p.12
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
How is the self described in Taoism?
As an extension of the cosmos and one of the limitless forms of Tao.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What are the two subcategories of the Me-self?
Self-Seeking and Self-Estimation.
p.12
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What is the state of the perfect man in Taoism?
The perfect man has no self, attained when the distinction between 'I' and 'other' dissolves.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the difference between Multiple Self and Unified Self according to Santrock?
Multiple Self is constructed across different roles and relationships, while Unified Self is the consistent self that represents who we truly are.
p.9
Psychological Theories of the Self
What role does the 'Ego' play in personality according to Freud?
It serves as the moral principle that balances the Id and Superego, teaching us right from wrong.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What can cause individuals to distance themselves from their Real Self?
The never-ending standards set by society.
p.6
Identity Struggles and Rites of Passage
What is involved in the 'Incorporation' phase?
Changes are incorporated into a new identity through rituals and ceremonies.
p.11
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What is emphasized in the Western concept of self from pre-Christian times until 1850?
The conscious experience of the individual and the distinction between physical and mental nature (mind-body dualism).
p.10
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
How does David Ho describe the Western self?
As an individualistic self aware of its uniqueness and purpose.
p.12
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What is considered an individual's greatest mission in Taoism?
Self-realization, where self-cultivation is instrumental.
p.8
Identity Struggles and Rites of Passage
What challenge do adolescents face regarding their identity?
Coping with different selves and striving for a unified self.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is self-actualization?
The need for personal growth and discovery throughout life.
p.6
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
What features of identity does a person choose to emphasize in constructing a social self?
Kinship, age, gender, ethnicity, personal appearance, socioeconomic status, values, language, and religion.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What does Self Regulation refer to?
The ability to control one’s behavior without relying on others for help.
p.3
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
How does Maurice Merleau-Ponty define the self?
He defines it as 'embodied subjectivity,' emphasizing the interconnectedness of consciousness, the world, and the human body.
p.6
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
How does Clifford Geertz define culture?
A system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form that helps humans communicate and develop knowledge.
p.11
Eastern Concept of the Self
What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?
1) Life is suffering, 2) Suffering is caused by attachment to desires, 3) Suffering can be eliminated, 4) Elimination of suffering is through the Eightfold Path.
p.4
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
What is the relationship between culture and self?
Culture and self are complementary concepts that influence each other.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What are neurotransmitters responsible for?
Allowing individuals to feel different emotions.
p.9
Psychological Theories of the Self
What does 'Self' represent in Jungian psychology?
The integration of all archetypes, encompassing both personal and collective unconscious.
p.5
Psychological Theories of the Self
What interplay does anthropology consider when answering 'who am I?'
The interplay of nature (genetic inheritance) and nurture (cultural environment).
p.3
Psychological Theories of the Self
What does the unconscious self contain?
Repressed ideas, images, primitive desires, and impulses that have never entered the conscious mind.
p.1
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What does the Ideal realm consist of according to Socrates?
Unchanging, eternal, and immortal concepts like beauty, truth, and goodness.
p.10
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
How does Geerts define the Western concept of self?
As a bounded, unique, integrated motivational and cognitive universe.
p.3
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What does culture refer to in sociology?
The common way of life shared by a group of people.
p.6
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What does Geertz emphasize about the relationship between men and culture?
'Without men, no culture; without culture, no men.'
p.4
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What challenges to self-identity are present in modern societies?
Problems of alienation and dehumanization of self.
p.2
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is Freud's view on the self?
That the self is multilayered, derived from conflicting psychological forces.
p.12
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What characterizes a selfless person in Taoism?
They lead a balanced life in harmony with both nature and society.
p.5
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
What does James L. Peacock suggest about anthropology's scope?
Anthropology transcends the boundaries of sciences and humanities, addressing questions about the past and present with implications for the future.
p.10
Psychological Theories of the Self
How does Freud believe personality develops?
Through a series of childhood stages focused on certain erogenous areas.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is Self Efficacy?
The belief that one is capable of performing a task, influencing self-regulation and optimism or pessimism.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the Personal Unconscious according to Carl Jung?
Childhood experiences that individuals have forgotten, consisting of both positive and negative experiences inherited from ancestors.
p.1
Plato's Theory of Forms and the Tripartite Soul
What are the three parts of the soul according to Plato?
Reason, Spirit/Passion, and Physical Appetite.
p.1
Aristotle's Concept of the Soul
What are the three kinds of soul according to Aristotle?
Vegetative, Sentient, and Rational.
p.11
Eastern Concept of the Self
What is the distinction made in Hinduism regarding the self?
The distinction between the true self (permanent & unchanging) and the non-true self (impermanent and continually changing).
p.2
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What does John Locke mean by 'tabula rasa'?
The human mind at birth is a blank slate.
p.2
Psychological Theories of the Self
What are the three levels of awareness in Freud's theory?
Conscious self, preconscious self, and unconscious self.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What does the 'I-self' refer to according to William James?
The self that knows he or she is; the thinking self.
p.5
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
How does the environment and culture affect Filipinos' physical appearances?
Different environments and cultures contribute to the diverse physical appearances of Filipinos.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What are the features of Human Agency according to Albert Bandura?
Intentionality, Forethought, Self-reactiveness, and Self-reflectiveness.
p.10
Identity Struggles and Rites of Passage
What is the focus of identity development during adolescence according to Erikson?
Establishing identity through status symbols.
p.10
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What is a key characteristic of the Western self according to the text?
It is analytic and emphasizes causal links.
p.1
The Influence of Religion on Self-Identity
What is St. Augustine's view on the relationship between the body and the soul?
The body is united with the soul, making man entire and complete.
p.11
Eastern Concept of the Self
What does the Law of Karma state in Hinduism?
Atman continues to be reincarnated until it reaches nirvana or non-birth.
p.11
Eastern Concept of the Self
What are the Five Cardinal Relationships in Confucianism?
1) Between ruler & minister, 2) Between father and son, 3) Between husband & wife, 4) Between brothers, 5) Between friends.
p.9
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the 'Shadow' in Jungian psychology?
The dark side of an individual that they do not want others to see, including fears and inner demons.
p.10
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is a central element of Freud's sexual drive theory?
Psychosexual development.
p.9
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the function of the 'Superego'?
To control the Id's impulses and motivate us to behave in a socially responsible manner.
p.1
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What characterizes the physical realm according to Socrates?
Changeable, transient, and imperfect.
p.1
Socratic Method and Introspection
What is the Socratic Method?
A method of examining one's thoughts and emotions to gain self-knowledge through questioning.
p.4
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What are the three stages of self-development according to George Herbert Mead?
Preparatory Stage, Play Stage, and Game Stage.
p.4
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What occurs during the Preparatory Stage of self-development?
Children imitate the actions of others.
p.9
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the difference between 'Animus' and 'Anima'?
Animus is the masculine persona in women, while Anima is the feminine side in men.
p.3
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the preconscious self?
It contains anything we can potentially pull into conscious awareness and controls the information allowed to enter conscious awareness.
p.5
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What are the two concepts of self in different societies?
Egocentric (autonomous individuals) and Sociocentric (context-dependent individuals).
p.5
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What characterizes a sociocentric self?
A self that is contingent on social settings and context-dependent, often influenced by collective ideas.
p.10
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What does the Western self emphasize in terms of belief?
Monotheism, or belief in one supreme being.
p.11
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What do sociological and psychological theories of self encompass from 1940 to the present?
Inner, interpersonal, and social self.
p.4
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What is the significance of the Game Stage in Mead's theory?
Children understand their own social position and those of others.
p.2
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
How does Hume describe the 'fictional self'?
A creation to unify mental events, but it has no real existence.
p.12
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What should exist among opposing elements in Taoism?
Unity and harmony between Yin (positive) and Yang (negative).
p.9
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the 'Id' according to Freud?
The pleasure principle that drives us to pursue pleasures, including biological instincts like Eros and Thanatos.
p.3
Psychological Theories of the Self
How do preconscious memories differ from readily accessed memories?
Preconscious memories are unrepressed and extracted for specific purposes at specific times, while readily accessed memories can be recalled easily.
p.4
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What do sociologists Mead and Cooley believe about the self?
The self is a product of social interactions, not biological predispositions.
p.6
Identity Struggles and Rites of Passage
What does the 'Liminal' phase signify?
One has left one identity but has not yet entered the next.
p.4
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What is the 'looking-glass self' according to Charles Horton Cooley?
It highlights that people interact as a mirror in which one views oneself.
p.11
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What significant development occurred in the Western concept of self between 1850 and 1940?
Experimental psychology established observable and measurable aspects of human faculties.
p.2
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What is Descartes' famous principle?
'Cogito, ergo sum' — 'I think, therefore I am.'
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What does the 'Me-self' encompass?
Describing personal experiences and emotions.
p.5
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
How does culture influence behavior according to the text?
Culture provides shared understandings that guide behavior and are expressed in it.
p.3
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What is Gilbert Ryle's view on the self?
He believes that 'the self is the way people behave' and is known through behavior.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What are archetypes in Jung's theory?
Products of the collective unconscious that represent universal symbols and themes.
p.3
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What is sociology according to Auguste Comte?
The study of society and culture, focusing on social structures, institutions, and organizations.
p.10
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
How is the Western self described in terms of material focus?
It is materialistic and rationalistic, favoring empirical approaches.
p.2
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
How does Descartes define the essence of the human self?
As a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons.
p.9
Psychological Theories of the Self
What does the term 'Persona' refer to in Jungian psychology?
The different masks or personalities we adopt when interacting with various people.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What does the True Self represent according to Winnicott?
A sense of self based on authentic experience, feeling truly present and alive.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the difference between Real Self and Ideal Self?
Real Self is awareness of 'what I am' and 'what I can do', while Ideal Self is the conception of what one should be.
p.6
Identity Struggles and Rites of Passage
What are the three phases of Rite of Passage according to Arnold van Gennep?
Separation, Liminal, Incorporation.
p.5
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What characterizes an egocentric self?
An autonomous and distinct individual who can create a self without external influence.
p.5
Identity Struggles and Rites of Passage
What is an identity toolbox?
A concept used by many people to construct their social identities.
p.6
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is Katherine Ewing's concept of 'Illusion of Wholeness'?
A continuous reconstitution of self in response to internal and external stimuli.
p.6
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the focus of psychology as a field of study?
The study of human behavior and mental processes.
p.4
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
How do culture and biology interact according to anthropology?
Cultural and biological processes shape human experience.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the primary goal of psychology?
To describe, understand, predict, and control behavior.
p.7
Psychological Theories of the Self
How does Carl Rogers define the self?
As a flexible and changing perception of personal identity.
p.5
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
What is the definition of culture according to Edward Taylor?
A complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by individuals as members of society.
p.3
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What is Paul Churchland's central argument about the self?
He argues that the self is inseparable from the brain and physiology of the body.
p.3
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
What does the sociological perspective of the self assume?
It assumes that human behavior is influenced by group life and social interactions.
p.10
Western vs. Eastern Concepts of Self
What does the Western self exhibit in terms of personal freedom?
Coexistence of favorable and unfavorable conditions.
p.11
Eastern Concept of the Self
What is the core thought of Confucianism?
The golden rule: Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.
p.8
Psychological Theories of the Self
What is the False Self according to Winnicott?
A defensive façade that hides the true self, often learned and controlled rather than spontaneous.
p.1
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What are the two realms that Socrates believed the self is composed of?
Physical realm and Ideal realm.
p.6
Identity Struggles and Rites of Passage
What occurs during the 'Separation' phase of Rite of Passage?
Detachment from the former identity to another.
p.4
Sociological Perspectives on the Self
How does Jean Baudrillard view the self in postmodern society?
The self is found in the prestige symbols of goods consumed.
p.6
Cultural Influences on Identity Formation
What do cognitive anthropologists suggest for maintaining a stable self in multicultural societies?
Internalize divergent cultural models and suppress conflicting self-representations.
p.2
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What are the two dimensions of the Human Self according to Descartes?
Thinking self and physical self.
p.2
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
What does Immanuel Kant believe about the self?
That we construct the self.
p.11
Eastern Concept of the Self
What is the ideal state to achieve in Buddhism?
Nirvana, a state of transcendence devoid of self-reference, achieved through meditation.
p.2
Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
How does Kant view the role of the self in experiencing the world?
The self organizes and synthesizes thoughts and perceptions.
