p.2
Measurement Techniques for Volumes Less Than 1 ml
What devices should be used to measure or deliver volumes less than 1 ml?
Graduated pipet, syringe, or calibrated dropper.
p.6
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is the purpose of spatulas in pharmaceutical compounding?
For spatulating and mixing ingredients.
p.1
Selection of Liquid Measurement Devices
Which devices can be used for liquid measurement?
Syringes, pipettes, conical graduates, cylindrical graduates.
p.2
Measurement Techniques for Volumes Less Than 1 ml
What is the purpose of using a graduated pipet?
To measure or deliver small volumes of liquid.
p.6
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is levigating?
The process of reducing particle size while mixing with a liquid.
p.11
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What type of solvent is typically used in the recrystallization method?
Volatile solvent (e.g., alcohol).
p.7
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is a disadvantage of Wedgwood mortars and pestles?
They have less shearing efficiency and are less durable.
p.9
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is an ointment pad?
A preparation used for topical application, typically in a flat form.
p.3
Selection of Liquid Measurement Devices
What types of graduates are mentioned for liquid measurement?
Conical graduates and cylindrical graduates.
p.6
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is the primary use of mortars and pestles in pharmaceutical compounding?
For grinding and triturating substances.
p.15
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is the purpose of trituration in powder mixing?
To create a fine mixture of the components.
p.16
Analysis of Particle Size in Micromeritics
What does the sedimentation rate measure?
The rate at which particles settle in a fluid.
p.7
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is a characteristic of Wedgwood mortars and pestles?
They are more attractive and white.
p.4
Inappropriate Measurement Devices
What should never be used as liquid measurement devices without calibration?
Prescription bottles, nonvolumetric flasks, beakers, or household teaspoons.
p.1
Selection of Liquid Measurement Devices
What should you consider when selecting a liquid measurement device?
Always select the closest device that accommodates the desired volume.
p.6
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What are ointment pads used for?
For preparing and manipulating ointments.
p.11
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
Why is direct trituration not used for hard crystalline structures?
Because of their hard crystalline structure.
p.17
Calibrated Droppers and Oral Syringes for Accurate Dosing
Why is the BUD set at 6 months for this preparation?
Because there’s no water-containing ingredients.
p.16
Analysis of Particle Size in Micromeritics
What technique uses light energy to analyze particle size?
Light energy diffraction or light scattering.
p.7
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What are the characteristics of glass mortars?
They are smooth, non-porous, and can stain drugs.
p.10
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What technique should be applied while using the pestle during trituration?
Firmly hold the pestle and exert a downward pressure on the mortar.
p.9
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What is levigation?
A process of reducing particle size by wetting the powder and grinding it.
p.3
Challenges with Oily and Viscous Liquids
What is a recommended alternative for measuring oily and viscous liquids?
Using a disposable syringe or measuring by weight rather than volume.
p.13
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What type of powders must be used for spatulation?
The powders must be fine and uniform.
p.16
Analysis of Particle Size in Micromeritics
What is cascade impaction?
A method for measuring particle size distribution by capturing particles on a series of plates.
p.10
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What is trituration in the context of particle size reduction?
The continued rubbing of solid using a mortar and pestle to reduce the size.
p.9
Inappropriate Measurement Devices
What is the importance of not cross-contaminating in compounding?
To ensure the purity and effectiveness of each preparation.
p.5
Calibrated Droppers and Oral Syringes for Accurate Dosing
What should be provided to patients when small or very accurate doses (<5 ml) are required?
A calibrated dropper, oral syringe, or similar device.
p.11
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What method can be used to reduce particle size through recrystallization?
Adding a volatile solvent.
p.14
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is trituration in powder blending?
The process of grinding powders into finer particles.
p.9
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is an ointment slab?
A flat surface used for mixing and preparing ointments.
p.1
Selection of Liquid Measurement Devices
What is the ideal volume range for selecting a liquid measurement device?
± 20% of the desired volume.
p.2
Measurement Techniques for Volumes Less Than 1 ml
What is a calibrated dropper used for?
To measure or deliver volumes less than 1 ml.
p.13
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is spatulation?
Mixing small quantities of powders on an ointment slab or pad using a spatula.
p.14
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is the purpose of sifting in powder mixing?
To pass powders through sifters to achieve uniform particle size.
p.14
Blending and Mixing of Powders
Where is tumbling commonly used?
In the industry for mixing large quantities of powders.
p.8
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is the primary use of spatulas in a laboratory?
Withdrawing small amounts of chemicals.
p.9
Calibrated Droppers and Oral Syringes for Accurate Dosing
What does 'punching capsules' refer to?
A technique used to fill capsules with powdered medication.
p.4
Inappropriate Measurement Devices
What is required if you choose to use prescription bottles for measurement?
You must calibrate it yourself.
p.3
Challenges with Oily and Viscous Liquids
What is a challenge when measuring oily and viscous liquids?
They are difficult to remove from graduates and pipets, requiring long drainage time.
p.12
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What is levigation?
A process to reduce particle size of a solid by triturating it in a mortar or spatulating it on an ointment slab with a small amount of liquid in which the solid is not soluble.
p.12
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What tools are commonly used in the levigation process?
A mortar and an ointment slab or pad.
p.12
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What is the purpose of using a small amount of liquid in levigation?
To facilitate the reduction of particle size without dissolving the solid.
p.15
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is geometric dilution?
Blending two or more powders of unequal quantities.
p.6
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is the function of an ointment slab?
To provide a flat surface for mixing and levigating ointments.
p.11
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What is the method used for particle size reduction in hard crystalline structures?
Pulverization by intervention.
p.13
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is the purpose of blending/mixing powders?
To create a homogeneous mixture for uniform doses.
p.16
Analysis of Particle Size in Micromeritics
What is micromeritics?
The science of small particles.
p.13
Blending and Mixing of Powders
Does spatulation involve particle size reduction?
No, it does not involve particle size reduction.
p.11
Particle Size Reduction Techniques
What is the process after mixing coarse particles with a volatile solvent?
Evaporating the solvent to obtain fine powders.
p.13
Blending and Mixing of Powders
When is spatulation particularly useful?
For creating eutectic mixtures.
p.14
Inappropriate Measurement Devices
Why is sifting not suitable for potent drugs?
Because it may lead to inconsistent dosing due to particle size variation.
p.16
Analysis of Particle Size in Micromeritics
What is laser holography used for in micromeritics?
To analyze particle size and shape.
p.7
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
How do ceramic mortars compare to Wedgwood?
They are similar but less durable and have less shearing efficiency.
p.7
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What types of formulations should not be used with glass mortars?
Stain drugs and potent drugs.
p.7
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is the purpose of using mortars and pestles in pharmaceutical compounding?
For particle size reduction and preparing emulsions.
p.9
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is spatulation?
A method of mixing powders using a spatula on an ointment slab.
p.17
Calibrated Droppers and Oral Syringes for Accurate Dosing
What are the active ingredients in the preparation?
Acetaminophen 650 mg and Codeine phosphate 100 mg.
p.14
Blending and Mixing of Powders
What is tumbling in the context of powder mixing?
Mixing large quantities of powders in a motorized rotating container.
p.7
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What should be done carefully when using Wedgwood mortars?
They should be cleaned carefully.
p.8
Mortars and Pestles in Pharmaceutical Compounding
What is the purpose of transferring materials with a spatula?
To facilitate the handling of chemicals.
p.9
Inappropriate Measurement Devices
What is the difference between ointment and cream?
Ointments are oil-based, while creams are water-based.
