p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What changes in appetite might occur after a migraine?
Food cravings or lack of appetite.
p.14
Modern Migraine Treatments
What are the TRIPTANs used for?
They are 5HT 1B / 1D agonists used in migraine treatment.
p.17
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What role does the trigeminal nerve play in migraines?
It is involved in the activation of nerves during a migraine.
p.23
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What does CGRP stand for?
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide.
p.22
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What are potential targets for CGRP?
Meningeal artery smooth muscle cells, mast cells, satellite glial cells, and Aδ-neurons.
p.13
Modern Migraine Treatments
What modern drugs are used for migraine treatment?
Triptans, Ditans, and Gepants.
p.4
Modern Migraine Treatments
What modern drugs are used for migraine treatment?
Triptans, Ditans, and Gepants.
p.23
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What does CGRP activate in the nervous system?
The ascending Aδ afferent.
What is a common type of migraine that does not involve an aura?
Common or absence migraine.
p.16
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What type of afferents are involved in migraine?
Aδ afferents to the brain.
p.18
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of migraine?
Dilatation of pial and meningeal arteries.
p.13
Role of 5HT in Migraine
How do Triptans and Ditans work in migraine treatment?
They target 5HT receptors found in sensory nerves and arteries.
p.21
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is CGRP?
Calcitonin-gene related peptide, a 37 amino acid peptide.
p.13
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What are the key features of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What are postdromal symptoms of a migraine?
Symptoms that can occur up to a day after a headache.
p.19
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What theory explains the activation of the trigeminovascular system in migraines?
Neurovascular theory of Migraine.
What are the symptoms of hemiplegic migraine?
Weakness on one side of the body, loss of sensation, or feeling 'pins and needles'.
p.13
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the function of Gepants in migraine treatment?
They work on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling.
p.21
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What happens to CGRP levels during a migraine attack?
CGRP levels are increased.
p.25
Role of 5HT in Migraine
What effect does 5HT infusion have on migraine headaches?
It suppresses spontaneous and evoked migraine headaches.
p.2
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What does the pathophysiology of migraine involve?
The underlying mechanisms and processes that lead to migraine attacks.
p.7
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What is an aura in the context of migraines?
Aura refers to a set of neurological symptoms that can occur before or during a migraine attack.
p.23
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What effect does CGRP have on artery smooth muscle?
It relaxes the artery smooth muscle.
p.5
Understanding Migraine Attacks
Which gender is more affected by migraines?
Females are more affected than men.
p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What unusual feeling might occur after a migraine attack?
Feeling unusually refreshed or happy.
p.20
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the pathophysiology of migraine primarily concerned with?
The biological processes and mechanisms that lead to migraine attacks.
p.26
Role of 5HT in Migraine
What is the effect of activating 5HT receptors?
Smooth muscle constriction occurs.
p.19
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What are the effects of the substances released from activated trigeminal fibers?
Blood vessel dilation, protein extravasation, inflammation.
p.25
Role of 5HT in Migraine
How many receptors are in the 5HT family?
There are 7 receptors (5HT 1 - 7).
What does the ATP1A2 gene encode?
The Na+/K+ - ATPase ion transport pump (α2 isoform) catalytic domain.
p.4
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What are the key features of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.26
Role of 5HT in Migraine
What is the effect of activating two types of 5HT receptors?
It suppresses CGRP release.
p.13
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in migraines?
It interacts with the pial arteries of the cerebral circulation.
p.6
Phases of a Migraine Attack
What is the aura phase in a migraine attack?
A phase seen in one-third of migraine patients characterized by visual disturbances.
p.19
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is released upon activation of trigeminal fibers?
Calcitonin gene-related peptide, Substance P, Vasoactive intestinal peptide, Neurokinin A.
p.24
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What do RAMPs determine in relation to CGRP receptors?
The pharmacology of the receptor.
p.15
Modern Migraine Treatments
What is the focus of modern drugs used for migraine treatment?
To alleviate pain and associated symptoms of migraine attacks.
p.18
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What other neuropeptides are released during a migraine?
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP).
p.3
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What are the effects of drugs that target CGRP receptors?
They help in alleviating migraine symptoms.
p.14
Modern Migraine Treatments
What are GEPANTS?
Small molecule CGRP receptor blockers.
p.18
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the significance of the brain stem in migraines?
It is involved in the activation of nerves during a migraine attack.
p.2
Modern Migraine Treatments
What is a modern approach to treating migraines?
Utilizing current pharmacological treatments and therapies.
p.7
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What are some common visual disturbances associated with an aura?
Visual disturbances can include seeing flashes of light or zigzag patterns.
p.5
Understanding Migraine Attacks
What is a significant global impact of migraines?
Migraine affects over one billion individuals worldwide.
p.8
Phases of a Migraine Attack
What is a characteristic of the pain experienced during a migraine attack?
Severe unilateral (one-sided) pulsating pain.
p.22
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What does CGRP activate to increase cAMP?
A GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor).
p.3
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What are the key features of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What feelings might someone experience during the postdromal phase of a migraine?
Feeling tired, wiped out, or cranky.
p.20
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the focus of the BSc in Clinical Pharmacology?
Understanding the mechanisms of drug action and disease treatment.
p.26
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What happens when the CGRP receptor is activated?
Smooth muscle relaxation occurs.
p.3
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What role does the trigeminal nerve play in migraines?
It interacts with the pial arteries of the cerebral circulation.
p.27
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is a key consideration when designing drugs for migraine?
Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of migraines.
p.3
Modern Migraine Treatments
What are modern drugs used for migraine treatment?
Triptans, Ditans, and Gepants.
p.6
Phases of a Migraine Attack
What physiological process is associated with the aura phase?
Depolarization of the cortex and cortical spreading depression (CSD).
p.27
Modern Migraine Treatments
What type of drugs could be designed to target migraine symptoms?
Drugs that modulate neurotransmitters involved in migraine attacks.
p.5
Understanding Migraine Attacks
What are two serious health conditions associated with migraines?
Increased stroke and coronary artery disease.
p.18
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What role do inflammatory mediators play in migraines?
They leak and activate nerves, contributing to headache.
p.6
Phases of a Migraine Attack
What is the premonitory phase of a migraine?
A phase occurring hours before an attack with various symptoms.
p.15
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What are the key aspects of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.27
Modern Migraine Treatments
What is the primary motivation behind designing drugs for migraine treatment?
Curiosity and the desire to understand migraine mechanisms.
p.4
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in migraines?
It interacts with the pial arteries of the cerebral circulation.
p.17
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of migraines?
Dilatation of pial and meningeal arteries.
p.3
Role of 5HT in Migraine
How do Triptans and Ditans work in migraine treatment?
They target 5HT receptors in sensory nerves and arteries.
p.13
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What effects do Gepants have on CGRP receptors?
They inhibit CGRP signaling, which helps alleviate migraine symptoms.
p.18
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is CGRP in the context of migraines?
Calcitonin gene-related peptide, a neuropeptide released during migraines.
p.6
Phases of a Migraine Attack
What are some symptoms of the premonitory phase?
Light sensitivity, mood change, irritability, yawning, polyuria, neck pain, and concentration difficulties.
p.14
Modern Migraine Treatments
Name one TRIPTAN and its year of introduction.
Sumatriptan, introduced in 1993.
p.21
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What effect does CGRP have on arteries?
CGRP released from nerves dilates arteries.
p.4
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What are the effects of drugs that target CGRP receptors?
They modulate the signaling pathways involved in migraine attacks.
p.25
Role of 5HT in Migraine
Where is the 5HT 1F receptor present?
In various trigeminal nerve terminals.
p.28
Role of 5HT in Migraine
What is the role of 5HT in the trigeminal system?
5HT (serotonin) modulates pain transmission and can influence the dilation of blood vessels in the trigeminal system.
p.15
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What are gepants?
Drugs that work on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling.
p.28
Migraine Symptoms and Aura
What are the characteristics of migraine?
Migraines are characterized by recurrent headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
What is a characteristic symptom of retinal migraine?
Headache and temporary vision loss in one eye.
p.21
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What occurs when migraine patients are infused with CGRP?
They develop a delayed headache.
p.4
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the function of Gepants in migraine treatment?
They work on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling.
p.15
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in migraine?
It interacts with the pial arteries of the cerebral circulation.
p.18
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the role of mast cells in migraine pathophysiology?
Stimulation of mast cells contributes to the inflammatory response.
p.15
Role of 5HT in Migraine
What are triptans and ditans?
Drugs that work on 5HT receptors found in sensory nerves and arteries.
p.15
Modern Migraine Treatments
How are triptans and ditans beneficial in migraine treatment?
They target 5HT receptors to alleviate migraine symptoms.
p.14
Modern Migraine Treatments
What are CGRP BINDERS?
They include Fremanezumab, Galcanezumab, and Epitinezumab.
p.4
Role of 5HT in Migraine
How do Triptans and Ditans work in migraine treatment?
They target 5HT receptors found in sensory nerves and arteries.
p.22
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the effect of CGRP on Aδ-neurons?
Leads to activation of ascending signals.
p.16
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What happens to cranial arteries during a migraine?
Dilation of pial and meningeal arteries.
p.6
Phases of a Migraine Attack
What type of pain is experienced during a migraine attack?
Severe unilateral (one-sided) pulsating pain.
p.14
Modern Migraine Treatments
What is Lasmiditan classified as?
A 5HT 1F agonist, introduced in 2019.
p.28
Understanding Migraine Attacks
What is the trigeminal nervous system?
The trigeminal nervous system is a major pain pathway involved in the sensation of headache and facial pain.
p.28
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the role of CGRP in the trigeminal system?
CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) is involved in vasodilation and the transmission of pain signals in the trigeminal system.
p.3
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the function of Gepants in migraine treatment?
They work on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling.
p.27
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What role does CGRP play in migraine treatment?
CGRP is a target for new migraine therapies due to its role in pain signaling.
p.17
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the function of the hypothalamus and thalamus in migraines?
They are involved in the migraine pathophysiology.
p.25
Role of 5HT in Migraine
Where are 5HT 1B/1D receptors well expressed?
In cranial artery smooth muscle and trigeminal ganglia nerve terminals.
p.24
Role of CGRP in Migraine
Which proteins are part of the calcitonin family?
Calcitonin, CGRP, adrenomedullin, and amylin.
p.18
Pathophysiology of Migraine
Which brain structures are involved in migraine pathophysiology?
Hypothalamus and thalamus.
p.24
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the relationship between CGRP and amylin?
Both can interact with the CTR receptor.
What are the differences between types of migraines?
Types of migraines include migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and chronic migraine, differing in symptoms and frequency.
p.24
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the structure of GPCRs?
1 protein with 7 transmembrane domains that interact with G proteins (αβγ).
p.28
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the underlying pathology of migraines?
The underlying pathology involves neurovascular changes, including inflammation and activation of the trigeminal nervous system.
p.17
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What causes the leak of inflammatory mediators in migraines?
Activation of nerves and mast cells.
p.28
Modern Migraine Treatments
What are the main migraine therapies?
Main migraine therapies include triptans, NSAIDs, preventive medications, and lifestyle modifications.
p.27
Modern Migraine Treatments
What is an important factor in the effectiveness of migraine drugs?
The ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
p.21
Role of CGRP in Migraine
Where is the receptor for CGRP expressed?
In cranial arteries and trigeminal ganglia.
p.24
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What is the role of RAMP in relation to GPCRs?
It is a single transmembrane domain protein that modifies receptor activity.
p.15
Role of CGRP in Migraine
What effects do gepants have?
They affect CGRP receptors and help in migraine treatment.
