False
There was an expansion of modern education.
Austria occupied Lombardy and Venice in the north and northeast of the Italian peninsula.
The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution, and the expansion of commerce.
The main objectives of the Treaty of Vienna included restoring the balance of power in Europe and preventing the rise of any single dominant state after the Napoleonic Wars.
False
B. Tension between the North and the South
A standard form of the Italian language was introduced to help unify the people.
There was significant growth of industrialization and urbanization mainly in northern Italy.
The main cause of the American Civil War was the conflict between the Northern States, which wanted to abolish slavery, and the Southern States, which wanted to maintain it as it was essential for their economy.
Otto von Bismarck was a conservative politician and a leading force behind German unification, chosen as prime minister by King Wilhelm I in 1862, favoring unification under Prussian leadership.
Industrialization was linked to mass militarization and nationalism, which contributed to the lead-up to World War I.
C. The proletariat and the capitalist
The first war of German unification was the 1864 Danish War, which began over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
Capitalists or bourgeoisie own the means of production in a capitalist system.
Nationalism led to wars and empire expansion.
The creation of products and services is based on demand and supply, or free commerce and competition.
The salient features of capitalism include private ownership of production means, the factory system replacing the domestic system, and the emergence of socio-economic classes like the proletariat and bourgeoisie.
Austria supported the Ottomans because they did not want Russian expansion in the region.
A strong national army was created.
Unification in history refers to the process of bringing together separate states or regions into a single political entity.
The unit aims to explain the root causes and consequences of the American Civil War.
Revolts broke out in several parts of the Balkan region.
King William of Prussia.
The 'Blood and Iron' policy.
B. Public property
Cavour promised to give the regions of Nice and Savoy to France.
D. England
Major characteristics of nationalism include a strong identification with one's own nation, the desire for self-governance, and the promotion of national culture and interests.
Holstein was annexed by Prussia, Austria was excluded from German affairs, Venetia was given to Italy, and the North German Confederation was formed under the leadership of Prussia.
The Papal States, under the sovereignty of the pope, cut the north off from the south and often required foreign intervention to protect their independence.
Capitalism is an economic system where most means of production are privately owned. It evolved significantly due to the Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the 18th century and transformed economies in Western Europe and the United States.
Factors contributing to nationalist sentiment in Italy included cultural revival, historical grievances, and the influence of revolutionary ideas from other parts of Europe.
Giuseppe Mazzini was a leader in the Italian unification movement who envisioned a united Italy governed by a liberal democratic republic. He opposed monarchy and was a member of the Carbonari, a secret society aimed at abolishing foreign rule in Italy.
Romania, Montenegro, and Serbia gained their independence in 1878.
The Zollverein was an economic alliance between the German states created in 1834, promoting trade and a strong economy by removing tariffs on products traded between them.
It was a time of 'reaction' where conservatives wanted to return to old orders and restore monarchies.
False
Italy faced regional division, tension between the industrialized North and agrarian South, hostility between the Roman Catholic Church and the government, and the formation of the Mafia.
It developed national language and literature, fostering a sense of national self-consciousness.
Austria and Prussia.
Tension and hostility were rising to a dangerous level.
Economic interests contributed to the American Civil War through the disparity between the Southern economy, which relied on cotton and slavery, and the Northern economy, which was based on industry and low-wage labor.
Major lessons include features of capitalism, nationalism and formation of nation states, unification of Italy, unification of Germany, the American Civil War, and nationalism related to the Eastern question.
D. his strong involvement in the eventual unification processes
Alsace and Lorraine.
The Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, was the most advanced state in Italy and had slowly expanded since the Middle Ages.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies occupied the southern half of the peninsula and the island of Sicily.
It broke the religious unity of Europe and ended the supremacy of the pope.
Bismarck's political philosophy was realpolitik, which involved pursuing goals by any means necessary, including war, lying, and breaking treaties, and he used military power through the 'Blood and Iron' policy to achieve German unification.
They felt the need to compete with longstanding colonial powers like Great Britain and France.
Italy got Venetia in 1866 following the defeat of Austria in the Seven Weeks War.
The unit covers the development of capitalism and nationalism from 1815 to the beginning of the First World War.
The proletariat receive wages for their labour.
The three wars were the Danish War in 1864 against Denmark, the Seven Weeks War in 1866 against Austria, and the Franco-Prussian War from 1870 to 1871 against France.
Slavery played a crucial role in the Southern economy as it was viewed by white plantation owners as essential for their survival and the production of cotton.
Prussia took the lead in unifying the German states.
Causes included the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of national consciousness among Balkan peoples, and the influence of nationalist movements in Europe.
D. a system where productions are privately owned and operated for profit.
The three obstacles were the Austrian occupation of Lombardy and Venice, the Papal States, and the existence of several independent states.
The Ems Telegram was significant because it encouraged France to declare war on Prussia in 1870, inflaming popular sentiment on both sides in favor of war.
The outcome of the Battle of Sedan was a defeat for French forces, which brought the French Second Empire to an end.
The Ottoman Empire was reduced in size as Great Britain, Austria, France, and Italy shared its territories.
These small states were governed by relatives of the Habsburgs, who ruled Austria.
The new kingdom included every part of Italy except Venetia and the Papal States.
A free market economy is an economic system where prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses, allowing for voluntary exchange and minimal government intervention.
Prussia acquired Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark, Alsace and Lorraine from France, and dominance over Austria.
The unification of Italy was finalized when Italians entered Rome after the withdrawal of French armies during the Franco-Prussian War.
The anti-slavery movement was known as Abolitionism.
Economic and social changes, international rivalry, and unsolved problems combined to unsettle the Balkans.
Key events include the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, the attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and the surrender at Appomattox Court House in 1865.
There was a collapse of the plantation economy and a rise in industrialization, larger city centers, and infrastructure development.
Italian and German unification changed the political landscape of Europe.
Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Italian nationalists in southern Italy.
In 1858, Cavour and Napoleon III made a secret agreement where Napoleon would send troops to drive the Austrians out of Lombardy and Venetia if Austria declared war on Sardinia.
A long-standing disagreement over the institution of slavery.
Britain's main concern was to protect its interests in India and to prevent Russian influence in the Mediterranean, leading them to support the Turks against nationalist movements.
True
It failed due to the division of the German ruling classes on the type of government they wanted to establish.
Count Camillo di Cavour became the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 and worked to strengthen Piedmont through industrialization, education, and military expansion. He sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in politics and formed alliances against Austria, which was a major obstacle to Italian unity.
Mazzini played a leading role in the 1848 Revolution and briefly led a Roman republic proclaimed in the Papal States, although it was eventually overthrown by French forces.
The army led by Garibaldi was known as the Red Shirts.
Cavour disliked absolutism and favored a British-style parliamentary government, aiming for both industrialization and unity in Italy.
The transatlantic economy, particularly through the slave trade and plantation riches, provided significant capital that funded Europe's industrialization, making it a crucial factor in the development of capitalism.
Britain, Belgium, France, and the northern part of the United States.
Foreign interventions often exacerbated tensions, influenced political outcomes, and sometimes led to conflicts or changes in governance within Balkan states.
A capitalist economy has fewer government restrictions and less interference, while a socialist economy is characterized by central planning and government control.
A customs union that facilitated trade among German states.
The slave trade and slavery had a significant role in the transatlantic economy.
It is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a Nation.
The effects of the American Civil War on the Southern States included devastation from the fighting, economic collapse, and a significant social and political upheaval.
The seceding Southern states aimed to declare themselves independent rather than take over the United States government.
The Balkans were part of the decaying Ottoman Empire and were home to multi-ethnic groups such as Serbs, Bulgarians, Rumanians, and Greeks.
Italy and Germany.
Greece became an independent state and Serbia achieved some self-rule by 1830.
The German Confederation consisted of 39 separate autonomous states.
False
The development of the German railway was the first indicator of a unified state.
The Eastern Question refers to the diplomatic problem concerning the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the interests of Great Powers in the Balkans and the Near East.
The Industrial Revolution introduced new sources of energy and power, such as coal and steam, and led to the creation of the factory system, which significantly promoted industrialization and the development of capitalism.
Foreign powers like Austria, Russia, and France, small German states fearing Prussian domination, and Catholic states fearing Protestant domination.
True
In 1861, the kingdom of Italy was established, and King Victor Emmanuel II became its king.
The North experienced an influx of immigrants leading to a diverse society, while the South maintained a social order based on white supremacy.
Notable leaders included William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass.
The constitutional changes acted as a point of departure in the struggle for equal civil and human rights.
They brought in wealth and helped to build a strong state.
Shared language, culture, history, and religion contributed to nationalist feelings that helped unify these countries.
The outbreak of the Civil War occurred in 1861 after eleven southern states formed the Confederacy and declared secession.
True
C. supported the Turks to suppress the nationalist movements
It was a decisive victory for Prussia against Austria, leading to the unification of Germany.
The rise of nationalism contributed to increased discontent in the Balkan region.
To reverse changes brought about during the Napoleonic wars and restore monarchies.
The Emancipation Proclamation, issued in January 1863, freed slaves in parts of the country that rebelled against the United States.
B. The North German Confederation
The disagreement over slavery created deep economic, social, and political divisions between the North and South, leading to conflict.
A sense of belonging and pride in one's country, leading to support for the nation and government.
Foreign powers like Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Germany intervened for their own interests in the struggles between the Turks and the nationalist groups.
The war ended with the defeat of the Confederates and resulted in the abolition of slavery in the USA.
The Thirteenth Amendment was adopted on December 6, 1865, officially outlawing slavery.
Rome was proclaimed the capital of the Kingdom of Italy in 1870.
The Revolution of 1848 aimed to unify the German-speaking states.
They emphasized the importance of tradition, education, and linguistic unity of people in a geographic region.
Nationalism emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, promoting unity and self-determination.
Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans promised to prevent the spread of slavery into newly incorporated territories.
Russia supported the Balkan nationalists because they were Slavs, shared Orthodox Christianity, and wanted access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
The consequences included the abolition of slavery, significant social and economic changes, and the strengthening of federal authority over states.
C. Market price determined by government
B. End of slavery in the USA
