What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
p.3
Pleura and Lung Structure
What are the two layers of the pleura called?
Visceral pleura and parietal pleura.
p.31
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
How does the size of the right lung compare to the left lung?
The right lung is larger and broader than the left lung.
p.31
Main Stem Bronchi Comparison
What is the position of the right main bronchus compared to the left?
The right main bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented.
p.7
Main Stem Bronchi Comparison
What is the width comparison between the right and left main bronchi?
The right bronchus is wider than the left bronchus.
p.7
Main Stem Bronchi Comparison
What is the angle of inclination for the left main bronchus?
The left bronchus has a more angular angle (40-60 degrees).
p.12
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What segments are found in the right middle lobe?
Lateral and medial segments.
What is the hilum of the lung?
The region where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter and exit the lung.
p.12
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the names of the segments in the right upper lobe?
Apical, posterior, anterior segments.
What are terminal bronchioles?
The smallest air passages in the lungs that lead to alveoli.
p.12
Clinical Importance of Lung Segmentation
What is the clinical significance of lung segmentation?
It aids in diagnosing and treating lung diseases.
p.29
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Lung
How many bronchial arteries are on the right side?
One, which branches from the 3rd posterior intercostal.
p.29
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Lung
How many bronchial arteries are on the left side?
Two, which branch from the descending thoracic aorta.
p.8
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the names of the lobar bronchi from the left main stem bronchus?
Upper lobar bronchus and lower lobar bronchus.
p.11
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
How many segments are in the right lung?
The right lung has 10 segments.
What structures pass through the hilum of the lung?
Main bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins.
p.1
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What are the main features of each lung?
Apex, Base, Surfaces (Costal, Mediastinal, Vertebral), and Borders (Anterior, Inferior, Posterior).
p.1
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What are the surfaces of the lungs?
Costal surface, Mediastinal surface, Vertebral surface.
p.29
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Lung
What is the function of sympathetic fibers in the lungs?
They act as bronchodilators.
p.29
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Lung
What is the function of parasympathetic fibers in the lungs?
They act as bronchoconstrictors.
p.14
Clinical Importance of Lung Segmentation
Why is lung segmentation important in clinical practice?
It helps assess the location and progression of diseases and choose appropriate treatments.
p.13
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the segments of the left lower lobe?
The superior, anteromedial, lateral, and posterior segments.
p.13
Clinical Importance of Lung Segmentation
What is the significance of lung segmentation?
It aids in understanding lung function and planning surgical interventions.
p.31
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the primary anatomical feature of the right lung?
It has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower lobes.
p.31
Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
What separates the lobes of the right lung?
The horizontal fissure and the oblique fissure.
p.29
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Lung
What do the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses carry?
Sympathetic fibers from the cardiac plexus and parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve.
p.18
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are Channels of Lambert?
They interconnect terminal bronchioles, providing collateral ventilation.
p.7
Main Stem Bronchi Comparison
How do the lengths of the right and left main bronchi compare?
The right bronchus is shorter (5 cm) while the left bronchus is longer.
p.7
Main Stem Bronchi Comparison
What type of cartilage supports both the right and left main bronchi?
Both are supported by C-shaped cartilages.
p.33
Pleura and Lung Structure
What is the role of the pleura in lung anatomy?
The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs, providing lubrication and reducing friction during breathing.
p.12
Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes: upper, middle, and lower.
p.11
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the segments of the lung?
The lung is divided into lobes and further into segments, each with its own bronchial supply.
p.5
Tracheobronchial Tree Structure
What happens to the cross-sectional area of the airways in the tracheobronchial tree?
The cross-sectional area enlarges.
What characterizes the non-cartilaginous airways from the 10th to 15th generations?
They are bronchioles where cartilage is absent.
p.5
Tracheobronchial Tree Structure
What is the common histology found in the tracheobronchial tree?
Common histology is present at the nose and throughout until the bronchiole generation.
p.13
Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes: the upper lobe and the lower lobe.
p.12
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What segments comprise the right lower lobe?
Superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, and posterior basal segments.
p.26
Clinical Importance of Lung Segmentation
Why is the hilum of the lung clinically significant?
It is a key area for diagnosing lung diseases and conditions.
How does the hilum differ between the left and right lungs?
The left lung has a single bronchus and a smaller hilum compared to the right lung, which has a larger hilum with two bronchi.
p.18
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What happens to cilia and mucous glands in terminal bronchioles?
They begin to disappear totally.
p.23
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Which groove is found on the mediastinal surface of the left lung for the arch of aorta?
Groove for the arch of aorta.
How does the arrangement of structures in the hilum differ?
The arrangement of the main structures in the hilum differs on both sides.
What are common symptoms of an inflamed bronchus?
Coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
p.32
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the position of the left lung compared to the right lung?
The left lung is smaller and has a different shape due to the presence of the heart.
p.33
Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
What separates the lobes of the lungs?
Fissures: the oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure in the right lung.
What is the primary function of cartilaginous airways?
To conduct air between the external environment and the sites of gas exchange.
p.13
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the segments of the left upper lobe?
The apical, posterior, anterior, and lingula segments.
How is the lamina propria connected in non-cartilaginous airways?
It is directly connected with lung parenchyma.
What is the primary function of terminal bronchioles?
To conduct air to the alveoli for gas exchange.
p.30
Lymphatics of the Lung
Where do deep lymphatics of the lung run?
Along the bronchial tree and pulmonary blood vessels.
p.3
Pleura and Lung Structure
What is the function of the pleura?
To reduce friction between the lungs and the chest wall during breathing.
p.31
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is a notable surface feature of the right lung?
The presence of the cardiac notch is less pronounced than in the left lung.
p.3
Pleura and Lung Structure
What happens if air enters the pleural cavity?
It can lead to a pneumothorax, causing lung collapse.
What is the primary function of the bronchus?
To conduct air to and from the lungs.
p.22
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the relationship between the right lung and the esophagus?
The esophagus is located posteriorly to the right lung.
p.8
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
How many lobar bronchi does the right main stem bronchus divide into?
Three lobar bronchi: upper, middle, and lower lobar bronchi.
p.8
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What is the division of the right main stem bronchus?
It divides into the upper, middle, and lower lobar bronchi.
p.14
Clinical Importance of Lung Segmentation
How does proper lung segmentation contribute to treatment?
It determines the boundaries of lobes and prevents pleural damage during treatment.
p.11
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What is the primary function of lung segments?
Each segment functions independently in gas exchange.
What is the hilum of the lung?
The part of the mediastinal surface of the lung that gives passage to structures forming the root of the lung.
p.24
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the significance of the left lung's medial relations?
They are important for understanding cardiac and vascular anatomy.
p.23
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What groove is associated with the descending thoracic aorta on the left lung?
Groove for descending thoracic aorta.
p.33
Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes: upper, middle, and lower.
p.5
Tracheobronchial Tree Structure
What type of branching occurs in the tracheobronchial tree?
Dichotomous branching (daughter branches).
p.8
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
How many lobar bronchi does the left main stem bronchus have?
Two lobar bronchi: upper and lower lobar bronchi.
p.21
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What groove is found for the superior vena cava on the right lung?
Groove for the superior vena cava.
p.21
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Which groove on the right lung is related to the esophagus?
Groove for the esophagus.
p.24
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
How does the left lung relate to the heart?
The left lung is positioned laterally to the heart.
p.15
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What happens to the size of the airways as they progress from the 4th to the 9th generation?
They become progressively smaller.
p.32
Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes: the upper lobe and the lower lobe.
What causes inflammation of the bronchus?
Infections, irritants, or allergens.
p.33
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What are the main external features of the lungs?
The lungs have an apex, base, and three surfaces: costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic.
What are the two main functions of non-cartilaginous airways?
To conduct inspired air and to serve as sites of gas exchange.
p.14
Clinical Importance of Lung Segmentation
What are two clinical applications that benefit from lung segmentation in CT scans?
Emphysema quantification and lung nodule detection.
p.21
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Which groove on the right lung is associated with the inferior vena cava?
Groove for the inferior vena cava.
p.11
Clinical Importance of Lung Segmentation
What is the clinical significance of lung segmentation?
It allows for targeted treatments and surgical interventions.
p.18
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
At what generation do terminal bronchioles occur?
16th to 19th generations.
p.21
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the groove for the arch of the azygos vein associated with?
Groove for the arch of azygos vein.
Which structures pass through the hilum of the lung?
Bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, bronchial vessels, and anterior & posterior pulmonary plexuses.
p.24
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Which major blood vessel is associated with the medial aspect of the left lung?
The left pulmonary artery.
p.6
Tracheobronchial Tree Structure
To what anatomical landmarks does the trachea extend?
To the level of the second rib anteriorly and the disc between T4 - T5 posteriorly.
p.7
Main Stem Bronchi Comparison
What is the angle of inclination for the right main bronchus?
The right bronchus has a more vertical angle (20-30 degrees).
How can inflamed bronchi affect lung function?
It can restrict airflow and lead to breathing difficulties.
p.33
Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes: upper and lower.
p.5
Tracheobronchial Tree Structure
How do the airways change as they branch in the tracheobronchial tree?
They become progressively narrower, shorter, and more numerous.
p.11
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
How many segments are in the left lung?
The left lung has 8 segments.
What type of epithelial cells are found in non-cartilaginous airways?
Cuboidal epithelial cells.
What is the difference in goblet cells and cilia in non-cartilaginous airways?
They have less goblet cells and cilia.
How do non-cartilaginous airways remain open?
Due to pressure gradients, as there is no cartilage.
p.23
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What groove is present for the left subclavian artery on the left lung?
Groove for the left subclavian artery.
p.23
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Which artery has a groove on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?
Left common carotid artery.
p.33
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the primary function of the lungs?
To facilitate gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.
p.22
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What organ is positioned medially to the right lung?
The right atrium of the heart.
p.6
Tracheobronchial Tree Structure
At what level does the trachea start?
At the level of the 6th cervical vertebra.
p.30
Lymphatics of the Lung
What is the function of the lymph nodes in the hilum of the lung?
To act as filters to keep particles and bacteria from entering the blood.
p.32
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the apex of the left lung?
The apex is the uppermost part of the lung, located above the first rib.
p.1
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What fissures divide the right lung?
Oblique and horizontal fissures.
p.3
Pleura and Lung Structure
What is the pleura?
A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs.
How do alveoli facilitate gas exchange?
By allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be expelled.
p.19
Tracheobronchial Tree Structure
What is the structural relationship between terminal bronchioles and alveoli?
Terminal bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts that lead to alveoli.
p.10
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the segmental branches of the superior lobar bronchus?
Apical, Anterior, Posterior.
p.1
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What are the borders of the lungs?
Anterior border, Inferior border, Posterior border.
p.10
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the segmental branches of the inferior lobar bronchus?
Apical, Anterior basal, Posterior basal, Medial basal, Lateral basal.
What is the significance of the hilum of the lung?
It is the area where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lung.
p.22
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Which structure is anterior to the right lung?
The right lobe of the liver.
p.9
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
Which original segmental bronchi are combined in the left lobar bronchi?
Original 1 & 2 together and original 7 & 8 together.
p.30
Lymphatics of the Lung
What do both superficial and deep lymphatics reach in the lung?
The bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes.
p.32
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the primary feature of the left lung's surface anatomy?
It has a cardiac notch to accommodate the heart.
p.3
Pleura and Lung Structure
What is the significance of pleural fluid?
It lubricates the pleural surfaces and helps maintain surface tension.
p.15
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What occurs at a diameter of 1 mm in subsegmental bronchi?
The connective tissue sheath disappears.
p.10
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the segmental branches of the inferior lobar bronchus in the left lung?
Apical, Antero-medial basal, Posterior basal, Lateral basal.
p.21
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Which area on the right lung is related to the trachea?
Area related to the trachea.
p.24
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
What is the position of the left main bronchus in relation to the left lung?
It is located medially and slightly posteriorly.
p.10
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi
What are the segmental branches of the superior lobar bronchus in the left lung?
Apico-posterior, Anterior, Superior lingular, Inferior lingular.
