p.17
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What role does Type IX collagen play in cartilage?
It facilitates fibril interaction with matrix proteoglycan.
p.29
Microscopic Identification of Cartilage Structures
What is a lacuna?
A small cavity or space in the cartilage matrix that houses chondrocytes.
p.54
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What happens to chondroblasts during chondrogenesis?
They move apart as the matrix is deposited.
p.36
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate?
To allow for the lengthening of bones during growth.
p.4
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What role does cartilage play in development?
It is key in the development of the fetal skeleton and in growing bones.
p.21
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What does basophilia indicate in the ground substance?
It stains with basic dyes, such as hematoxylin.
p.23
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the concentration of sulfated proteoglycans in the Territorial Matrix?
Lower concentration compared to other regions.
p.55
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What happens to chondroblasts as they deposit the matrix?
They move apart and become chondrocytes.
p.59
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
Where does appositional growth occur?
On the surface of cartilage.
p.3
Microscopic Identification of Cartilage Structures
What structures should be identified in hyaline cartilage under light microscopy?
Lacunae, chondrocytes, isogenous groups, extracellular matrix (capsular, territorial, and interterritorial), and perichondrium.
p.40
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What does the matrix of elastic cartilage contain?
A dense network of branching and anastomosing elastic fibers and sheets of elastic material.
p.51
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the composition of the Annulus Fibrosus?
It is composed of concentric layers of collagen fibers.
p.4
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What accounts for the resilience of cartilage?
The extensive extracellular matrix.
p.44
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
Which tube is associated with elastic cartilage?
Eustachian tube (Auditory Tube).
p.24
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the concentration of proteoglycans in the Interterritorial Matrix?
Lowest concentration of proteoglycans.
p.63
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What makes hyaline cartilage prone to calcification?
The presence of calcium phosphate crystals.
p.33
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What are the two layers of the perichondrium in growing cartilage?
Inner cellular layer (chondrogenic layer) and outer fibrous layer.
p.53
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is a chondrogenic nodule?
A small, localized area of cartilage formation.
p.53
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What cells are primarily involved in the formation of chondrogenic nodules?
Chondrocytes and chondroblasts.
p.4
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What is cartilage?
A specialized connective tissue that combines rigidity, elasticity, and resilience.
p.36
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
At what stage of life is the epiphyseal plate most active?
During childhood and adolescence.
p.30
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What organelles are abundant in chondrocytes as observed in electron microscopy?
Numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and a large Golgi apparatus.
p.22
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the three regions of the extracellular matrix based on stain intensity?
Capsular (Pericellular) matrix, Territorial Matrix, Interterritorial Matrix.
p.57
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What role do inner perichondrial cells play in cartilage growth?
They differentiate into chondroblasts guided by the expression of SOX-9.
p.17
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the function of Type XI collagen in cartilage?
It regulates fibril size.
p.64
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What is a significant age-related change in hyaline cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage is prone to calcification.
p.7
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What are the three types of cartilage based on their extracellular matrix characteristics?
Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage.
p.18
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the three major classes of molecules in the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
Collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
p.41
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is the primary characteristic of elastic cartilage?
It contains a high density of elastic fibers, allowing for flexibility and resilience.
p.44
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?
In the pinna or auricle of the external ear.
p.23
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What does the Territorial Matrix contain?
Matrix within the isogenous groups and randomly arranged type II collagen fibrils.
p.18
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
How does Anchorin CII function in hyaline cartilage?
It helps anchor chondrocytes to the matrix and functions as a collagen receptor on chondrocytes.
p.6
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the function of proteoglycan aggregates?
They permit diffusion of nutritive substances to chondrocytes.
p.22
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What type of collagen fibrils are found in the Capsular Matrix?
Only type VI collagen fibrils.
p.20
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What is a consequence of calcification in hyaline cartilage?
It leads to chondrocyte cell death.
p.63
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What is endochondral ossification?
A process during growth where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone.
p.9
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
Where can fibrocartilage be found?
In intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the knee.
p.10
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?
To provide smooth surfaces for joint movement and support in various structures.
p.60
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
Where does interstitial growth occur?
In growth plates, articular cartilage, and in embryonic cartilage formation.
p.45
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is fibrocartilage composed of?
A combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage.
p.51
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What role does the Annulus Fibrosus play in the intervertebral disc?
It helps to contain the nucleus pulposus and absorb compressive forces.
p.18
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What role do multiadhesive glycoproteins play in hyaline cartilage?
They influence the interaction between chondrocytes and the matrix molecules.
p.4
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the main components of the cartilage matrix?
Cells (chondrocytes) and an extensive extracellular matrix (95%).
p.13
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
Where do chondrocytes reside within the cartilage?
In spaces known as lacunae.
p.6
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What do proteoglycans consist of?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked to a core protein.
p.41
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What role does elastic cartilage play in the body?
It provides support while allowing for flexibility in certain structures.
p.2
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What are the two types of cartilage growth?
Interstitial growth and appositional growth.
p.56
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is embryonic cartilage?
A type of cartilage that forms during the early stages of embryonic development.
p.32
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What type of cells compose the Perichondrium?
Cells indistinguishable from fibroblasts.
p.58
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What occurs during interstitial growth of cartilage?
New cartilage forms within an existing cartilage mass.
p.1
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What are the functions of chondroblasts?
They produce and maintain the cartilage matrix.
p.38
Osteoarthritis and Its Effects on Cartilage
What enzyme activity enhances in osteoarthritis?
Matrix metalloproteinase enzyme activity.
p.63
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
How does aging affect hyaline cartilage?
Calcification occurs commonly, replacing portions of cartilage with bone, especially in tracheal cartilage.
p.39
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What type of cartilage is found in the bronchi?
Cartilaginous plates of hyaline cartilage.
p.1
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
Where is hyaline cartilage typically found?
In the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.
p.15
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the main components of proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage?
Aggrecan hyaluronan aggregates.
p.60
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What type of cartilage is involved in interstitial growth?
Growth plates and articular cartilage.
p.40
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from other types of cartilage?
The presence of elastin in the cartilage.
p.42
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What are elastic fiber condensations?
Structures formed by the aggregation of elastic fibers, providing flexibility and resilience.
p.42
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What is the role of chondrocytes in elastic cartilage?
Chondrocytes maintain the cartilage matrix and produce elastic fibers.
What complication may arise in adults during cartilage repair?
Formation of new blood vessels at the site of a healing wound.
p.51
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
How does the Annulus Fibrosus contribute to spinal health?
By providing structural support and flexibility to the spine.
p.21
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is metachromasia?
It is when certain basic dyes react with tissue components, shifting their color from blue to red or purple.
p.30
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What do chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage secrete?
Collagen (type II most numerous), glycosaminoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
p.20
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
How does type II collagen contribute to the strength of hyaline cartilage?
It provides tensile strength.
p.38
Osteoarthritis and Its Effects on Cartilage
What is osteoarthritis?
A disease of articular cartilage.
p.5
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
Why is the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) crucial for chondrocytes?
It is essential for their survival.
p.61
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is interstitial growth?
A process where cartilage grows from within by the division of chondrocytes.
p.46
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?
No, fibrocartilage is not covered with perichondrium.
p.9
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What role does fibrocartilage play in the body?
It acts as a shock absorber and provides tensile strength.
p.10
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
In which areas of the body is fibrocartilage commonly found?
In areas that experience heavy pressure and tension, such as the knee joint and between vertebrae.
p.17
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
How does Type X collagen contribute to cartilage structure?
It organizes fibrils into a three-dimensional hexagonal lattice.
p.29
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What is a chondrocyte?
A specialized cell found in cartilage responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix.
p.60
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
Is interstitial growth present in embryonic cartilage formation?
Yes, it occurs in embryonic cartilage formation.
p.53
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is the significance of chondrogenic nodules in cartilage?
They play a role in the regeneration and repair of cartilage tissue.
p.43
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the function of the Outer Fibrous Layer?
Provides support and protection to cartilage.
p.54
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What forms around the chondrogenic nodule?
The perichondrium from mesenchymal tissue.
p.42
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is a key characteristic of elastic cartilage?
It provides flexibility and maintains shape due to the presence of elastic fibers.
p.20
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What is the primary function of type II collagen in hyaline cartilage?
It provides cartilage shape.
p.22
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What does the Capsular Matrix contain?
The highest concentration of proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and multiadhesive glycoprotein.
p.35
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
Is perichondrium present in articular cartilage?
No, perichondrium is absent in articular cartilage.
p.5
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the main components of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?
Fibers (mostly collagen) and ground substance (glycosaminoglycans in the form of proteoglycan aggregates).
p.9
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
Where is hyaline cartilage commonly found?
In the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.
p.19
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the function of aggrecans in hyaline cartilage?
They bind water molecules with high affinity (60 - 80%).
p.56
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
How does embryonic cartilage differ from adult cartilage?
Embryonic cartilage is more flexible and less mineralized than adult cartilage.
p.46
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
Where are fibroblasts located in fibrocartilage?
Between chondrocyte groups.
p.10
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What distinguishes fibrocartilage from other types of cartilage?
It contains a dense network of collagen fibers, making it very strong and able to withstand pressure, found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
p.9
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from the other types?
Its ability to return to its original shape after deformation.
What is a major reason for the limited ability of cartilage to repair?
Avasularity of cartilage.
p.43
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the role of the Inner Chondrogenic Layer?
Involved in the growth and maintenance of cartilage.
p.21
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the properties of the ground substance in hyaline cartilage?
It shows basophilia, metachromasia, and variable stain intensity.
p.41
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
Where is elastic cartilage commonly found in the body?
In structures such as the ear and the epiglottis.
p.32
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the Perichondrium?
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage.
p.18
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the clinical value of multiadhesive glycoproteins?
They are used as markers to detect cartilage turnover and degeneration.
p.52
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is chondrogenesis?
The process of cartilage formation.
p.20
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What can happen to the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
It can undergo calcification.
p.63
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
Where does calcification occur in growing and adult bones?
In the portion of articular cartilage in contact with the bone tissue.
p.32
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What function does the blood supply in the Perichondrium serve?
It permits diffusion of nutrients and waste products between the perichondrium and cartilage matrix.
p.61
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What role do chondrocytes play in interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes divide and produce new matrix, leading to an increase in cartilage size.
p.56
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the significance of the extracellular matrix in embryonic cartilage?
It provides structural support and facilitates cell signaling during development.
p.9
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?
To provide support and flexibility.
p.39
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What is the role of costal cartilage?
It connects the ribs to the sternum and is made of hyaline cartilage.
p.29
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What are lipid droplets?
Fat storage structures found within chondrocytes, which can indicate metabolic activity.
p.3
Microscopic Identification of Cartilage Structures
What are the key features to identify in elastic cartilage?
Lacunae, chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, perichondrium, and elastic fibers.
p.43
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the inner layer of cartilage known as?
Inner Chondrogenic Layer.
What is the proliferation ability of mature chondrocytes in adults?
Limited ability to proliferate.
p.57
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is appositional growth in cartilage?
New cartilage forms on the surface of existing cartilage.
p.44
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What is another name for the external auditory meatus?
External acoustic meatus.
p.8
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What components are included in the extracellular matrix of Fibrocartilage?
Type I collagen and all components of hyaline cartilage (type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins).
p.65
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
How do chondrocytes derive nutrition?
By diffusion through the cartilage matrix.
p.57
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What do new chondroblasts secrete during appositional growth?
Cartilage matrix on the surface of the existing cartilage.
p.58
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What are the two types of cartilage growth?
Appositional growth and interstitial growth.
p.6
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
Where do the nutritive substances diffuse from in proteoglycan aggregates?
From blood vessels in the surrounding connective tissue.
p.35
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of synovial joints?
Hyaline cartilage, specifically called articular cartilage.
p.58
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
How do new cartilage cells arise during interstitial growth?
From the division of chondrocytes within their lacunae.
p.10
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
Where is elastic cartilage primarily found?
In structures that require flexibility, such as the ear and epiglottis.
p.19
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What does the hydrated extracellular matrix provide for hyaline cartilage?
Resilience and diffusion of metabolites.
p.19
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
How do collagen fibrils help resist swelling pressure in hyaline cartilage?
They provide a framework to resist swelling pressure caused by aggrecans.
p.29
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What is the function of the chondrocyte nucleus?
It contains the genetic material and regulates the cell's activities, including the production of the cartilage matrix.
p.7
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What components are found in the extracellular matrix of Hyaline Cartilage?
Type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
p.54
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What are chondrocytes?
Cells that are completely surrounded by matrix.
p.8
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What are the three types of cartilage based on their extracellular matrix characteristics?
Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage.
p.8
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What components are found in the extracellular matrix of Elastic Cartilage?
Elastic fibers, elastic lamellae, and all components of hyaline cartilage (type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins).
p.6
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are proteoglycan aggregates?
They consist of several proteoglycans linked together.
p.57
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
Where do new cartilage cells come from during appositional growth?
They are derived from the inner portion of the perichondrium.
p.2
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is chondrogenesis?
The process of cartilage formation.
p.63
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What is Hyaline Cartilage Calcification?
The process where calcium phosphate crystals become embedded in the cartilage matrix.
p.20
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What framework does type II collagen provide in hyaline cartilage?
A framework to resist the swelling pressure caused by proteoglycan molecules.
p.19
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What role do collagen fibrils play in hyaline cartilage?
They provide tensile strength, shape, bind aggrecans, and support them.
p.56
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What role does embryonic cartilage play in development?
It serves as a precursor to bone and helps shape the skeleton.
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
p.65
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What is the result of chondrocyte death and calcification in cartilage?
Removal of the dead and calcified matrix and its replacement by bone tissue.
p.5
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the ground substance in the cartilage ECM composed of?
Glycosaminoglycans in the form of proteoglycan aggregates.
p.1
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What is the role of chondrocytes?
They maintain the cartilage tissue.
p.61
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is the significance of interstitial growth in cartilage development?
It allows for the expansion of cartilage in response to mechanical stress and growth demands.
p.10
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What role does elastic cartilage play in the body?
It provides both strength and elasticity, allowing structures to maintain shape while being flexible.
p.15
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
Which three GAGs are present in the proteoglycans of hyaline cartilage?
Hyaluronan, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Keratan Sulfate.
p.33
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
Is there a clear division between the two layers of the perichondrium?
No, there is no clear division between the two layers.
p.3
Microscopic Identification of Cartilage Structures
What components are important to recognize in fibrocartilage?
Lacunae, chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, and collagen fibers.
How does the immobility of chondrocytes affect cartilage repair?
It limits the repair process.
p.23
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the three different regions of the extracellular matrix based on staining properties?
Capsular (Pericellular) matrix, Territorial Matrix, Interterritorial Matrix.
p.24
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the three different regions of the extracellular matrix based on staining property?
Capsular (Pericellular) matrix, Territorial Matrix, Interterritorial Matrix.
p.21
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What information does the ground substance provide?
It provides information about the distribution and relative concentration of sulfated proteoglycan.
p.23
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
How does the staining intensity of the Territorial Matrix compare to the capsular matrix?
It stains less intensely than the capsular matrix.
p.32
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
How is the Perichondrium attached to cartilage?
It is firmly attached to the cartilage.
p.52
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What type of cells aggregate to form chondrogenic nodules?
Chondroprogenitor mesenchymal cells.
p.32
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the vascularization status of the Perichondrium?
It is rich in blood vessels.
p.61
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
How does interstitial growth differ from appositional growth?
Interstitial growth occurs from within the tissue, while appositional growth occurs at the surface.
p.50
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
Where is fibrocartilage primarily distributed?
In areas where tensile strength is needed.
p.58
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What forms between daughter cells during interstitial growth?
A partition is formed as new matrix is secreted.
p.58
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What happens to the cells as matrix secretion continues?
The cells move further apart and occupy their own lacunae.
p.1
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is a key characteristic of elastic cartilage?
It contains elastic fibers, allowing flexibility.
p.31
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the role of perichondrium in relation to hyaline cartilage?
It provides support and nourishment.
p.33
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the function of the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium?
It gives rise to new cartilage cells (chondroblasts).
p.53
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
Where are chondrogenic nodules commonly found?
In areas undergoing cartilage development or repair.
p.51
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What is the Annulus Fibrosus?
The outer ring of the intervertebral disc that provides strength and stability.
p.26
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
How are chondrocytes distributed in cartilage?
Singularly or in clusters.
p.55
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What are the initial cells involved in chondrogenesis?
Mesenchymal progenitor cells.
p.26
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What does it indicate if chondrocytes are in isogenous groups?
They are newly divided cells.
p.24
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What space does the Interterritorial Matrix occupy?
Space between isogenous groups of chondrocytes.
p.55
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What are chondrocytes?
Mature cartilage cells that were once chondroblasts.
p.2
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is interstitial growth in cartilage?
Growth that occurs from within the cartilage tissue.
p.9
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What are the three main types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
p.44
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
Does elastic cartilage undergo calcification?
No, it does not undergo calcification.
p.2
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
How does cartilage calcification occur?
Through the deposition of calcium salts in the cartilage matrix.
p.22
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the function of type VI collagen fibrils in the Capsular Matrix?
They anchor the chondrocyte to the matrix.
p.35
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
Do the surfaces of articular cartilage have perichondrium?
No, both surfaces do not have perichondrium.
p.65
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
What are chondroclasts considered to be?
Mature osteoclasts capable of removing cartilage tissue.
p.52
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
From where does cartilage in the head region arise?
Ectomesenchyme, derived from embryonic neural crest cells.
p.45
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?
They are dispersed among collagen fibers, singularly, in single rows, or in isogenous groups.
p.36
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is the epiphyseal plate?
A hyaline cartilage plate located at the ends of long bones.
p.54
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What forms when chondrocytes multiply within the matrix?
Isogenic cell clusters within a territorial matrix.
p.36
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What happens to the epiphyseal plate after growth is complete?
It becomes ossified and turns into the epiphyseal line.
p.41
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
How does elastic cartilage differ from hyaline cartilage?
Elastic cartilage has more elastic fibers, making it more flexible than hyaline cartilage.
p.12
Microscopic Identification of Cartilage Structures
How can hyaline cartilage be distinguished in a tissue section?
By its smooth amorphous extracellular matrix.
p.22
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What is the Capsular or Pericellular Matrix?
A ring of densely staining matrix immediately around the chondrocyte.
p.63
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
In which situations does calcification of hyaline cartilage occur?
In growing and adult bones, during endochondral ossification, and as part of the aging process.
p.27
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
How does the appearance of chondrocyte cytoplasm vary?
It varies according to the activity level of the chondrocytes.
p.38
Osteoarthritis and Its Effects on Cartilage
What are the results of osteoarthritis on cartilage?
Breakdown of proteoglycan and collagen, loss of cartilage, and bone-on-bone contact.
p.50
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What is one location of fibrocartilage in the human body?
Annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs.
p.57
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What are the two types of cartilage growth?
Appositional growth and interstitial growth.
p.12
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What do chondrocytes produce?
The extracellular matrix.
p.21
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are examples of substances that exhibit metachromasia?
Ground substance of cartilage, heparin, and histamine-containing granules of mast cells.
p.35
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What are the two surfaces of articular cartilage?
A free articular surface and a surface in contact with bone.
p.2
Osteoarthritis and Its Effects on Cartilage
What changes occur in the cartilage matrix during osteoarthritis?
Degeneration and alteration of the matrix components.
p.1
Perichondrium and Its Role in Cartilage
What is the function of the perichondrium?
It provides support and nourishment to cartilage.
p.35
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
Does articular cartilage persist throughout life?
Yes, it persists throughout adult life.
p.27
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
How are lipid droplets visualized in older chondrocytes?
As clear areas within the cytoplasm.
p.2
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is appositional growth in cartilage?
Growth that occurs at the surface of the cartilage.
p.46
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
Where are chondrocytes found in fibrocartilage?
In the immediate vicinity of chondrocytes.
p.10
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is hyaline cartilage?
A type of cartilage that provides support with some flexibility and is found in areas like the nose, trachea, and ends of long bones.
p.58
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What happens to daughter cells of dividing chondrocytes initially?
They occupy the same lacuna.
p.35
Cartilage Formation and Growth Processes
What is articular cartilage a remnant of?
The original hyaline cartilage template of the developing bone.
p.15
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
How are collagen fibrils arranged in hyaline cartilage?
In a three-dimensional hexagonal lattice.
p.1
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
How does the structure of hyaline cartilage differ from that of fibrocartilage?
Hyaline cartilage has a smooth matrix, while fibrocartilage has dense collagen fibers.
p.50
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What is the role of fibrocartilage in the sternoclavicular joint?
It serves as an articular disc.
What are the main types of embryonic cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage is the primary type found in embryos.
p.9
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
What is a key characteristic of elastic cartilage?
It contains a high density of elastic fibers, allowing for flexibility.
p.65
Cartilage Calcification and Aging
Which cells are responsible for the removal of calcified cartilage matrix?
Phagocytes (chondroclasts and osteoclasts).
p.2
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What are the main differences between hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage?
They differ in composition and distribution.
p.27
Structure and Functions of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts
What do older, less active chondrocytes contain in their cytoplasm?
Stores of glycogen and lipid droplets.
p.1
Differences Between Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
Where is fibrocartilage commonly located?
In intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
p.50
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
Where else can fibrocartilage be found in relation to tendons?
At some sites where tendons attach to bones.
p.15
Extracellular Matrix Composition in Cartilage
What are the three major classes of molecules in the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
Collagen, Proteoglycans, and Multiadhesive Glycoproteins.
p.39
Distribution and Functions of Different Cartilage Types
During which period is the epiphyseal plate present in long bones?
During the growth period.
