p.4
Cardiac CT and Coronary CT Angiography
Why is no sedation required for cardiac CT scans?
Because of the quick image acquisition time (3-5 seconds).
p.6
Venous Drainage of the Heart
Where do the small cardiac veins and the oblique vein of the left atrium (Vein of Marshall) terminate?
They empty into the right atrium.
p.3
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
What does a normal PA and lateral chest view show?
A normal PA and lateral chest view shows the standard anatomical structures of the chest without any abnormalities.
p.6
Cardiac MRI Imaging and Applications
What are the contraindications for cardiac MRI?
Presence of metallic fragments and pacemakers.
p.7
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What is dextrocardia associated with?
Mirror image positioning of the great vessels and arch of the aorta; apex is misplaced to the right instead of the left.
p.2
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
What is the primary use of chest X-rays in cardiovascular assessment?
Chest X-rays are used primarily for initial screening.
p.3
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What are the signs of left atrial enlargement (LAE) on an X-ray?
Signs include cardinal widening to greater than 90 degrees (black arrow), elevation of left main branches, and enlargement of the left atrial appendage (black arrowhead).
p.8
Heart Chambers and Valves
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood through the heart.
Pulmonary veins → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body
p.1
Overview of Cardiovascular Anatomy
Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart.
Superior Vena Cava & Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs.
p.1
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What abnormalities can be detected in a chest X-ray related to the heart?
Cardiomegaly and the presence of a bipolar pacemaker.
p.6
Venous Drainage of the Heart
Which veins open directly into the right atrium?
The anterior cardiac vein and the venae cordis minimae.
p.7
Heart Chambers and Valves
What are the semilunar valves of the heart?
Pulmonary (PV) and Aortic Valves (AV).
p.2
Heart Chambers and Valves
What components form the right cardiac border on a chest X-ray?
The right atrium, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava.
p.8
Overview of Cardiovascular Anatomy
What components form the right cardiac border?
Right Atrium, Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava
p.1
Heart Chambers and Valves
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right Atrium (RA), Right Ventricle (RV), Left Atrium (LA), Left Ventricle (LV).
p.4
Heart Chambers and Valves
What does the presence of dye in the left chambers of the heart indicate in imaging?
It lightens the appearance of the left chambers.
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
What are the terminal branches of the Left Coronary Artery (LCA)?
Left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (Cx) arteries.
p.5
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What does Figure 26 show?
Coronary vessels with severe blockage in the left anterior descending coronary artery (left), and post-stent placement (right).
p.6
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What is the primary function of the coronary sinus?
It drains most of the venous blood from the heart.
p.6
Cardiac MRI Imaging and Applications
What are the advantages of cardiac MRI?
High soft tissue contrast, large field of view, no ionizing radiation, and safe for pregnant patients.
p.2
Cardiac Thoracic Ratio and Its Significance
What is the significance of the cardiac thoracic ratio (C:T ratio)?
The C:T ratio is used to estimate the size of the heart and can indicate cardiac enlargement.
p.3
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What does a bipolar pacemaker look like on an X-ray?
A bipolar pacemaker is indicated by a green arrow pointing to the right atrium and a red arrow pointing to the right ventricle.
p.5
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What does the yellow arrow indicate in Figure 22?
A soft tissue lesion at the Right Atrium.
p.8
Cardiac CT and Coronary CT Angiography
What are the indications for Cardiac CT/Coronary CT Angiography?
Coronary Artery Disease, Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies, Post-operative assessment of bypass grafts (stents), Visualization of cardiac veins, Soft tissue lesions
p.1
Overview of Cardiovascular Anatomy
What vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?
Superior Vena Cava (SVC) and Inferior Vena Cava (IVC).
p.5
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What does Figure 25 illustrate?
Good coronary vessel visualization: normal heart artery (no plaque) and coronary vessel with a fatty plaque.
p.6
Venous Drainage of the Heart
Where is the opening of the coronary sinus located in relation to the IVC opening?
Inferior and left of the IVC opening.
p.3
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What is cardiomegaly?
Cardiomegaly is an enlarged heart.
p.3
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What are the indicators of right ventricular enlargement on an X-ray?
Indicators include a small aortic knob (blue arrow), a prominent pulmonary trunk (red arrow), and a dilated pulmonary trunk and artery (black arrow).
p.6
Cardiac MRI Imaging and Applications
List some indications for cardiac MRI.
Myocardial disease, congenital cardiac anomalies, acquired heart disease, cardiac mass, myocardial ischemia or infarction, cardiomyopathies, and pericardial diseases.
p.4
Cardiac CT and Coronary CT Angiography
What conditions can cardiac CT scans help diagnose?
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), congenital coronary artery anomalies, post-operative assessment of bypass grafts, visualization of cardiac veins, and soft tissue lesions.
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
What is the origin of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA)?
From the anterior aortic sinus.
p.8
Comparative Analysis of Imaging Modalities
What are the advantages of a Cardiac CT scan over other imaging modalities?
More detailed examination compared to chest X-ray, Less artifact than Cardiac MRI, Capable of visualizing the heart's anatomy, vessels, and soft tissues in fine detail
p.1
Heart Chambers and Valves
What are the abbreviations for the four main heart valves?
AV (Aortic Valve), TV (Tricuspid Valve), MV (Mitral Valve), PV (Pulmonary Valve).
p.7
Heart Chambers and Valves
Name the four chambers of the heart.
Right Atrium (RA), Right Ventricle (RV), Left Atrium (LA), Left Ventricle (LV).
p.2
Heart Chambers and Valves
What components form the left cardiac border on a chest X-ray?
The aorta, pulmonary artery, and left ventricle.
p.8
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
What can border abnormalities in a chest X-ray indicate?
Possible cardiac pathology
p.4
Comparative Analysis of Imaging Modalities
What are the differences between a chest X-ray and a cardiac CT scan in terms of imaging depth?
Chest X-ray provides a flat 2D image with no depth, while cardiac CT scan provides hundreds of slices in 3D with depth.
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
From where do the coronary arteries arise?
From the ascending aorta immediately above the aortic valve.
p.1
Overview of Cardiovascular Anatomy
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood through the heart.
Pulmonary veins → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body.
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
What branches does the Circumflex (Cx) artery give rise to?
Marginal branches (M1, M2).
p.2
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What does an abnormal cardiac border on a chest X-ray indicate?
It could indicate pathology such as chamber enlargement, generalized heart enlargement, pericardial effusion, or a tumor.
p.3
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What does left ventricular enlargement look like on an X-ray?
Left ventricular enlargement shows an enlarged left ventricle compared to a normal heart.
p.6
Cardiac MRI Imaging and Applications
Name the different views used in cardiac MRI.
2-Chamber View, 3-Chamber View, 4-Chamber View, Short-Axis View.
p.8
Overview of Cardiovascular Anatomy
What components form the left cardiac border?
Aorta, Pulmonary Artery, Left Ventricle
p.1
Heart Chambers and Valves
Name the atrioventricular valves of the heart.
Tricuspid Valve (TV) and Mitral Valve (MV).
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
Where does the Right Coronary Artery (RCA) run?
Along the right AV groove.
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
What are the terminal branches of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA)?
Posterior descending artery (PDA).
p.1
Heart Chambers and Valves
What are the abbreviations for the four heart chambers?
RA (Right Atrium), RV (Right Ventricle), LA (Left Atrium), LV (Left Ventricle).
p.5
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What are the tributaries of the coronary sinus?
Great cardiac veins and middle cardiac veins.
p.7
Heart Chambers and Valves
Where is the cardiac apex located?
Formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle, lies posterior to the left 5th intercostal space in adults, usually approximately 9 cm from the median plane.
p.7
Heart Chambers and Valves
What are the atrioventricular valves of the heart?
Tricuspid (TV) and Mitral (Bicuspid; MV) Valves.
p.7
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What type of blood do the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava carry?
Deoxygenated/Oxygen-poor blood from the systemic circuit.
p.8
Heart Chambers and Valves
Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart.
Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs
p.8
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
What are the indications for a chest X-ray in cardiovascular assessment?
Chamber enlargement, generalized heart enlargement, pericardial effusion, tumor
p.1
Heart Chambers and Valves
What are the semilunar valves in the heart?
Pulmonary Valve (PV) and Aortic Valve (AV).
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
Where does the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) run?
Along the left AV groove.
p.6
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What is the significance of the venae cordis minimae?
They are small veins that drain directly into the heart chambers.
p.3
Heart Chambers and Valves
What does right atrial enlargement indicate?
Right atrial enlargement is a specific type of chamber enlargement affecting the right atrium, which forms the right cardiac border.
p.4
Comparative Analysis of Imaging Modalities
What are the advantages of a cardiac CT scan over a chest X-ray?
More detailed examination, capable of visualizing the heart's anatomy, vessels, and soft tissues in fine detail, and provides depth.
p.3
Heart Chambers and Valves
What is the significance of the cardiac valves in imaging?
Cardiac valves are crucial for understanding the flow of blood through the heart and identifying any valvular abnormalities.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Valves
What is the significance of the heart starting to beat around 21-23 days after conception?
It establishes blood circulation even before the heart becomes fully developed with four chambers.
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
What is the origin of the Left Coronary Artery (LCA)?
From the left posterior aortic sinus.
p.5
Coronary Arteries and Their Anatomy
What branches does the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery give rise to?
Diagonal branches (D1, D2) and septal branches.
p.5
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What is the origin of the coronary sinus?
It is a direct continuation of the great cardiac vein.
p.7
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
How do you assess where the right/left side is in a Chest X-ray?
Look at the LABEL, NOT the heart.
p.7
Venous Drainage of the Heart
List the major vessels associated with the heart.
Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC), Pulmonary Artery (PA), Pulmonary Veins (PV), Aorta.
p.2
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What is dextrocardia?
Dextrocardia is a condition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest instead of its normal position on the left.
p.2
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
Why should the label on the X-ray be used as a guide?
To avoid confusion or misdiagnosing dextrocardia.
p.2
Cardiac Thoracic Ratio and Its Significance
Describe the process of measuring the cardiac thoracic ratio (C:T ratio).
The C:T ratio is measured by relating the widest diameter of the heart (A + B) to the widest internal diameter of the chest (C).
p.8
Comparative Analysis of Imaging Modalities
What are the advantages of a chest X-ray over other imaging modalities?
Minimal radiation, 1 sec acquisition, Low cost, Flat image (2D), No contrast media
p.1
Cardiac CT and Coronary CT Angiography
What are the main components assessed in a cardiac CT or coronary CT angiography?
Borders of the heart, chambers of the heart, arterial supply (coronary arteries), valves, and venous drainage.
p.5
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
Which three major vessels are affected in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Left Anterior Descending (LAD), Left Circumflex artery (Cx), and Right Coronary artery (RCA).
p.7
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What percentage of persons have dextrocardia?
Dextrocardia occurs in about 1 in 12,000 pregnancies.
p.3
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What should be done if cardiomegaly is suspected on an X-ray?
Further imaging should be requested.
p.2
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
What structures are visible in the lateral view of a chest X-ray?
Right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, and left & right domes of the diaphragm.
p.2
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
Why might pregnant women avoid X-rays?
Due to minimal radiation exposure, but it depends if the advantage outweighs the disadvantage.
p.8
Cardiac MRI Imaging and Applications
What are the indications for Cardiac MRI?
Myocardial disease, Congenital cardiac anomalies, Acquired heart disease, Cardiac mass, Myocardial ischemia or infarction, Cardiomyopathies, Pericardial diseases
p.8
Comparative Analysis of Imaging Modalities
What are the advantages of a Cardiac MRI over other imaging modalities?
No radiation, High soft tissue contrast, Capable of visualizing cardiac mass and myocardial disease
p.1
Cardiac Thoracic Ratio and Its Significance
What is the significance of the cardiac thoracic ratio in a chest X-ray?
It helps assess the size of the heart relative to the chest cavity.
p.5
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What does the presence of calcification and fatty plaque in coronary vessels cause?
Stenosis or narrowing, inhibiting blood flow.
p.2
Chest X-ray Techniques and Assessment
What is the radiation exposure during a chest X-ray equivalent to?
Sunbathing on the beach for half of the day.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Valves
What can be assessed using the axial view of the ventricles/atrium in cardiac imaging?
The cause of the enlargement of the heart walls.
p.4
Abnormalities in Cardiac Imaging
What is indicated by a soft tissue density/tumor (myxoma) in the left atrium?
The presence of a tumor in the left atrium.
p.5
Cardiac CT and Coronary CT Angiography
What is the significance of Figure 24?
It shows a reconstructed image of the smooth angiography of coronary vessels.
