Microorganisms that invade or infect a host (a person or animal) and cause diseases by disrupting vital body processes or stimulating the immune system.
The body's defensive reaction to a pathogen, which includes high fever, inflammation, and other associated symptoms.
The immune response can cause significant damage through symptoms like high fever and inflammation, which may be more harmful than the direct damage caused by the pathogen.
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
Common pathogens include viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
Pathogens can live harmlessly in a host without causing infection.
A microorganism can become a pathogen when it enters a new host.
Pathogens can enter the body through the respiratory system, skin, digestive system, or reproductive system.
Direct transmission refers to the transfer of infectious agents from one person to another through close contact, such as inhalation of contaminated droplets or contact between body surfaces.
Indirect transmission occurs when infectious agents are spread through inanimate objects or living things, such as water, food, towels, insects, birds, or animals.
It is the responsibility of the high school, college, professional team, or clinic to ensure the safety of all staff members.
It is possible that the individual will not exhibit signs and symptoms.
A wound is defined as trauma to tissues that causes a break in the continuity of that tissue.
Antiretroviral (ART) therapy is recommended for all people living with HIV, regardless of their health status or duration of infection.
Objects such as needles, razor blades, and scalpels that can cause injury.
The HBV vaccine requires a series of three inoculations spread over a 6-month period.
The athlete should be taken to the hospital along with the avulsed tissue for reattachment.
In the Decline stage, the first signs of recovery appear, signaling that the infection is ending.
They should be evaluated for vaccination to protect against potential infections.
Symptoms include jaundice, mild abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle or joint pain, and/or dark urine.
HBV can survive for at least one week in dried blood or on contaminated surfaces.
Sutures are a method of manual closure used for deep lacerations, incisions, or puncture wounds to promote healing.
Universal precautions are a set of guidelines designed to prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens by treating all blood and bodily fluids as if they are infectious.
Institutions should implement policies concerning bloodborne pathogens to protect athletes, coaches, and health care providers from the risks associated with these infectious agents.
Biohazard warning labels should be fixed to containers for regulated waste, refrigerators containing blood, and containers used to store or ship potentially infectious materials.
It mounts a cellular response to combat invading pathogens.
Guidelines instituted by OSHA to protect health care providers and patients against bloodborne pathogens.
One-time-use nonlatex gloves, such as those made of vinyl or nitrile rubber, should be used in treating athletes.
Vaccines help minimize the severity of the symptoms of a disease in an individual who is infected and mitigate the risks of transmission to others.
Open wounds are injuries that break the skin, exposing underlying tissues and potentially allowing microorganisms to enter.
Alcohol-based waterless sanitizers should be rubbed thoroughly for 30 seconds followed by complete air-drying.
Good personal hygiene helps reduce the risk of HBV transmission by minimizing exposure to contaminated surfaces and bodily fluids.
It is commonly spread through sharing needles or syringes, getting tattoos or body piercings, and sharing personal care items that may have blood on them, such as razors and toothbrushes.
Athletic trainers should always follow routine barrier precautions and safely handle needles and other sharp objects to prevent the spread of Hepatitis C.
Contaminated towels or linens should be bagged and separated from other laundry to prevent cross-contamination.
Tonic spasm of skeletal muscles is always a possibility for any nonimmunized athlete.
All staff members have the personal responsibility of adhering to and enforcing the policies and guidelines related to bloodborne pathogens.
Signs of wound infection include pain, heat, redness, swelling, and disordered function. Pus may form due to the accumulation of white blood cells, and fever may occur as the immune system fights bacterial infection.
Mechanical forces that can injure soft tissue include friction or rubbing, scraping, compression or pressure, tearing, cutting, and penetration.
No, there is currently no vaccine for HIV.
The USOC supports the use of mouthpieces to protect athletes from exposure to infectious diseases.
Practicing safe sex is of major importance to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
According to OSHA, vaccination against HBV should be provided by an employer at no cost to individuals who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant bloodborne pathogen that can cause liver infection and disease.
All wounds should be treated as though they have been contaminated with microorganisms to minimize the risk of infection.
Antibacterial ointments are effective in limiting surface bacterial growth and prevent the dressing from sticking to the wound.
Because they can introduce harmful bacteria like the tetanus bacillus into the bloodstream, posing serious health risks.
Fecal-oral spread is a mode of transmission where infectious agents are spread through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, often due to poor sanitation.
Abrasions are wounds where the skin is scraped against a rough surface, causing the top layer of skin to wear away and exposing numerous blood capillaries, which increases the probability of infection.
It helps develop adapted immunity.
The greatest risk for contracting HIV is through intimate sexual contact with an infected partner.
Education is important for student-athletes to understand how bloodborne pathogens are transmitted and to take necessary precautions.
A single positive test indicates infection with HCV.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major bloodborne pathogen that primarily affects the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease.
First-aid kits must have protection for hands, face, and eyes, as well as resuscitation mouthpieces.
Peginterferon and ribavirin are two drugs used in combination that appear to be the most effective for treatment.
Most wound infections can be treated with antibiotics, although some strains may be resistant.
Chlorine bleach is used for disinfecting and sanitizing equipment and uniforms to prevent infections.
Soiled linen should be transported in red or orange containers or bags that prevent soaking or leaking and are labeled with biohazard warning labels.
A positive test for HIV cannot predict when an individual might show symptoms of AIDS.
Artificial immunity refers to the ways of achieving adapted immunity through external means, such as vaccination or the injection of antibodies.
Airborne transmission can occur by sharing air with infected people who were in close contact in a limited confined space.
The risk of on-field transmission of HIV among athletes is minimal.
Personal Precautions involve washing hands and skin surfaces immediately with soap and water or other germicidal agents after contact with blood and fluids.
Any individual working in an allied health care profession who may potentially come in contact with blood should receive HBV immunization.
MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of bacteria that has become resistant to some antibiotics and is more difficult to treat.
A disease is termed contagious if it can be transmitted from one person to another.
High-risk activities include behaviors that increase the likelihood of exposure to HBV, such as sharing needles or engaging in unprotected sex.
It is important to be cautious and avoid contact with contaminated surfaces to prevent HBV transmission.
Flulike symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, and possibly jaundice.
Proper receptacles help in the safe disposal of contaminated items, reducing the risk of infection spread.
Approximately 85 percent of those infected recover within 6 to 8 weeks.
The most effective treatment for HIV is the use of antiretroviral (ART) therapy.
An estimated 37.6 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS.
Avulsed tissue should be placed on moist gauze, preferably saturated with saline solution and immersed in cold water.
Postexposure Procedures involve a confidential medical evaluation for an exposed individual, documenting the exposure route, identifying the source individual, conducting a blood test, providing counseling, and evaluating reported illness.
To stress body isolation and protect against the transmission of infectious diseases.
Vaccines are used to treat diseases such as polio, smallpox, shingles, pertussis, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type B, tetanus, rubella, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and COVID-19.
Using prelubricated condoms lowers the chances of a tear.
Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans, including viruses like HBV and HIV.
Early diagnosis of the cause of a wound infection is crucial because infections can become more severe if not identified promptly, and initial antibiotics may not be effective.
Disinfectants are solutions used to clean contaminated surfaces, such as a mixture of one part bleach to ten parts water or other EPA-approved disinfectants.
Blood on a uniform can sometimes be removed with hydrogen peroxide without having to remove the entire uniform.
The Tetanus bacillus enters the wound as a spore and acts on the motor end plate of the central nervous system (CNS).
Antibodies can be detected in blood tests within a year of exposure to HIV.
The soft and pliable nature of skin makes it highly susceptible to injury.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes disposable nonlatex gloves, gowns or aprons, masks and shields, eye protection, nonabsorbent gowns, and disposable mouthpieces for resuscitation devices, used to protect health care personnel from bloodborne pathogens.
Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans, including viruses like HIV.
Professional sports organizations have established policies to prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens among athletes.
Latex condoms should be used as they provide a barrier against HBV and HIV.
80% of those infected have no signs or symptoms.
Occlusive dressings provide a complete barrier around and over a wound and are air-tight and water-tight.
Several of these vaccines have virtually eradicated many of these infectious diseases worldwide.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a bloodborne pathogen that attacks the immune system, potentially leading to AIDS.
Saline solution is recommended for cleaning wounds repeatedly.
Drinking alcohol should be avoided as it can make liver disease worse.
A bacterial infection that may cause fever and convulsions, occurring most often with a puncture wound.
HIV is transmitted by exposure to infected blood or other bodily fluids or by intimate sexual contact.
Pathogenic microorganisms that can potentially cause disease and may be present in human blood and other bodily fluids including semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and any other fluid contaminated with blood.
A family of complex viruses that invade normal healthy cells, decreasing the effectiveness of the host cell in preventing disease, with the potential to eventually destroy the immune system.
PPE is important for health care personnel working directly with bodily fluids to prevent potential contact with bloodborne pathogens.
Sharps must be disposed of in a leakproof and puncture-resistant container.
Injecting antibodies provides immediate protection against pathogens until the body can develop its own natural immunity.
Wounds with smooth edges that often appear where a sharp or pointed object tears the skin.
If a condom tears, a vaginal spermicide should be used immediately.
The risk of contracting HBV or HIV for athletes is primarily through off-the-field activities such as unsafe sexual practices and sharing needles.
Sharing these items can facilitate the transmission of infectious agents to others, increasing the risk of spreading illness.
Cleaning and disinfecting high-touch surfaces helps to eliminate pathogens that can be transferred to individuals, reducing the risk of infection.
Antiseptics are used to clean wounds and prevent infection in athletes.
An infected person's blood may test positive for the HBV antigen within 2 to 6 weeks after symptoms develop.
Gloves and bandages should be placed in sealed white bags prior to disposal in regular trash containers.
Those who develop AIDS generally die within three years after the symptoms appear.
The best means for prevention of HIV is through education.
Acute and chronic form of liver disease caused by HCV; it is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States and the leading indication for liver transplant.
The container should be red or orange and labeled as a biohazard.
Sports that involve close physical contact and possible direct contact with blood, such as martial arts, wrestling, and boxing, have a potentially higher risk for transmission.
A viral infection that is primarily spread by contact with the blood of an infected person, rather than through sexual contact.
Wounds that can easily occur during physical activities and can be fatal, involving direct penetration of tissues which may introduce the tetanus bacillus into the bloodstream.
Occlusive dressing is used to lessen the chances of cross-contamination and to keep wounds moist and pliable, reducing the chances of reopening.
The athlete must be removed from participation and can only return when deemed safe by the medical staff.
The necessity of sutures is determined by the physician based on the severity of the wound.
Fine suture material and minimal tightening help limit additional tissue damage, inflammation, and scarring.
Alternatives to sutures include steri-strips, butterfly bandages, or skin glue for approximating torn tissues.
Boosters should be given every 10 years after the initial childhood immunization.
It is recommended to get tested after coming in close contact with an infected person to ensure early detection and prevent further spread of infectious diseases.
AIDS is a syndrome characterized by a collection of signs and symptoms that indicate the effects of an HIV infection, leading to a lack of protection against even minor infections.
A system consisting of several types of cells and molecules that protect the body from invading pathogens.
Lacerations occur when a blunt force is delivered over a sharp bone or a poorly padded bone, resulting in a jagged-edge cavity and may also lead to skin avulsion.
Avulsion wounds are injuries where the skin is torn from the body, often associated with major bleeding.
Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans.
Vaccination exposes the body to weakened pathogens to stimulate an immune response and develop immunity.
Guidelines developed by the CDC in 2007 to expand on universal precautions, addressing both bloodborne and airborne infectious diseases.
During the Acute stage, the disease reaches its greatest potential for transmission to others and the body is resisting further damage from the pathogen.
Athletes should shower immediately to reduce the risk of exposure to infectious diseases.
A sterile dressing is applied to keep fresh wounds clean.
Confidentiality is crucial in Postexposure Procedures as laws regarding reporting and notification of results vary from state to state, ensuring the privacy of the exposed individual.
Male condoms should have reservoir tips to reduce the chance of ejaculate being released from the sides of the condom.
Parents of athletes should also be educated about bloodborne pathogens and their transmission.
Universal Precautions are guidelines to prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens in an athletic environment, including covering open wounds and lesions.
A single negative test does not prove that a person is not infected.
Wounds should be cleaned with copious amounts of soap and water or a sterile solution to minimize the chances of infection.
Touching your eyes, nose, and mouth can introduce pathogens into your body, increasing the risk of infection.
Other bloodborne diseases include hepatitis A, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, and syphilis.
Hydrogen peroxide and bacterial solutions should be avoided initially when cleaning wounds.
OSHA guidelines for bloodborne pathogens are intended to protect health care employees from exposure to infectious materials, ensuring their safety in the workplace.
A major cause of viral infection that results in swelling, soreness, and loss of normal function in the liver.
You should stay home from work, school, and public areas unless seeking medical care to prevent spreading the illness to others.
Symptoms of HIV include fatigue, weight loss, muscle or joint pain, painful or swollen glands, night sweats, and fever.
Athletes who are not immunized should receive tetanus immune globulin (Hyper - Tet) immediately following a skin wound.
Avoiding crowds and indoor places that have poor ventilation is advised to minimize the risk of exposure to infectious diseases.
Institutions should institute and annually update policies for education on the prevention of transmission of bloodborne pathogens through contact with athletes.
Wound care bandages are used to protect injuries and promote healing while preventing infection.
Getting vaccinated is a precaution recommended by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control to avoid exposure to and transmission of infectious diseases.
Avoiding close contact with anyone who is sick or has symptoms helps to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases.
You should cover your mouth and nose with your elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Contaminated laundry should be washed in hot water at 160 °F for 25 minutes using a detergent that deactivates the virus.
Wearing a face mask is recommended in indoor public spaces and outdoors where there is a high risk of transmission to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
People with HIV may go as long as 8 to 10 years before developing any signs or symptoms.
A designated container for sharps is crucial for safely disposing of needles, syringes, or scalpels to prevent injuries and infections.
Most individuals who test positive for HIV will eventually develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Hands should be washed often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol should be used.
