p.2
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What are the different types of E. coli?
Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
p.23
Ribosome Structure and Function
How many ribosomes are typically found in a cell?
Between 7,000 to 70,000 per cell.
p.27
Ribosome Structure and Function
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Synthesis of new proteins.
p.4
Bacterial Reproduction and Cytokinesis
What must happen to objects within cells prior to cytokinesis?
They must double in number or size.
p.7
Structure and Function of Chromosomes
How many copies of chromosomes can be found in a prokaryotic cell?
1 or 2 identical copies per cell.
p.19
Plasmids: Structure and Function
What is the function of a plasmid?
Contains the information (genes) for one special ability.
What is the cytoplasm?
Everything inside the plasma membrane.
p.24
Ribosome Structure and Function
What are the components of a ribosome, often referred to as a 'molecular machine'?
3 different ribosomal RNAs and 52 different ribosomal proteins.
p.3
Overview of Prokaryotic Cells
What is a common misconception about prokaryotic cells?
That they are just 'bags of enzymes'.
p.11
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What type of organism is a pathogenic strain of E. coli?
A unicellular organism that harms us when it reproduces.
p.21
Resistance and Fertility Plasmids
What is the first step in the process involving F+ cells and fertility plasmids?
The F+ cell makes a sex pilus.
p.8
Structure and Function of Chromosomes
What is the primary function of genetic information in cells?
Contains the information (genes) for growth and reproduction.
p.7
Structure and Function of Chromosomes
What is the structure of prokaryotic chromosomes?
Large circle of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), 0.5 - 7.0 Mb long.
p.10
Ribosome Structure and Function
What is the function of ribosomal RNAs?
They are a key component of ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis.
p.5
Bacterial Reproduction and Cytokinesis
What forms to divide the bacterial cell into two daughter cells?
A septum forms to divide the cell.
p.15
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What beneficial function does E. coli K12 perform for humans?
It makes vitamins for us.
p.28
Cytoplasm and Cytosol
What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?
Cytosol is the fluid component inside the cell, excluding organelles, while cytoplasm includes the cytosol and all the organelles except the nucleus.
p.13
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What is a common virulence factor found in pathogenic E. coli?
Pathogenic E. coli often possess toxins, such as Shiga toxin, which contribute to their pathogenicity.
What is the cytosol?
The fluid inside the plasma membrane.
p.25
Ribosome Structure and Function
What do Svedberg units (S) measure?
How quickly something moves to the bottom of a centrifuge tube.
p.5
Bacterial Reproduction and Cytokinesis
What is the final result of bacterial cell reproduction?
Two genetically identical daughter cells.
p.17
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
Can lab strains like E. coli DH5α survive in the wild?
No, they cannot survive in the wild.
p.28
Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Exotoxins are toxic proteins secreted by bacteria, while endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria released upon cell death.
p.13
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
How can pathogenic E. coli be transmitted to humans?
Pathogenic E. coli can be transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected individuals.
p.11
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What are pathogens?
Unicellular organisms (or viruses) that harm us when they reproduce.
p.18
Plasmids: Structure and Function
What is the structure of plasmids?
Small circles of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), 10-100 kb long.
p.24
Ribosome Structure and Function
How many different ribosomal RNAs are present in a ribosome?
3 different ribosomal RNAs.
p.20
Resistance and Fertility Plasmids
What ability does the R6K plasmid confer to E. coli cells?
It allows E. coli cells to break down penicillin.
p.5
Bacterial Reproduction and Cytokinesis
What happens after the bacterial chromosome is replicated?
The cell elongates and the chromosomes are separated to opposite ends of the cell.
p.18
Plasmids: Structure and Function
How many identical copies of plasmids can be found per cell?
1 to 1000 identical copies per cell.
p.24
Ribosome Structure and Function
How many different ribosomal proteins are present in a ribosome?
52 different ribosomal proteins.
p.5
Bacterial Reproduction and Cytokinesis
What is the first step in bacterial cell reproduction?
Replication of the bacterial chromosome.
p.28
Comparison of Prokaryotic Genetic Elements
What are the differences between prokaryotic chromosomes and prokaryotic plasmids?
Prokaryotic chromosomes are large, circular DNA molecules containing essential genes, while plasmids are smaller, circular DNA molecules that often carry non-essential but beneficial genes.
p.21
Resistance and Fertility Plasmids
What occurs in the third step of the process involving F+ cells and fertility plasmids?
DNA transfer between cells.
p.17
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
Why are lab strains like E. coli DH5α easy to manipulate?
They are designed for ease of genetic manipulation.
p.21
Resistance and Fertility Plasmids
What happens in the second step of the process involving F+ cells and fertility plasmids?
The sex pilus pulls the cells together.
p.28
Ribosome Structure and Function
What is the difference between ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins?
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) form the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyze protein synthesis, while ribosomal proteins stabilize the rRNA structure and assist in the assembly of the ribosome.
p.2
Structure and Function of Chromosomes
What is the function of chromosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Chromosomes carry genetic information necessary for the cell's functions and reproduction.
p.2
Ribosome Structure and Function
What is the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
p.28
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What are the types of E. coli strains?
Pathogenic strains cause disease, beneficial strains are part of the normal gut flora, and lab strains are used for research and genetic engineering.
p.13
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What are some common diseases caused by pathogenic E. coli?
Pathogenic E. coli can cause urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and neonatal meningitis.
p.2
Plasmids: Structure and Function
What are plasmids and their function in prokaryotic cells?
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA and often carry genes beneficial for survival, such as antibiotic resistance.
p.13
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
How do pathogenic E. coli strains differ from beneficial E. coli strains?
Pathogenic E. coli strains have virulence factors that enable them to cause disease, unlike beneficial strains.
p.13
Types of E. coli: Pathogenic, Beneficial, and Lab Strains
What is a characteristic feature of pathogenic E. coli?
Pathogenic E. coli can cause diseases in humans and animals.
