p.1
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the main focus of Lecture 3 in Human Anatomy and Physiology I?
Thermoregulation and Digestive System (Part One).
p.3
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the primary mechanisms of thermoregulation?
They include sweating, shivering, and altering blood flow to the skin.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What is secretion in the context of the digestive system?
Release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive tract and accessory organs into the lumen of the digestive tract.
p.8
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is known as the 'Master Gland'?
The pituitary gland, which regulates other endocrine glands.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What are some important functions of the GI tract?
Secretion, absorption, and excretion.
p.14
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What happens to sweat glands when we feel hot?
They become active and produce sweat.
p.3
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is thermoregulation?
The process by which the body maintains its internal temperature within a narrow, optimal range.
p.12
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How can the rate of heat loss be controlled in the body?
By controlling the amount of blood into the capillary bed near the skin.
p.10
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
What type of glands are found in the skin?
Exocrine and endocrine glands.
p.47
Digestive System Anatomy
What are absorptive cells?
Cells with microvilli that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food.
p.34
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
What is segmentation?
The pinching of the intestine into compartments for mixing undigested materials with intestinal secretions.
p.17
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the primary mechanisms of thermoregulation?
Conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
p.8
Functions of the Digestive System
What does the term 'GAIN' refer to in a physiological context?
An increase in a particular function or measurement.
p.35
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
What is peristalsis?
A propulsion mechanism in the digestive system.
p.11
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the effect of arterioles constricting in cold conditions?
It reduces heat loss through radiation and convection, retaining heat in the core of the body.
p.2
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What is thermoregulation?
The process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature.
p.35
Functions of GI Organs
What is genetic megacolon caused by?
Neurological disorders leading to uncoordinated contractions of the colon muscles.
p.21
Functions of GI Organs
How do the intestines contribute to digestion?
They absorb nutrients and water from digested food.
p.13
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What happens to the erector muscle when we feel cold?
The erector muscle contracts.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What does absorption refer to in the digestive process?
Movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the blood and lymph.
p.49
Digestive System Anatomy
What are the main components of the large intestine?
Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal.
p.11
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What happens to arterioles near the skin when we feel cold?
They constrict, reducing blood flow near the skin surface.
p.31
Mechanism of Swallowing
What role does the soft palate play during swallowing?
It rises to close off the entrance to the nasopharynx and nasal cavity.
p.17
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is thermoregulation?
The process by which the body maintains its core internal temperature.
p.35
Functions of GI Organs
What does megacolon refer to?
An abnormal dilation of the colon, with a diameter more than five times that of a normal colon.
p.18
Functions of the Digestive System
What role do accessory organs play in the GI tract?
They assist in digestion by producing enzymes and other substances.
p.21
Functions of GI Organs
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To break down food and mix it with digestive juices.
p.32
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the sequence of events after the bolus passes the pharynx?
Larynx and epiglottis return to their original position.
p.18
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the pH level of the intestines?
Neutral to alkaline, typically around 7 to 8.
p.19
Functions of the Digestive System
What is intestinal juice?
A fluid secreted by the intestinal glands that aids in digestion.
p.14
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What is the effect of sweat evaporation on body temperature?
It takes a lot of heat energy away from the body, leading to a decrease in body temperature.
p.34
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
Where does peristalsis occur?
In the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
p.16
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is the role of the hypothalamus in body temperature regulation?
It acts as the thermoregulatory center in the body.
p.26
Functions of GI Organs
What is the function of enamel?
It protects teeth from decay.
p.16
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What happens when there is a deviation from the body temperature set-point?
Temperature reduction or generation mechanisms are triggered.
p.18
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of bile in the digestive system?
To emulsify fats for easier digestion.
p.6
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
Where are peripheral thermoreceptors located?
Free nerve endings on the skin.
p.25
Digestive System Anatomy
Where are teeth anchored?
In sockets in the upper and lower jaws.
p.7
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What types of receptors are involved in thermoregulation?
Hot and cold receptors from the skin, deep tissues, spinal cord, and hypothalamus.
p.10
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
What are the two main layers of the skin?
Epidermis (top layer) and Dermis (below epidermis).
p.19
Functions of the Digestive System
What are taste buds?
Sensory organs on the tongue that detect taste.
p.4
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What type of organisms are humans classified as regarding temperature regulation?
Humans are homoeothermic or endothermic organisms.
p.4
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What role does basal metabolism play in thermoregulation?
It helps maintain body temperature within a relatively constant range for optimal enzyme function.
p.38
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the primary function of the stomach?
To digest food and mix it with gastric juices.
p.4
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What can happen if the body temperature is not properly regulated?
It can lead to slowed activity, organ malfunction, and potentially lethal conditions like cardiac failure or heat stroke.
p.38
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the average pH level of gastric juice in the stomach?
Around 1.5 to 3.5, making it highly acidic.
p.4
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What are the consequences of very low body temperature?
It can cause organ malfunction such as cardiac failure and damage to liver and brain cells.
p.44
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the role of the serosa?
It is a layer of connective tissue that secretes serous fluid to reduce friction during gut movement.
p.34
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
Does segmentation result in net movement of food?
No, there is no net movement as in peristalsis.
p.50
Digestive System Anatomy
What are the four parts of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.
p.43
Anatomy of the GI Tract
What is the role of sphincters in the GI tract?
They contract to regulate the passage of contents through the GI tract.
p.42
Digestive System Anatomy
What are the four concentric layers of the GI tract?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
p.21
Functions of GI Organs
What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
It produces enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
What is the organization of the GI tract?
It includes various organs that work together for digestion.
p.12
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What role do capillary beds near the skin play in thermoregulation?
They help control the rate of heat loss.
p.36
Digestive System Anatomy
At what level does the abdominal cavity end?
At the level of the pelvic bones.
p.29
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
To break down food into nutrients for the body.
p.23
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the role of the epithelium in the digestive tract?
To absorb smaller components resulting from chemical digestion.
p.29
Functions of the Digestive System
How does the digestive system contribute to energy production?
By converting food into energy through digestion and absorption.
p.38
Functions of the Digestive System
What role does the stomach play in the digestive process?
It breaks down food into a semi-liquid form called chyme.
p.47
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the role of Paneth cells?
They produce secretions containing antimicrobial peptides to help protect from infections.
p.17
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does conduction contribute to thermoregulation?
It involves heat transfer through direct contact with another object.
p.6
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is the role of the thermoregulatory center?
To correct deviations in body temperature by signaling effectors.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the role of the swallowing center in the reflex?
It acts as the integrator for the swallowing reflex.
p.17
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is the hypothalamus's role in thermoregulation?
It acts as the body's thermostat, regulating temperature through various mechanisms.
p.41
Functions of the Digestive System
What is one of the primary functions of the stomach?
Initial digestion of proteins and lipids.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the response of the swallowing reflex?
Coordinated muscle contraction and relaxation that pushes the food bolus into the stomach (peristalsis).
p.19
Digestive System Anatomy
What is megacolon?
A condition characterized by an abnormal dilation of the colon.
p.27
Functions of the Digestive System
What is one function of saliva?
Prevents bacterial infection.
p.35
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
What is segmentation?
A mixing mechanism in the digestive system.
p.11
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What occurs to arterioles near the skin when we feel hot?
They dilate, increasing blood flow near the skin surface.
p.33
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
Where is the esophagus located in relation to the trachea?
It is behind/posterior to the trachea.
p.15
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What happens when the body temperature rises?
The hypothalamus triggers sweating and increased blood flow to the skin.
p.43
Functions of GI Organs
What is the general effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?
It is generally excitatory, increasing GI motility and secretions.
p.13
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does lying flat body hair affect heat loss?
It traps less air, leading to an increase in heat loss.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
What initiates the swallowing reflex?
Pressure at the throat from the food bolus.
p.2
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What role does the hypothalamus play in temperature control?
It regulates and maintains a constant body temperature.
p.6
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the function of sweat glands in thermoregulation?
To increase heat loss through evaporation.
p.2
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the key functions performed by the GI tract?
Digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste.
p.41
Functions of GI Organs
What is the role of parietal cells in the stomach?
They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
p.39
Functions of GI Organs
What health conditions are associated with damage to gastric pits and glands?
Gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer.
p.48
Digestive System Anatomy
How do folding, villi, and microvilli affect the small intestine?
They greatly increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.
What aspect of the digestive system is covered in Lecture 3?
GI tract organization and functions.
p.31
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the function of the hard palate?
It forms the roof of the mouth and aids in the process of swallowing.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the primary function of swallowing?
Movement of food from the mouth into the stomach.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
How many muscles are involved in the swallowing process?
22 muscles in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
p.34
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
Where does segmentation occur?
In the small intestine and large intestine.
p.15
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation?
It acts as the body's thermostat.
p.26
Functions of GI Organs
What role does dentine play in relation to enamel?
It absorbs shock and supports the outer enamel.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is thermoregulation?
The process of maintaining body temperature through heat loss and heat gain.
p.39
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.6
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
Which effectors are involved in correcting temperature deviations?
Sweat glands, smooth muscles in skin arterioles, skeletal muscle, and adrenal medulla.
p.21
Functions of GI Organs
What is the role of the gallbladder in digestion?
It stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the small intestine.
p.42
Functions of GI Organs
What are the functions of the mucosa in the small and large intestines?
Secretory and absorptive functions.
p.2
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the mechanism of swallowing?
The process that moves food from the mouth to the esophagus.
p.39
Functions of GI Organs
What substances are secreted through gastric pits?
Digestive fluids including mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
How do the tongue and teeth contribute to mechanical digestion?
They physically break down the food.
p.24
Functions of the Digestive System
What is excretion (defecation) in the digestive system?
Removal of waste products which are first compacted and then discharged during defecation.
p.34
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
What is peristalsis?
The rhythmic wave of smooth muscle contraction that propels materials through the GI tract.
p.28
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the function of the uvula?
It moves downward when swallowing.
p.29
Functions of the Digestive System
What role does the digestive system play in waste elimination?
It removes indigestible substances from the body.
p.16
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is the goal of the mechanisms triggered by the hypothalamus?
To restore the normal narrow range of body temperature.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
Where is the swallowing center located?
In the medulla oblongata.
p.17
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What role does evaporation play in thermoregulation?
It helps cool the body by converting sweat into vapor, removing heat.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
What type of receptor detects the pressure during swallowing?
Pressure receptor (mechanoreceptor) at the back of the pharynx.
p.17
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the significance of convection in thermoregulation?
It involves heat transfer through air or water movement around the body.
p.7
Human Body Temperature Regulation
How are temperature sensations transmitted to the brain?
Through signals from thermoreceptors on afferent neurons.
p.2
Movement of Food in the GI Tract
How does food move along the GI tract?
Through coordinated muscular contractions known as peristalsis.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does shivering thermogenesis contribute to heat gain?
By generating heat through muscle contractions.
p.3
Human Body Temperature Regulation
Why is thermoregulation important?
It is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring proper physiological functions.
p.8
Functions of the Digestive System
What does the term 'LOSS' refer to in a physiological context?
A decrease in a particular function or measurement.
p.46
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the length of the duodenum?
25 cm beyond the pyloric sphincter.
p.18
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the primary function of the stomach in the GI tract?
To digest food and mix it with gastric juices.
p.49
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the primary functions of the large intestine?
Absorption of water and salts, secretion of mucus, extensive action of microorganisms.
p.18
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the pH level of the stomach?
Acidic, typically around 1.5 to 3.5.
p.31
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the upper esophageal sphincter?
A ring of skeletal muscle involved in swallowing that forces food downward into the esophagus.
p.35
Functions of GI Organs
What are the main causes of megacolon?
Genetic megacolon, congenital megacolon, chronic constipation, and intestinal diseases.
p.47
Digestive System Anatomy
Where are intestinal glands located?
In the mucosa at the bases of villi.
p.35
Functions of GI Organs
What symptoms are associated with megacolon?
Abdominal distension, abdominal pain, chronic constipation, and potentially intestinal obstruction.
p.17
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does radiation affect body temperature?
It involves the transfer of heat in the form of infrared radiation to the environment.
p.26
Functions of GI Organs
What is the significance of the pulp in teeth?
It contains nerves and blood vessels essential for tooth health.
p.7
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is the role of the heat gain center in the hypothalamus?
It is located in the posterior hypothalamus.
p.50
Digestive System Anatomy
Are haustra fixed structures in the colon?
No, they move along the colon as teniae coli contract and relax.
p.42
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the orientation of the inner and outer layers of the muscularis mucosae?
Inner layer is circularly oriented; outer layer is longitudinally oriented.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is mechanical digestion?
The physical breakdown of solid foods into smaller parts.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the role of bile in digestion?
It emulsifies fat globules, breaking them into smaller droplets.
p.8
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
What is the optic chiasm?
A structure in the brain where the optic nerves cross.
p.15
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to body temperature?
To regulate and maintain body temperature.
p.33
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the primary function of the esophagus?
To transfer food from the mouth to the stomach.
p.32
Mechanism of Swallowing
What occurs when the pharyngeal muscles contract?
The larynx moves up and the epiglottis flaps down.
p.25
Digestive System Anatomy
What are the types of teeth and their functions?
4 incisors (cutting), 2 canines (tearing), 4 premolars, and 6 molars (crushing and grinding).
p.38
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the capacity of the human stomach?
Approximately 1 to 2 liters.
p.26
Digestive System Anatomy
What is dentine?
A bone-like tissue that encloses the pulp cavity and supports the outer enamel.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What does mixing and propulsion refer to in the digestive system?
The movement of food along the alimentary canal.
p.21
Functions of GI Organs
What role does the liver play in digestion?
It produces bile, which helps in the digestion of fats.
p.27
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the primary purpose of lubrication by saliva?
To facilitate swallowing.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does heat conduction contribute to heat loss?
By touching objects that are cooler than the body.
p.45
Functions of GI Organs
What is the function of pancreatic amylase?
To break down carbohydrates.
p.6
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What is the significance of maintaining homeostasis in body temperature?
To ensure stable conditions for optimal physiological function.
p.41
Functions of GI Organs
What is the function of histamine in the stomach?
It stimulates acid secretion.
p.10
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
What is the function of accessory structures in the skin?
They include various components like hair follicles and glands.
p.44
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the submucosa?
A layer of connective tissue that contains large blood vessels, large lymphatic vessels, and the submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus.
p.44
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the function of the submucosal nerve plexus?
It regulates the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
p.25
Functions of the Digestive System
Is any food absorbed in the mouth?
No, food is not absorbed from the mouth.
p.31
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the function of the epiglottis?
It folds backwards to prevent food from entering the larynx and trachea.
p.11
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the effect of arterioles dilating in hot conditions?
It increases heat loss through radiation and convection.
p.6
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What do thermoreceptors detect?
Deviation of body temperature.
p.2
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the mechanisms of heat loss and heat gain?
Processes that help the body maintain its temperature by losing or gaining heat.
p.32
Mechanism of Swallowing
What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
It flaps down to prevent food from entering the airway.
p.18
Functions of the Digestive System
How does the GI tract contribute to the immune system?
It acts as a barrier and contains immune cells to protect against pathogens.
p.2
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What is the significance of maintaining a narrow temperature range?
It is crucial for optimal physiological functioning.
p.7
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
What type of neurons are thermoreceptors associated with?
Afferent neurons with little or no myelination.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is evaporation's role in heat loss?
It cools the body as sweat evaporates.
p.39
Functions of the Digestive System
Why are gastric pits considered important structures?
They are essential for digestion and protection mechanisms in the stomach.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is peristalsis?
A wave-like muscle contraction that moves food through the GI tract.
p.28
GI Tract Organization
How does food enter the digestive tract?
Through the oral cavity (mouth).
p.23
Functions of the Digestive System
What is chemical digestion?
The chemical breakdown of food by enzymes into smaller components that can be absorbed by the epithelium of the digestive tract.
p.47
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the function of goblet cells?
They produce protective mucus.
p.43
Functions of GI Organs
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?
It causes contraction of sphincters and inhibition of motor activity, leading to relaxation of GI muscles.
p.15
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
How does the hypothalamus respond to changes in body temperature?
It activates mechanisms to either dissipate heat or conserve heat.
p.43
Functions of GI Organs
How does sympathetic stimulation affect GI secretions?
It inhibits GI secretions.
p.26
Digestive System Anatomy
What does the pulp cavity contain?
Pulp, which includes nerves and blood vessels.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the role of chemical digestion?
To break down large food molecules into simple molecules for absorption.
p.29
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the two main processes involved in digestion?
Mechanical and chemical digestion.
p.37
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the main function of the large intestine?
To absorb water and form waste.
p.35
Functions of GI Organs
How is megacolon diagnosed?
Through X-ray or colonoscopy to assess the diameter of the colon.
p.50
Digestive System Anatomy
What type of glands are found in the mucosa of the colon?
Straight tubular glands called crypts.
p.42
Digestive System Anatomy
What type of epithelium is typically found in the mucosa?
Simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium.
p.30
Mechanism of Swallowing
What muscles are involved in the effector phase of swallowing?
Skeletal muscles (pharynx, larynx, and esophagus) and smooth muscles (esophagus).
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What role does convection play in thermoregulation?
It helps in heat loss through air flow.
p.45
Functions of GI Organs
What are deoxyribonucleases and ribonucleases responsible for?
Digesting DNA and RNA, respectively.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
How does the small intestine contribute to mechanical digestion?
It physically breaks down food when bile emulsifies fat globules into smaller droplets.
p.44
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the muscularis externa composed of?
A double layer of smooth muscle: an inner layer of circularly oriented smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle.
p.13
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What happens to the erector muscle when we feel hot?
The erector muscle relaxes.
p.4
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What is heat stroke?
A condition that can occur due to very high body temperature.
p.13
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the effect of the erector muscle relaxing on body hair?
Body hair lies flat on the skin.
p.38
Digestive System Anatomy
What type of muscle is found in the stomach?
Smooth muscle, which helps in the churning of food.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the function of absorption in the digestive system?
To transport simple molecules to different organs in the body.
p.7
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What is the function of the heat loss center in the hypothalamus?
It is located in the pre-optic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei.
p.21
Functions of GI Organs
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
To absorb water and electrolytes, and to form and store feces.
p.39
Functions of the Digestive System
What are the functions of gastric acid?
Dissolves food and kills some microorganisms, preventing food spoilage in the stomach.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is secretion in the context of the GI tract?
The release of hormones and enzymes, including bile.
p.15
Role of the Hypothalamus in Temperature Control
What occurs when the body temperature drops?
The hypothalamus initiates shivering and reduces blood flow to the skin.
p.20
Functions of the Digestive System
What substances are secreted by the digestive system?
Water, electrolytes, cholesterol, bile pigment, and digestive enzymes.
p.29
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the significance of nutrient absorption in the digestive system?
It allows the body to utilize nutrients for growth, repair, and energy.
p.7
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
Where are thermoreceptors located in the body?
In the skin as free nerve endings and in deep tissues, spinal cord, and hypothalamus.
p.13
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does rising body hair affect heat loss?
It traps a layer of air as an insulator, reducing heat loss.
p.42
Functions of GI Organs
What are the secretory functions of the mucosa in the stomach?
It has a secretory function.
p.6
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How do smooth muscles in skin arterioles contribute to thermoregulation?
By changing the rate of blood flow to the skin, affecting heat loss.
p.2
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the cross-section anatomy of the GI tract?
It refers to the structural organization of the GI tract when viewed in cross-section.
p.48
Functions of the Digestive System
What role do brush border enzymes play?
They assist in digestion at the surface of the small intestine.
p.2
Anatomy of the Skin in Thermoregulation
How does the anatomy of the skin contribute to thermoregulation?
The skin has structures that help regulate heat loss and gain.
p.45
Functions of the Digestive System
What do bicarbonate ions do in the small intestine?
Neutralize acidic chyme and provide proper pH for enzymes.
p.5
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is dietary thermogenesis?
Heat production resulting from the digestion of food.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is propulsion in the GI tract?
The process of swallowing and peristalsis.
p.50
Digestive System Anatomy
What is the rectum?
A straight muscular tube.
p.42
Digestive System Anatomy
What does the lamina propria support?
Avascular mucosal epithelium.
p.42
Digestive System Anatomy
What does the muscularis mucosae consist of?
Typically a double layer of smooth muscle.
p.42
Functions of GI Organs
What is the function of the contraction of the muscularis mucosae?
Causes local movement in the mucosa.
p.41
Functions of GI Organs
What does somatostatin inhibit?
Gastrin and insulin secretion.
p.27
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the role of lysozyme in saliva?
It helps to prevent bacterial infection.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the ways of heat loss?
Heat conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
p.5
Human Body Temperature Regulation
What is the normal body temperature range?
36.1 °C (97 °F) to 37.2 °C (99 °F).
p.13
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?
It helps in regulating body hair position for thermoregulation.
p.21
Functions of GI Organs
What is the function of the esophagus?
To transport food from the mouth to the stomach.
p.5
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does exercise contribute to heat production?
Through metabolism from activity and exercise using skeletal muscle.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the ways of heat gain?
Heat conduction, convection, increase in muscle tone, shivering thermogenesis, and increased metabolic rate.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What effect does an increase in metabolic rate have on body temperature?
It raises the internal body temperature.
p.48
Digestive System Anatomy
What are microvilli?
Folds of cell membranes of absorptive cells.
p.50
Digestive System Anatomy
How do the contractions of teniae coli affect the colon?
They cause the colon to wrinkle and form haustra.
p.5
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
Which hormones enhance metabolism and heat production?
Thyroid hormones and adrenaline.
p.39
Functions of the Digestive System
How do mucus cells protect the stomach wall?
By secreting mucus that protects against damage from gastric acid and digestive enzymes.
p.48
Digestive System Anatomy
What are villi?
Folds of the mucosa that contain capillaries and lacteals.
p.9
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the process of radiation in heat loss?
The emission of heat from the body into the surrounding environment.
p.39
Digestive System Anatomy
What are gastric pits?
Shallow depressions in the stomach wall that lead to deeper gastric glands.
p.22
Functions of the Digestive System
What is the process of ingestion in the GI tract?
Taking in food or drink through the mouth.
p.19
Functions of GI Organs
What is the role of pancreatic juice?
It aids in digestion by breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
