What is the term for PVCs occurring every second beat?

A) Trigeminy

B) Quadrigeminy

C) Bigeminy

D) Couplet

E) Triplet

What is a major risk associated with atrial fibrillation?

A) Myocardial infarction

B) Stroke

C) Pulmonary embolism

D) Hypertension

E) Bradycardia

What is a characteristic feature of atrial fibrillation (AFib) on an ECG?

A) Identifiable P waves

B) Regular RR intervals

C) Wavy baseline

D) Narrow QRS complexes

E) High amplitude T waves

What defines ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach)?

A) Narrow QRS complexes

B) Less than 3 PVCs in a row

C) Wide and bizarre QRS complexes

D) Regular P waves

E) Heart rate below 100 bpm

How can premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) be described?

A) Narrow QRS complexes

B) Regular RR intervals

C) Bizarre and wide QRS complexes

D) Identifiable P waves

E) High amplitude T waves

Which of the following is a common cause of sinus tachycardia?

A) Increased vagal stimulation

B) Beta-blocking medications

C) Hyperthyroidism

D) Increased fitness level

E) Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Which method is used to accurately assess heart rate from an ECG strip?

A) 300 / # of small boxes between 2 R waves

B) 1500 / # of small boxes between 2 R waves

C) Count # QRS complex in 10 sec and multiply by 6

D) Apply sequence of 300-150-100-75-60-50 to the small boxes between 2 R waves

E) Count # QRS complex in 6 sec and multiply by 5

What characterizes atrial flutter on an ECG?

A) Multiple atrial foci with chaotic activity

B) Normal P waves

C) Saw-toothed P waves

D) Irregular QRS complexes

E) Absence of P waves

What does the QRS complex represent on an ECG?

A) Atrial depolarization

B) Ventricular repolarization

C) Ventricular depolarization

D) Pause after the QRS complex

E) Atrial repolarization

What are the major determinants of blood pressure?

A) Heart Rate and Stroke Volume

B) Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance

C) Blood Volume and Vascular Compliance

D) Respiratory Rate and Oxygen Saturation

E) Blood Glucose Levels and Insulin Sensitivity

What is the P wave on an ECG indicative of?

A) Ventricular depolarization

B) Atrial depolarization

C) Ventricular repolarization

D) Atrial repolarization

E) Ventricular contraction

What is the normal duration for the PR interval on an ECG?

A) 0.06-0.12 sec

B) 0.12-0.20 sec

C) 0.20-0.30 sec

D) 0.30-0.40 sec

E) 0.40-0.50 sec

How is the heart rate calculated using a 6-second ECG strip?

A) Count the number of R waves and multiply by 10

B) Count the number of small boxes between R waves and divide by 1500

C) Count the number of big boxes between R waves and divide by 300

D) Count the number of P waves and multiply by 10

E) Count the number of QRS complexes and multiply by 5

In atrial fibrillation, there is no true atrial ___ & ___.

depolarization, contraction

A major risk of atrial fibrillation is blood clots in the ___ atria, which can lead to a ___.

right, stroke

PVCs occurring every 2nd beat are called ___, every 3rd beat are called ___, and every 4th beat are called ___.

bigeminy, trigeminy, quadrigeminy

Ventricular tachycardia is defined as more than ___ consecutive PVCs with a ___ QRS complex.

3, wide

The approximation method for assessing heart rate from an ECG strip uses the sequence ___-150-100-75-60-50 applied to the large boxes between 2 R waves.

300

Sinus bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than ___ bpm.

60

In atrial flutter, the AV node conducts a fraction of the impulses, often in a ___:1 ratio.

2

Exercise leads to reductions in both ___ and ___ blood pressure.

systolic, diastolic

Chronic renal failure and nephrosclerosis are systemic effects of hypertension on the ___.

kidney

Repolarization on an ECG is shown as an ___ deflection towards the electrode.

upward

To measure the PR interval, count the number of small boxes and multiply by ___ seconds.

0.04

A normal QRS complex duration is between ___ and ___ seconds, which corresponds to 1.5-3 small boxes.

0.06, 0.12

For regular rhythms, the heart rate can be calculated by dividing 1500 by the number of ___ boxes in one R-R interval.

small

A little rhyme to remember: DFIB for ___ and pulseless VTach.

VFIB

What is the approximation method for assessing heart rate from an ECG strip with irregular heart rate?

A) 1500 / # of small boxes between 2 R waves

B) Apply sequence of 300-150-100-75-60-50 to the large boxes between 2 R waves

C) Count # QRS complex in 6 sec and multiply by 10

D) Count # QRS complex in 10 sec and multiply by 6

E) Apply sequence of 300-150-100-75-60-50 to the small boxes between 2 R waves

What is a key difference between atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation?

A) Atrial flutter has multiple atrial foci

B) Atrial fibrillation has saw-toothed P waves

C) Atrial flutter has regular P waves

D) Atrial fibrillation has no P waves

E) Atrial flutter has irregular QRS complexes

What is the significance of the ST segment on an ECG?

A) Indicates atrial depolarization

B) Represents ventricular repolarization

C) Should return to the isoelectric line

D) Measures the time from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the Q wave

E) Represents the time for the impulse to arrive at the AV node

What is a systemic effect of hypertension on the brain?

A) Retinopathy

B) Chronic Renal Failure

C) Aneurysm

D) Angina

E) Nephrosclerosis

Which limb lead is NOT part of the bipolar leads?

A) Lead I

B) Lead II

C) Lead III

D) aVR

E) None of the above

What does a PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds indicate?

A) Normal heart function

B) Heart block

C) PVC (Premature Ventricular Contraction)

D) SVT (Supraventricular Tachycardia)

E) Asystole

Which of the following rhythms is NOT shockable?

A) Pulseless V-Tach

B) V-Fib

C) Asystole

D) SVT

E) Atrial Flutter

The P wave on an ECG represents ___, which corresponds to atrial contraction.

atrial depolarization

The QRS complex on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization and also ___ repolarization.

atrial

The T wave on an ECG represents ___ repolarization.

ventricular

A normal P wave on an ECG should be present and upright with a ___ ratio to the QRS complex.

1:1

An abnormal PR interval that gets longer and longer before dropping a QRS complex indicates a ___ block.

heart

The QRS complex duration should be less than ___ seconds.

0.12

Conditions such as pain, fear, emotion, exertion, or stimulants like caffeine can increase the automaticity of the ___ node, leading to sinus tachycardia.

SA

In hypertension, stroke volume increases ___ and peak heart rate is ___, reducing cardiac output.

subnormally, lower

Hypertension can lead to ___, ___, ___, and ___ in the heart.

CHF, MI, Angina, atherosclerosis

The QRS complex on an ECG represents ___ depolarization.

ventricular

The bipolar limb leads are ___, ___, and ___.

I, II, III

To measure the QRS complex, count the number of small boxes from Q to the end of S and multiply by ___ seconds.

0.04

In a 6-second strip, count the number of R's and multiply by ___ to determine the heart rate.

10

Pulseless V-Tach or V-Fib is ___ shockable.

SHOCKABLE

SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) is characterized by ___ and is a medical emergency.

SHARK FINS

Which condition is NOT a common etiology of sinus bradycardia?

A) Increased vagal stimulation

B) Use of beta-blocking medications

C) Fever

D) Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

E) Increased fitness level

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

A) Ventricular depolarization

B) Atrial repolarization

C) Atrial depolarization

D) Ventricular repolarization

E) Pause after the QRS complex

What does the T wave represent on an ECG?

A) Atrial depolarization

B) Ventricular depolarization

C) Atrial repolarization

D) Ventricular repolarization

E) Pause after the QRS complex

Which of the following is a consequence of hypertension on the heart?

A) Retinopathy

B) Chronic Renal Failure

C) Aneurysm

D) Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

E) Nephrosclerosis

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

A) Atrial depolarization

B) Ventricular depolarization

C) Atrial repolarization

D) Ventricular repolarization

E) Atrial contraction

What is the normal duration for the QRS complex on an ECG?

A) 0.06-0.12 sec

B) 0.12-0.20 sec

C) 0.20-0.30 sec

D) 0.30-0.40 sec

E) 0.40-0.50 sec

Which of the following is NOT one of the H's that can cause pulseless electrical activity?

A) Hypovolemia

B) Hypoxia

C) Hyperkalemia

D) Hypothermia

E) Thrombosis

The PR interval on an ECG measures the time it takes for the SA node to fire, the signal to reach the AV node, and for the AV node to restart the signal to the ___.

ventricles

The ST segment on an ECG should return to the ___ line, indicating no electrical activity.

isoelectric

The QT interval on an ECG can indicate ___ if it is prolonged.

drug toxicity

The accurate method for assessing heart rate from an ECG strip involves dividing 1500 by the number of ___ between 2 R waves.

small boxes

The time duration for the PR interval on an ECG should be between ___ and ___ seconds.

0.12, 0.2

Sinus tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than ___ bpm.

100

Atrial fibrillation is characterized by the absence of ___ waves and the presence of chaotic atrial activity.

P

The major determinants of blood pressure are ___ and ___.

Cardiac Output, Total Peripheral Resistance

One systemic effect of hypertension on the brain is the formation of an ___.

aneurysm

Depolarization in the heart is associated with ___.

contraction

The six limb leads in an ECG record from the ___ plane.

frontal

A normal PR interval ranges from ___ to ___ seconds, which corresponds to 3-5 small boxes.

0.12, 0.20

A QRS complex duration greater than ___ seconds indicates a PVC (wide & bizarre).

0.12

For regular rhythms, the heart rate can also be calculated by dividing 300 by the number of ___ boxes between R's.

big

Pulseless electrical activity can be caused by H's such as hypovolemia, hypoxia, hyperkalemia, H+ ion excess, and ___.

hypothermia

What is the normal duration of the PR interval on an ECG?

A) 0.06-0.1 sec

B) 0.12-0.2 sec

C) 0.32-0.4 sec

D) Less than 0.12 sec

E) Less than 0.11 sec

What is the normal duration of the QT interval on an ECG?

A) 0.06-0.1 sec

B) 0.12-0.2 sec

C) 0.32-0.4 sec

D) Less than 0.12 sec

E) Less than 0.11 sec

What happens to systolic and diastolic blood pressure during exercise?

A) Both increase

B) Both decrease

C) Systolic increases, diastolic decreases

D) Systolic decreases, diastolic increases

E) Both remain the same

What is the effect of depolarization moving away from a positive electrode on an ECG?

A) Upward deflection

B) No deflection

C) Downward deflection

D) Constant deflection

E) Irregular deflection

What does a QRS complex duration greater than 0.12 seconds indicate?

A) Normal heart function

B) Heart block

C) PVC (Premature Ventricular Contraction)

D) SVT (Supraventricular Tachycardia)

E) Asystole

Which condition is characterized by 'shark fins' on an ECG and is considered a medical emergency?

A) Heart block

B) PVC

C) SVT (Supraventricular Tachycardia)

D) Asystole

E) Atrial Flutter

Atrial fibrillation is characterized by ___ waves and a ___ baseline.

fibrillatory, wavy

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can create ___ QRS complexes that are ___ and require extended repolarization time.

bizarre, wide

A run of 3 PVCs in a normal sinus rhythm is called a ___, while a run greater than 30 seconds is called ___.

triplet, V-Tach

Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by a heart rate of ___ to ___ bpm and is a precursor to ___.

100, 250, ventricular fibrillation

For an irregular heart rate, the approximation method involves counting the number of ___ in 6 seconds and multiplying by 10.

QRS complexes

Atrial flutter is characterized by ___ waves that are saw-toothed in appearance.

flutter

In sinus bradycardia, a decrease in automaticity of the ___ node or increased vagal stimulation can be a cause.

SA

Exercise capacity is reduced by ___ to ___ percent in individuals with hypertension.

15%, 30%

Hypertension can cause ___ in the eyes.

retinopathy

The P wave on an ECG represents ___ depolarization.

atrial

The unipolar/augmented limb leads are ___, ___, and ___.

aVR, aVL, AVF

A PR interval greater than ___ seconds indicates a heart block.

0.20

To assess rhythm, measure the number of small boxes from ___ to ___.

R, R

Asystole is ___ shockable.

NOT

Pulseless electrical activity can be caused by T's such as toxins, tamponade, thrombosis (MI), thrombosis (PE), tension pneumothorax, and ___.

trauma