p.26
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What condition is retinoic acid used to treat?
Severe acne and psoriasis.
p.25
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is a manifestation of pyridoxine deficiency related to blood health?
Microcytic anemia due to reduced heme synthesis.
p.27
Vitamin K and Blood Coagulation
How does γ-carboxylation facilitate Ca2+ binding in clotting factors?
It introduces two adjacent negatively charged carboxylate groups.
p.24
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is recommended to prevent Pyridoxine deficiency during Isoniazid therapy?
Pyridoxine supplements should be given with Isoniazid.
p.16
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Deficiency
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome associated with?
Thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholics.
What roles do vitamins play in the body?
They are required for functions like co-enzymes or as hormones.
p.24
Vitamin B Complex Overview
How does Isoniazid affect Pyridoxine?
It inactivates Pyridoxine.
p.8
Water Soluble Vitamins
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?
They do not require bile salts and chylomicrons for absorption.
p.8
Water Soluble Vitamins
Is toxicity common with water soluble vitamins?
No, toxicity is not common as excess is excreted in urine.
p.17
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is cheilosis?
Cracks and fissures at the angles of the mouth.
p.26
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What are some consequences of dietary retinoid deficiencies?
Night blindness, less fertility, slowed growth, and skin problems.
p.17
Vitamin B Complex Overview
In which metabolic processes is Vitamin B2 involved?
Oxidation-reduction reactions of the TCA cycle and beta oxidation.
p.6
Water Soluble Vitamins
Why are daily supplements essential for water-soluble vitamins?
Because they are not stored in the body, except for vitamin B12 which is stored in the liver.
p.18
Niacin (Vitamin B3) and Pellagra
What therapeutic use does Vitamin B3 (Niacin) have?
It inhibits adipose tissue lipolysis and reduces free fatty acids in Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia.
p.5
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What lab findings are associated with Vitamin D deficiency?
Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), low serum calcium levels, and low serum phosphate levels.
p.14
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What condition is associated with a deficiency in branched chain amino acid metabolism?
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD).
p.26
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is 11-cis retinal associated with?
It is a form of retinal involved in vision.
p.24
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is Isoniazid used for?
It is an anti-tuberculosis drug.
p.6
Water Soluble Vitamins
What is a key characteristic of water-soluble vitamins regarding storage?
They are usually not stored in the body.
p.17
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is glossitis?
Inflammation and atrophy of the tongue.
p.18
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the function of NADP+?
It is involved in the HMP shunt and fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis.
p.16
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Deficiency
What are common neurological symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, ataxia, confusion, disorientation, and loss of memory.
p.25
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What neurological condition can result from pyridoxine deficiency?
Peripheral neuropathy due to reduced neurotransmitter formation.
p.7
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What are some causes of malabsorption?
Dental problems, chronic disease, diarrhea, and genetic defects.
p.21
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
How can dietary niacin supplements affect Niacin deficiency?
They can help prevent or treat Niacin deficiency.
p.12
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What are the components of Vitamin B Complex?
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folic acid (B9), Cobalamin (B12).
p.11
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is one of the earliest signs of scurvy?
Perifollicular hemorrhages.
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be supplied by diet.
p.25
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What serious condition can occur in infants due to pyridoxine deficiency?
Seizures due to reduced neurotransmitter formation.
p.14
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What are branched chain amino acids?
Amino acids with a branched molecular structure, including leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
p.19
Niacin (Vitamin B3) and Pellagra
What are the main symptoms of Niacin deficiency?
The 3Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Dementia.
p.13
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)?
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
p.22
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What condition is associated with impaired Acetyl-CoA carboxylase?
Hair loss and dermatitis.
p.23
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What condition may require Vitamin B6 supplementation?
Inherited homocystinuria.
p.20
Niacin (Vitamin B3) and Pellagra
What is a characteristic skin manifestation of Pellagra?
Dermatitis that appears 'necklace-like' on the skin.
p.8
Water Soluble Vitamins
How does the absorption of water soluble vitamins compare to fat soluble vitamins?
Absorption is easier for water soluble vitamins than for fat soluble vitamins.
p.25
Vitamin B Complex Overview
How does pyridoxine deficiency affect cardiovascular health?
It increases the risk of cardiovascular disease due to high plasma homocysteine levels.
p.7
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What can lead to secondary deficiency?
Reduced intake, malabsorption, or increased requirements.
p.21
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What dietary factor increases the risk of Niacin deficiency (Pellagra)?
Corn-based diets, which are deficient in Niacin and Tryptophan.
p.14
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the function of branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase?
It catalyzes the conversion of branched chain keto acids to their corresponding acyl-CoA derivatives.
p.4
Vitamin D and Calcitriol Formation
What stimulates the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to calcitriol?
Parathyroid hormone and low plasma calcium levels.
p.13
Vitamin B Complex Overview
Which enzyme complex does Thiamine help maintain for nerve tissue?
PDH complex (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex).
p.13
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What conditions can benefit from B1 supplements?
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and PDH deficiency.
p.13
Vitamin B Complex Overview
In which types of foods is Thiamine often deficient?
Refined foods like polished rice, white flour, and white sugar.
p.17
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What are the coenzyme forms of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
p.7
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is primary deficiency?
A deficiency caused by dietary deficiency or starvation.
p.14
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the role of branched chain keto acids?
They are intermediates in the metabolism of branched chain amino acids.
p.19
Niacin (Vitamin B3) and Pellagra
What skin condition is associated with Pellagra?
Dermatitis, characterized by redness, thickening, and roughening of the skin.
p.9
Vitamin C and Its Functions
How does Vitamin C affect iron absorption?
It helps absorb iron in its ferrous state; low dietary vitamin C can lead to microcytic anemia due to reduced iron absorption.
p.10
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What are perifollicular hemorrhages a sign of?
Fragile blood vessels due to Vitamin C deficiency.
p.10
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What oral symptom is associated with Scurvy?
Sore, spongy gums and bleeding gums.
p.12
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is the significance of lab tests in relation to Vitamin B?
They help identify deficiencies and monitor levels.
p.3
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin D?
Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
p.22
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency?
A defect incorporating biotin.
p.23
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the transamination reaction involving oxaloacetate and glutamate?
Oxaloacetate + glutamate ↔ Aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate.
p.8
Water Soluble Vitamins
What type of vitamins are water soluble vitamins?
Vitamins that are not stored in the body, except for vitamin B12.
p.27
Vitamin K and Blood Coagulation
What is the role of γ-carboxylation in clotting factors?
It forms mature clotting factors that contain γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) and enables subsequent activation.
p.4
Vitamin D and Calcitriol Formation
What is the active form of vitamin D?
Calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol).
p.15
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Deficiency
Which tissues are primarily affected by thiamine deficiency?
Aerobic tissues, including the brain and cardiac muscle.
p.10
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
How is the bleeding tendency in Vitamin C deficiency different from Vitamin K deficiency?
The molecular mechanism for increased bleeding tendency is very different.
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
In the liver, with Vitamin K stored in the least amounts.
p.16
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Deficiency
What is confabulation in the context of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
A memory disturbance where a person creates false memories without intending to deceive.
p.24
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What risk does Isoniazid therapy pose?
It is a risk factor for Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) deficiency.
p.27
Vitamin K and Blood Coagulation
What can the clotting factor calcium complex bind to?
Phospholipids on the platelet membrane.
p.5
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What are the characteristic radiographic changes seen in rickets?
Widening, cupping, and fraying of the distal radius and ulna metaphyses, with an increase in the thickness of the growth plate.
p.7
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is malnutrition?
A condition resulting from inadequate intake of nutrients.
p.21
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is the effect of Carcinoid syndrome on Tryptophan?
It reduces the availability of Tryptophan for NAD+ formation.
p.9
Vitamin C and Its Functions
What is a key function of Vitamin C as an antioxidant?
It acts as a free radical scavenger.
p.9
Vitamin C and Its Functions
What chronic health benefit is associated with Vitamin C?
It helps reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
p.12
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the role of coenzymes in Vitamin B Complex?
They assist in various biochemical reactions in the body.
p.10
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
How does Vitamin C deficiency affect wound healing?
It impairs or delays wound healing.
What is the role of Vitamin E?
Lipid soluble antioxidant.
p.22
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the effect of impaired pyruvate carboxylase due to Biotin deficiency?
Impaired gluconeogenesis.
p.23
Vitamin B Complex Overview
How does Vitamin B6 relate to homocysteine metabolism?
It is involved in the conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine via cystathionine synthase.
p.18
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What role do NAD+ and NADP+ play in the body?
They act as coenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions.
p.14
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Deficiency
What coenzyme is required for reactions involving branched chain amino acids?
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
p.4
Vitamin D and Calcitriol Formation
What role does sunlight play in vitamin D formation?
It converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol.
p.19
Niacin (Vitamin B3) and Pellagra
What neurological condition can result from Niacin deficiency?
Dementia, which involves neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal tracts.
p.4
Vitamin D and Calcitriol Formation
What is the dietary source of cholecalciferol?
Cholecalciferol can be obtained from diet.
p.15
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Deficiency
What is polyneuropathy in the context of thiamine deficiency?
Disruption of motor, sensory, and reflex arcs that can progress to paralysis (Dry beriberi).
p.10
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What connective tissue defect is associated with Vitamin C deficiency?
Decreased hydroxyl groups leading to fewer H-bonds in collagen.
What factors affect the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?
Normal fat digestion and absorption.
p.22
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What substance inhibits biotin absorption?
Avidin (found in raw egg white).
p.18
Vitamin B Complex Overview
Which enzymes utilize NAD+?
Dehydrogenases such as PDH, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase.
p.22
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What role does Biotin play as a coenzyme?
It is a coenzyme for ABC enzymes (ATP, Biotin, CO2).
p.23
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the product of the decarboxylation of glutamate?
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).
p.7
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What situations can increase vitamin requirements?
Pregnancy, post-operative recovery, and periods of rapid growth.
p.21
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What is Hartnup disease?
A defect in the neutral amino acid transporter leading to less dietary Tryptophan absorption and loss of Tryptophan in urine.
What are the primary functions of Vitamin A?
Vision, epithelial tissue maintenance, and growth.
p.9
Vitamin C and Its Functions
What role does Vitamin C play in collagen synthesis?
It acts as a coenzyme for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase, aiding in hydrogen bond formation for collagen stability.
p.13
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the role of Transketolase in relation to Thiamine?
It is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt).
p.13
Vitamin B Complex Overview
Is Thiamine widely available in the diet?
Yes, it is widely available but deficient in refined foods.
What is the main function of Vitamin D?
Bone mineralization and blood calcium regulation.
p.3
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin K?
Prolonged prothrombin time and increased bruising.
p.22
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What happens to serum propionate levels with Biotin deficiency?
High serum propionate levels.
p.13
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is one of the key roles of Thiamine in metabolism?
Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids.
p.12
Vitamin B Complex Overview
Why are daily supplements of water-soluble vitamins essential?
Because they are not stored in the body.
p.12
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What are some manifestations of Vitamin B deficiencies?
Fatigue, anemia, and neurological issues (specific manifestations vary by vitamin).
p.12
Vitamin B Complex Overview
How do B vitamins relate to inherited disorders?
They can be utilized in the management of certain inherited metabolic disorders.
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
Clotting factor synthesis and coenzyme for gamma-carboxylase.
p.23
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the role of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) in amino acid metabolism?
It is involved in transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids.
p.9
Vitamin C and Its Functions
Which other vitamins work alongside Vitamin C as antioxidants?
Vitamin E and beta-carotene (provitamin A).
p.3
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin A?
Night blindness, bitot spots, and keratomalacia.
p.3
Vitamin Deficiencies and Related Conditions
What can cause secondary deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins?
Maldigestion and malabsorption of dietary fats, such as bile duct obstruction or cystic fibrosis.
p.15
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Deficiency
What laboratory test indicates thiamine deficiency?
Low erythrocyte transketolase activity and low serum thiamine levels.
p.23
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What are the two main aminotransferases associated with Vitamin B6?
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase).
p.23
Vitamin B Complex Overview
What is the significance of ALA synthase in heme synthesis?
It catalyzes the condensation of Glycine and Succinyl CoA to form Delta amino levulinic acid.
