Neisseria meningitidis in healthy individuals?
5-30% in the oropharynx and nasopharynx.
p.12
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What type of media is used for culturing N. meningitidis?
Non-selective media, such as blood or chocolate agar.
p.5
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What is urethritis?
An inflammation of the urethra, often a symptom of gonococcal infection.
p.1
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis
What enhances the growth of Neisseria meningitidis?
CO2 enriched humid atmosphere.
p.15
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
What is the effectiveness of condoms in relation to gonorrhea?
Condoms are effective in preventing gonorrhea.
p.1
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What are the general properties of Neisseria spp.?
Gram-negative, non-spore forming, sensitive to physical and chemical agents.
p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What specimens are collected for M. catarrhalis diagnosis?
Sputum, transtracheal aspirates, sinus aspirates, tympanic fluid.
p.2
Epidemiology of Gonococcal Infection
What are the modes of transmission for gonococcal infection?
Sexual intercourse (genital, anal, oral).
p.14
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis
What is the fermentation profile of N. meningitidis?
Ferments glucose and maltose.
p.4
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What are the potential consequences of untreated conjunctivitis in newborns?
Purulent eye discharge, scarring/perforation of the cornea, and blindness.
p.13
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the optimal incubation temperature for Neisseria?
35 - 37 °C in a CO2 enriched humid atmosphere.
p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What specimens are collected from females for N. gonorrhoeae diagnosis?
Endocervical, anorectal and throat swabs.
p.13
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis
What is the typical colony size of M. catarrhalis?
1 - 3 mm, grayish-pink, opaque.
p.2
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the function of β-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It is plasmid encoded and provides resistance to β-lactam antibiotics.
p.9
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What percentage of patients may develop skin lesions in meningococcal infections?
30 to 60% may develop skin lesions with petechial or purpuric rash.
p.12
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What components are included in Modified Thayer Martin Media?
Chocolate agar, isovitalex, and four antimicrobial agents (Vancomycin, Colistin, Nystatin, Trimethoprim lactate).
p.14
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the CHO utilization test used for in Neisseria?
To determine acid production from different carbohydrates.
p.7
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis
What is the primary site of colonization for Neisseria meningitidis?
Upper respiratory tract (URT).
p.1
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What shape do Neisseria spp. have?
Gram-negative diplococci with a 'kidney/coffee bean' shaped appearance.
p.10
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What infections can Moraxella catarrhalis cause?
Otitis media, sinusitis, broncho/lobar pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis.
p.9
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What is meningococcemia and its associated mortality rate?
Meningococcemia can lead to adrenal gland necrosis and has a mortality rate of 5 to 15%.
p.2
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What does Protein III (Rmp) do in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It protects other surface antigens from bactericidal antibodies.
p.12
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What is the purpose of Vancomycin in the culture media?
To inhibit gram-positive contaminants.
p.14
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
What is the recommended treatment for uncomplicated gonococcal infections?
Third-generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones.
p.3
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Where does N. gonorrhoeae primarily colonize?
Columnar epithelium (endocervix, urethra, rectum, pharynx, conjunctiva).
p.3
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What are the symptoms of oropharyngeal/anorectal gonorrhea?
Sore throat, cervical lymphadenitis, anorectal purulent discharge, tenesmus, and frank blood in stools.
p.9
Complications of Meningococcal Infection
What are some complications of meningitis?
Hearing loss, seizure disorders, and neurological deficits.
p.6
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
Which serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis are the most frequent isolates?
A, B, C, Y, and W135 (90% of meningococcal infections).
p.14
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What is a common method for strain typing of N. meningitidis?
Serogrouping using capsular polysaccharide.
p.1
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the size range of Neisseria spp. cells?
0.6 - 1.5 μm in diameter.
p.5
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What is cervicitis?
An inflammation of the cervix, commonly associated with gonococcal infection.
p.15
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
What vaccine is available for Neisseria meningitidis?
Tetravalent polysaccharide vaccine (types A, C, Y, W135).
p.2
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
How does Protein I (Por) contribute to the virulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It may prevent phagolysosome formation in neutrophils and/or reduce oxidative burst.
p.2
Epidemiology of Gonococcal Infection
What is the source of gonococcal infection?
Infected persons, both symptomatic and asymptomatic.
p.12
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What type of media is used for culturing N. gonorrhoeae?
Selective media, specifically Modified Thayer Martin Media.
p.14
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
What should be done for the sexual partners of individuals with gonococcal infections?
They should be referred and treated.
p.8
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What are common clinical features of meningitis in adults and children?
Fever, headache, and neck stiffness.
p.15
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
What alternatives are used for individuals allergic to penicillin?
Chloramphenicol or a third-generation cephalosporin such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone.
p.5
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
A complication of gonococcal infection that affects the female reproductive organs.
p.1
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the composition of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Lipid A + core polysaccharide, lacking O-specific polysaccharide.
p.9
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What syndrome is associated with fulminant sepsis in meningococcal infections?
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
p.6
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
What is the primary mode of transmission for Neisseria meningitidis?
Inhalation of respiratory droplets.
p.12
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What types of specimens are suitable for culturing N. meningitidis?
CSF, joint fluids, and petechial skin lesions.
p.14
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What molecular method is used for diagnosing Neisseria infections?
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction.
p.3
Epidemiology of Gonococcal Infection
What are the risk groups for N. gonorrhoeae infection?
Individuals with multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex.
p.15
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
What are the common causes of acute bacterial meningitis in adults?
Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What type of urine sample is collected for both sexes in N. gonorrhoeae diagnosis?
Clean catch midstream urine.
p.13
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What does the oxidase test detect?
Cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme that transfers electrons to oxygen.
p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What specimens are collected for N. meningitidis diagnosis?
CSF, skin lesions (petechial aspirates), blood, nasopharyngeal swab.
p.6
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What are the main virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis?
Capsular polysaccharides, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and IgA1 protease.
p.6
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
What geographic area is known as the 'meningitis belt'?
Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly from Ethiopia to Senegal/Mali, now extended to Uganda/Kenya.
p.14
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
Is there an effective vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae?
No effective vaccine yet exists.
p.15
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
Which bacteria are common causes of acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children?
Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.5
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What is disseminated gonococcal infection?
A severe form of gonococcal infection that can spread to other parts of the body.
p.2
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the function of Protein II (Opa) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It aids in adhesion and invasion of the urogenital tract.
p.6
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
How many serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis are there?
13 serogroups: A, B, C, D, 29E, H, I, K, L, W135, X, Y, Z.
p.15
Epidemiology of Meningococcus
What types of bacteria are most common causes of acute bacterial meningitis in newborns?
Group B streptococcus (GBS) and E. coli.
p.3
Clinical Features of Gonococcal Infection
What complications can arise from N. gonorrhoeae infection?
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome.
p.2
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the role of IgA1 proteases in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
They hydrolyze secretory antibodies in mucosal secretions.
p.2
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the role of LOS in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It elicits an inflammatory response and triggers the release of TNF.
p.12
Microbiological Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What type of bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gram-negative intracellular/extracellular diplococci.
p.12
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What is the role of Trimethoprim lactate in the culture media?
To prevent swarm Proteus spp. contaminants.
p.14
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What diagnostic method uses meningococcal antigen from clinical specimens?
Latex agglutination tests.
p.10
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
In what context is Moraxella catarrhalis considered a secondary invader?
Chronic obstructive lung diseases.
p.1
Virulence Factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What type of pathogens are Gonococcus and Meningococcus?
Obligate human pathogens.
p.9
Clinical Features of Meningococcal Infection
What are common clinical features of meningococcal infection in neonates?
Lethargy, irritability, vomiting, poor feeding, nuchal rigidity, bulging fontanel, and seizures.
p.13
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria Infections
What reagent is used in the oxidase test?
Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride.
p.14
Treatment and Prevention of Neisseria Infections
What is the treatment for gonococcal eye infections?
TTC/erythromycin eye ointment.
