p.4
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What did Emperor Zara-Yaqob encourage the clergy to do?
Preach Christianity in remote areas.
p.3
Evangelization and Religious Movements
Who led the anti-Ewostatewos group supported by the monarch?
The Abbot of the Hayq Monastery, Aqabe-Se'at Sereqe-Birhan.
p.5
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What led to the rivalry between the 'Solomonic' Kingdom and the Sultanate of Ifat?
The ambition to control the Zeila trade route.
p.5
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What actions did Sultan Haqaddin I take against the Christian Kingdom?
He stopped Christian merchants and confiscated their goods.
p.6
Trade and Economic Interactions
How did ecological differences between the Muslim Sultanates and the Christian Kingdom affect their relations?
They created economic interdependence, strengthening socio-economic bonds.
p.5
Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What was the outcome of the battle between Emperor Zara Yaqob and Sultan Ahmed Badlay in 1445?
Zara Yaqob defeated Sultan Ahmed Badlay.
p.3
Evangelization and Religious Movements
Where did Ewostatewos establish his monastic community?
In Sara'e, present-day Eritrea.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was the earliest known message to Ethiopia from a European monarch?
A letter from King Henry IV of England dated 1400 A.D.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
Who received a delegation from Yishaq in Valentia in 1427?
Alphonso de Paiva V of Aragon.
p.2
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
Who was the first 'Solomonic' King and what was his policy?
Amde-Tsion, who embarked on a policy of wider and rapid territorial expansion.
p.2
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What territories did Amde-Tsion expand into during his reign?
Agaw (Awi) of Gojjam, Bizamo, Damot, Bete-Israel, and the Red Sea Coast.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What tribute did Amde-Tsion require from Ifat, Fatagar, and Dawaro?
Annual tributes and freedom of movement for caravans through Zeila.
p.6
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What action did Amde-Tsion take in response to the persecution of Copts in Cairo?
He demanded the restoration of churches and warned of Nile water diversion.
p.1
Numeral Systems in Ethiopia
How does the Geʽez numeral system compare to other numeral systems?
It is comparable to Hebrew, Arabic, and Greek numerals but lacks individual characters for multiples of 100.
p.4
Political Dynamics of Muslim Sultanates
What led to the establishment of the Sultanate of Adal in 1367?
The Walasma family moved to the southeastern lowlands to avoid becoming an easy target for the Christian Kingdom.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What significant maps provide evidence of Ethio-Europe links?
Egyptus Novelo (c. 1454) and Fra Mauro's Mappomondo (1460).
p.1
Ethiopic and Gregorian Calendars
When does 1 Meskerem/Enkutatash fall on September 12?
In years before the Gregorian leap year.
p.1
Islamic Calendar and Historical Context
What do the abbreviations AH and BH stand for in the Islamic calendar?
AH stands for 'After Hijra' and BH stands for 'Before Hijra'.
p.4
Evangelization and Religious Movements
How did Emperor Zara-Yaqob address the conflict among Ethiopian clergy?
He created a suitable church-state union and made peace with the House of Ewostatewos.
p.4
Trade and Economic Interactions
What role did trade play in the emergence of Muslim sultanates in Ethiopia?
It served as a major source of livelihood and was a key factor in their rise and development.
p.6
Political Dynamics of Muslim Sultanates
Who attempted to harmonize relations between the Christian Kingdom and the Muslim Sultanates?
Mohammad ibn Azhar ad-Din (1488-1518).
p.6
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
Who took over leadership after Emir Mahfuz's death?
Imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, popularly known as Ahmed Gragn.
p.2
Evangelization and Religious Movements
How did the territorial expansion of Amde-Tsion impact Christianity?
It set an additional momentum for the spread of Christianity.
p.1
Islamic Calendar and Historical Context
What year does the Islamic calendar employ as its starting point?
622 AD, the year of the Hijra.
p.6
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was the outcome of Zara-Yaqob's letter to Sultan Jaqmaq regarding the church of Mitmaq?
Jaqmaq sent gifts but rejected the reconstruction of the church.
p.3
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What was one of the key teachings of Ewostatewos?
The strict observance of the Sabbath.
p.2
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What was the capital situation of the medieval monarchs from 1270 until 1636?
They had no permanent capital.
p.2
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
Who was Yikuno-Amlak and what did he do?
He consolidated his authority throughout the empire and subdued Ifat.
p.6
Trade and Economic Interactions
What role did trade play between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim principalities?
Trade was a major channel of social integration and interaction.
p.5
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What happened to the Muslim Sultanates after the decline of Ifat?
They were seriously weakened, leading to the relocation of some Walasma members to Adal.
p.5
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What happened after the death of Mohammed Ahmed in relation to Adal?
Adal continued to challenge the Christian state despite initial successes.
p.1
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What political instability occurred after the reign of Yikuno-Amlak?
Constant power struggles among his sons and grandsons for succession.
p.2
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What practice was followed when a monarch died in the Christian Kingdom?
Court dignitaries would send an army to escort the designated successor to the throne.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was the purpose of King Dawit's first delegation to Europe in 1402?
To establish relations and seek support.
p.5
Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What was the significance of Zeila during the medieval period?
It was the main outlet to the sea.
p.6
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What significant military action did Emir Mahfuz undertake?
He carried out effective military campaigns into the highlands.
p.2
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What role did Abune Tekle-Haymanot play in the spread of Christianity?
He revived Christianity in Shewa and evangelized southern Ethiopia.
p.6
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What literary developments occurred during this period?
Flourishing of Geez literature and works by Arab writers.
p.1
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What was established at Amba-Gishen to resolve the succession problem?
A 'royal prison' where all male members of the royal family were confined.
p.3
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What significant religious movement emerged in the mid-thirteenth century in Ethiopia?
The Ewostatewos Movement.
p.3
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What happened to the Ewostatewos Movement after Ewostatewos fled to Egypt?
The movement weakened, although followers tried to maintain its momentum.
p.3
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What conflict did Abba Estifanos have with Emperor Zara-Yaqob?
He disapproved of the Emperor's religious initiatives and rejected royal authority in spiritual matters.
p.6
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was the primary character of relations between the Christian Kingdom and Egypt from the late thirteenth century?
Mainly religious in character.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What legend influenced relations between the Christian Kingdom and Christian Europe during the medieval period?
The legend of 'Prester John'.
p.2
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What was the significance of Amba-Gishen in 1540?
It was destroyed by Imam Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Ghazi's force.
p.2
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
Where was the initial center of the restored dynasty located?
In medieval Amhara, around Lake Haiq.
p.4
Evangelization and Religious Movements
How did Islam spread into central and southwestern Ethiopia?
Through Muslim merchants and Muslim preachers.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was the objective of the Portuguese Embassy that reached Ethiopia in 1520?
To establish a naval port against the expanding Turkish power.
p.5
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
Who was Haqadin II and what was his fate?
He was a successor who rebelled against Neway-Maryam and died fighting in 1386.
p.3
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What was the Estifanosites movement known for?
Emphasizing poverty, self-subsistence, equality, and independence from secular authorities.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was the mission of Pietro Rombulo sent by King Zara-Yaqob?
To seek political, military, and technical assistance.
p.2
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What were Amde-Tsion's main motives for territorial expansion?
Economic and political motives to control trade routes and seize territories.
p.5
Power Struggles and Succession Issues
What were the consequences of Amde-Tsion's campaign against Ifat in 1332?
He defeated Sultan Haqaddin I and replaced him with his brother Sabradin.
p.1
Islamic Calendar and Historical Context
What type of calendar is the Islamic calendar?
A lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months.
p.1
Numeral Systems in Ethiopia
When did numerals first appear in Ethiopia?
At the beginning of the fourth century AD.
p.4
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What was one of the measures taken by Emperor Zara-Yaqob to promote religious literature?
He encouraged the establishment of a library in every church.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What towns served the Zeila trade route?
Weez-Gebeya, Suq-Wayzaro, Suq-Amaja, and Gandabalo.
p.6
Political Dynamics of Muslim Sultanates
What was the nature of the relations between the successors of Ba'ede-Mariam and the Muslim Sultanates?
The successors proved weak in their dealings, while Muslim leaders sought peaceful resolutions.
p.3
Evangelization and Religious Movements
What was the outcome for the Estifanosites during the reign of Naod?
They were reintegrated into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
p.7
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was Queen Elleni's concern regarding the Ottoman Turks?
Their support for the Muslim Sultanates.
p.6
External Relations with Egypt and Europe
What was the significance of the piece of the 'True Cross' sent by the Sultan to King Dawit?
It symbolized harmonious relations between King Dawit and Egypt.
p.1
Solomonic Dynasty and Historical Claims
What is the Kibre Negest?
A text that claims the Ethiopian ruling class descended from Menilek I, son of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon.
p.1
Solomonic Dynasty and Historical Claims
What is the claim of the Solomonic Dynasty regarding their lineage?
They claimed descent from the last king of Aksum, Dil Naod, and from King Solomon of Israel.
