p.8
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What is Bowman’s capsule?
A cup-like structure that encases the glomerulus and collects filtrate.
p.8
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Its Functions
What components are monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Juxtaglomerular (granular) cells, macula densa, and mesangial cells.
p.1
Functions of the Kidney
What is the primary function of the renal system?
To filter blood and produce urine.
p.3
Functions of the Kidney
What is one of the primary functions of the kidneys?
Filter blood, retaining proteins and blood cells while reabsorbing useful ions and molecules.
p.1
Urinary Bladder: Anatomy and Function
What is the purpose of the urinary bladder?
To store urine until it is excreted.
p.10
Filtration Membrane Components
How does the permeability of capillary endothelium in the filtration membrane compare to other capillaries?
It is much more permeable than capillaries elsewhere.
p.8
Filtration Membrane Components
What is the filtration membrane?
A barrier that transmits most blood components, excluding blood cells and large proteins.
p.16
Urinary Bladder: Anatomy and Function
Why is the trigone a common site for bladder infections?
Because of its anatomical structure and location.
p.1
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What are the main components of the renal system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
p.1
Functions of the Kidney
What is the role of the kidneys in the renal system?
To filter waste products from the blood and regulate fluid balance.
p.9
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Its Functions
What is the function of the macula densa?
To act as sensors that monitor the flow or composition of tubular fluid.
p.11
Filtration Membrane Components
What are filtration slits?
Slits between podocyte foot processes that are about 30 nm wide.
p.6
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What are minor calyces?
Funnel-shaped chambers into which the renal papillae extend.
p.2
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What specific structures of the urinary system should be described?
The structure of the kidney, ureters, and urinary bladder.
p.7
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What is the nephron?
The functional unit of the kidney.
p.5
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney?
Because the liver is superior to the right kidney.
p.14
Ureters: Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the ureters?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
p.14
Urinary Bladder: Anatomy and Function
What are rugae in the context of the urinary bladder?
Wrinkles that flatten when the bladder fills and reappear when it is empty.
p.1
Ureters: Structure and Function
What is the function of the ureters?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
p.7
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron.
p.7
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What are the main parts of the nephron?
Renal corpuscle, renal tubule, collecting duct, papillary duct, and minor calyx.
p.8
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
It further adjusts the composition of urine through reabsorption and secretion.
p.9
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Its Functions
What are granular (juxtaglomerular) cells?
Enlarged smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole that secrete renin.
p.5
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
Where are the kidneys located?
Retroperitoneal organs in the abdominal cavity.
p.4
Functions of the Kidney
What can azotemia progress to?
Uremia, which includes symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia.
p.9
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Its Functions
What are the functions of mesangial cells?
Support the glomerulus, phagocytize tissue debris, and regulate blood flow and filtration rate.
p.8
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What is the function of the afferent arteriole in the nephron?
It supplies blood to the glomerulus.
p.10
Filtration Membrane Components
Why does the basement membrane repel blood albumin?
Because blood albumin is negatively charged and less than 7 nm.
p.2
Overview of the Renal System
What is the primary focus of the learning outcome regarding the urinary system?
To understand the general structures and organization of the urinary system.
p.11
Filtration Membrane Components
What is the charge of the filtration slits?
Negatively charged, serving as a final barrier to large anions such as proteins.
p.14
Urinary Bladder: Anatomy and Function
What happens to the rugae when the bladder fills?
They stretch and flatten.
p.11
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What do the foot processes of podocytes wrap around?
The glomerular blood capillaries.
p.3
Functions of the Kidney
What solutes do the kidneys help regulate in the blood?
Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-).
p.6
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What is the renal pelvis?
An enlarged chamber formed by the convergence of major calyces.
p.8
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?
It reabsorbs nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the filtrate.
p.16
Urinary Bladder: Anatomy and Function
What is the trigone in the urinary system?
A triangle defined by the openings of the urethra and ureter.
p.5
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What is the approximate size of a kidney?
About the size of a tightly clenched fist.
p.4
Functions of the Kidney
What is azotemia?
A high level of blood urea nitrogen due to kidney dysfunction.
p.6
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What forms the major calyces?
The merging of minor calyces from several pyramids.
p.10
Filtration Membrane Components
What size substances does the basement membrane exclude?
Substances larger than 8 nm.
p.8
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What are the limbs of the loop of Henle responsible for?
They concentrate urine by reabsorbing water and salts.
p.3
Functions of the Kidney
What do the kidneys excrete?
Metabolic waste, toxic molecules, excessive ions, and a small volume of water.
p.15
Urinary Bladder: Anatomy and Function
What is located anterior to the male bladder?
Rectum and seminal vesicle.
p.1
Urethra: Differences Between Male and Female
What is the function of the urethra?
To carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
p.10
Filtration Membrane Components
What does the basement membrane consist of?
A layer of proteoglycan gel beneath the endothelial cell.
p.11
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What is the shape of a podocyte?
Shaped like an octopus with a bulbous cell body and several thick arms.
p.9
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Its Functions
How do granular cells respond to stimulation by the macula densa?
They dilate and constrict the arterioles.
p.5
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
From which vertebrae levels do the kidneys extend?
From T12 (Thoracic) to L3 (Lumbar).
p.4
Functions of the Kidney
What severe outcomes can result from untreated uremia?
Convulsion, coma, and death within a few days.
p.8
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Its Functions
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A group of cells that monitor and adjust nephron activity.
p.14
Ureters: Structure and Function
What characteristic of the ureters makes them susceptible to obstruction?
Their narrow lumen can be easily obstructed by kidney stones.
p.16
Urethra: Differences Between Male and Female
What are the three parts of the male urethra?
Prostatic, membranous, and spongy.
p.11
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What are the extensions of podocyte arms called?
Foot processes or pedicels.
p.3
Functions of the Kidney
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume?
By producing either a large volume of dilute urine or a small volume of concentrated urine.
p.8
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What does the efferent arteriole do?
It carries blood away from the glomerulus.
p.16
Urethra: Differences Between Male and Female
How does the female urethra compare to the male urethra?
The female urethra is relatively short.
p.6
Structure and Anatomy of the Kidney
What do renal papillae represent?
The tips of the renal pyramids.
p.3
Functions of the Kidney
What role do the kidneys play in red blood cell synthesis?
They are involved in the synthesis of red blood cells.
p.7
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What components make up the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
p.8
Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
What is the glomerulus?
A network of capillaries involved in the filtration of blood.
