2000.
Frame Structure
A building is a structure that has a roof and walls, such as a house or a factory.
IFC stands for Industry Foundation Classes, which is a data model used to describe building and construction industry data.
Common materials include concrete, stone, and brick, which provide strength and resistance to various loads.
Compression is a force that acts to reduce the volume of a material, pushing its particles closer together.
A complex structure includes a combination of various kinds of structural systems and often adopts composite structures using different structural materials.
Dynamic loads are applied quickly, forcing the structure to accelerate and develop inertia force. Examples include earthquakes and strong winds.
The Hong Kong Wind Code provides general guidelines with appropriate wind pressures acting on the building with respect to the building height.
1972
Recent trends include system formwork, dimensionally coordinated components, system/industrialized buildings, precast components, and off-site production.
Performance requirements are determined by interrelated factors set by the client, legislation, and society.
Wind load is a significant lateral load affecting buildings in Hong Kong.
A solid structure is a type of construction that is designed to withstand loads and forces through its mass and material properties.
Performance requirements include dimensional suitability, strength and stability, weather exclusion, sound control, thermal control, lighting, ventilation, fire control, sanitation, durability, energy conservation, and cost (initial and running).
Surface structure utilizes three-dimensional geometric characteristics to enable erection with thin and lightweight materials and minimal vertical supports.
A skeletal structure (or frame structure) makes use of a system of beams and columns to support the building.
HSBC Hong Kong Headquarter
Resources are always limited in construction projects, making it essential for contractors to manage them efficiently.
Arch bridges built in ancient China.
Examples include personal/corporate preferences, appearance, image/identity, and goodwill.
Polytetrafluoroethylene-coated glass fibre.
The arch makes use of the compressive strength of the material to transmit the load to the supports at both ends.
Thick load bearing walls enclosing the building.
A box structure is characterized by its enclosed, rectangular shape, providing stability and strength through its geometric form.
Each element is physically or functionally connected to other elements, and their interrelationships can be either fixed or change only occasionally or slowly.
MiC stands for Modular - integrated Construction.
Static loads are applied very slowly, allowing the structure to remain at rest during the entire load application. Examples include the self-weight of the building, furniture, fixtures, and decorations.
Loads that remain unchanged in both magnitudes and positions.
Live loads' magnitudes and positions may vary with time.
From BS 6399: Part 1:1984.
Advantages include high durability, excellent load-bearing capacity, and resistance to environmental factors.
Performance requirements and User requirements.
A cable/tension structure uses its tensile capacity to resist applied loads, such as guidelines for supporting large advertising signboards and cables in cable suspension bridges.
Contractors should arrange resources in the most efficient and effective way, considering compromises and trade-offs to meet goals without sacrificing performance and user requirements.
Strength is the ability to resist load (compressive and/or tensile loads), measured in force per unit area.
Most buildings adopted a brickwork-like approach, using small pieces of materials that joined and staggered to form large structures.
Stiffness is a measure of the elasticity of materials, defined as Young’s modulus, which is the ratio of stress to strain, measured in force per unit area.
Loading is usually presented in terms of pressure with units such as kN/m² (kPa).
The values of live load (e.g., people) are only an estimate of the average effects of the loads.
A typical stress-strain curve represents the relationship between the stress applied to a material and the strain that results from that stress, illustrating the material's mechanical properties.
The main regions of a typical stress-strain curve include the elastic region, yield point, plastic region, and fracture point.
Ethylene tetra-fluoroethylene (ETFE) copolymer.
Dead loads and live loads.
Common components include stairs and balustrades, windows, doors, suspended ceilings, raised floors, roofings, curtain walls (external), demountable walls (internal), and prefabricated components (walls, floors, toilets, etc.).
Components are products manufactured as a distinct unit to serve a specific function or functions.
The role of designers and constructors has been separated for building works.
User requirements concern personal subjective criteria of judgments that should be observed to fulfill owners' or occupiers' optimal utility.
The main categories of resources for a construction project are Money, Materials, Machinery, Manpower, Management skills, Information/knowledge, and Sub-contractors.
Stress is the pressure exerted on the structural elements, measured in force per unit area.
It facilitated construction work by making it easier to lift heavy materials to height.
Ancient Greece and Rome.
The structural elements of a truss are usually arranged in triangular forms.
A frame structure is a type of building system that uses a framework of beams and columns to support the loads of the building.
They are mainly subjective/personal preferences.
To achieve these functions in an economical, safe, and timely fashion with minimal negative impact on the environment.
Cable/tension, arch, truss, frame, complex.
A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place.
Shelter, Security, Safety, Comfort, Ease of use and operation, Ease of maintenance, periodic repair and replacement/upgrading, Adaptability and durability, Ability to reuse and recycle materials and components at a future date.
A solid structure refers to a building design that emphasizes durability, stability, and safety, often using materials like concrete and steel to ensure longevity and resistance to environmental factors.
Thick internal walls act as load bearing elements.
They refer to measurable objective standards.
Bending, also called flexure, represents a tendency to bend when the structural member is subject to forces, and it normally occurs simultaneously with shear.
The primary focus of MiC is to enhance efficiency and reduce construction time through the use of modular components.
Buildings typically have external and/or internal walls that can be load bearing.
The Cheung Kong Centre is a complex structure known for its architectural significance and modern design.
To provide shelter from our weather and serve as a container for living, working, and playing.
A solid structure is a type of construction that relies on solid materials to support loads and resist forces, providing stability and durability.
Loading is a form of vector, so both magnitudes and direction of loading must be considered in the computation process.
The principle of vector computation applies to calculation and estimation of loadings, requiring two-dimensional vector addition.
A solid structure refers to a building design that emphasizes durability, stability, and safety, often using materials like concrete and steel to ensure longevity and resistance to environmental factors.
Buildings were generally designed and built by the designers who also assumed the role as constructors.
Surface structures offer a large column-free area suitable for uses like sports, conferences, and exhibitions.
The Empire State Building.
1912.
PVC coated polyester
Through bending, shear, and axial forces developed in the structural elements.
Solid structures distribute loads through solid materials, while frame structures use a skeleton of beams and columns to support loads.
They are less efficient in space arrangement as load bearing walls cannot be removed to rearrange internal space.
The essential parts of a building include foundations, floors (ground floor and upper floors), walls (external and/or internal for load bearing), columns and beams (the framework), roof, and basement (if any).
Ductility is the ability of a metal to undergo cold plastic deformation without breaking.
Shear forces can lead to shear failure, which compromises the structural integrity of beams and other elements.
Strain refers to the linear distortion of materials when subjected to stress, calculated as the change of linear dimension over the original dimension.
Truss structures use both tensile and compressive strength of the structural elements.
Key features include efficient use of space, sustainability, accessibility, and integration with community services, aiming to provide affordable and quality living conditions.
Construction technology relied on craftsmanship, specifically the skills of workers for quality works.
A skeletal structure offers better space efficiency for arranging internal layout as internal walls are normally non-load bearing and can be removed.
Bending is the deformation of a structural element due to an applied load, causing it to curve.
In the elastic region, the material deforms elastically, meaning it will return to its original shape once the stress is removed.
Common applications include roof supports in buildings, bridges, and towers.
The structure is the construction of frameworks of identifiable elements that provides form and stability, resisting stresses and strains.
Key features of modern public housing include efficient use of space, sustainability, accessibility, and integration of community facilities to enhance the quality of life for residents.
Agreed time periods, agreed cost budget, and agreed quality standard.
The Roman treadwheel crane is an example of construction technology from that time.
Common materials for truss construction include wood, steel, and aluminum.
Advantages of frame structures include flexibility in design, ease of construction, and efficient use of materials.
Tension is a force that acts to elongate a material, pulling its particles apart.
Beams and columns are arranged into an orderly grid to enhance construction efficiency.
The primary function of a truss structure is to support and transmit loads to vertical supporting members.
Truss structures are lightweight, strong, and can span large distances without the need for internal supports.
Frame structures typically support vertical loads (like weight from floors and roofs) and lateral loads (such as wind and seismic forces).
More efforts are needed to complete the project successfully.
Thin materials are stretched, curved, or folded to gain strength.
Modern public housing incorporates user feedback, energy efficiency, and adaptability to meet the diverse needs of residents while ensuring comfort and safety.
Shear refers to the force that causes parts of a material to slide past each other in opposite directions.
Foundations are essential parts of a building that support the structure and distribute its weight to the ground.
The yield point is the stress level at which a material begins to deform plastically and will not return to its original shape after the load is removed.
Shear is a failure mode where the molecules of the materials slip, occurring when there are forces acting in opposite directions on a structural member.
A truss structure is a framework of triangular units that distributes loads efficiently, commonly used in roofs and bridges.
The directions of loading include vertical load, lateral load, moment and bending moment, and turbulence.
A surface structure is a type of building structural system that features special geometrical shapes, often creating unique architectural forms.
Benefits include improved quality control, reduced waste, and faster project delivery.
Compression and tension influence the strength and stability of building materials, determining how they will perform under various loads.
A solid structure, also known as a box structure, is a type of building structural system characterized by its solid mass and continuous form.
They compete for resources among each other.
Safety and environmental friendliness, including greenhouse gas production, solid waste, noise pollution, and the use of sustainable materials.
The framework of a building is made up of columns and beams.
Steel and concrete.
Modern public housing addresses performance and user requirements by incorporating energy-efficient designs, ensuring adequate ventilation and natural light, and providing amenities that cater to the needs of diverse populations.
The main components of a frame structure include beams, columns, and sometimes bracing elements to provide stability.
Creep is the gradually increasing permanent deformation under stress.
Shear forces and bending moments are related; the shear force at a section is the rate of change of the bending moment along the length of the beam.
The fracture point indicates the stress level at which the material ultimately fails and breaks apart.
A skeletal structure, or frame structure, is defined by its framework of beams and columns that support the building's load.
MiC significantly shortens project timelines by allowing for simultaneous site preparation and module construction.
A complex structure, also known as a hybrid structure, combines elements from different structural systems to achieve specific design goals.
Environmental loads are forces acting on a building due to natural phenomena, including wind, snow, and seismic activity.
Truss structures handle loads by transferring forces through their triangular configuration, which helps to maintain stability and strength.
Floors in a building include the ground floor and upper floors.
The main types of loading include dead loads, live loads, environmental loads (such as wind and snow), and dynamic loads.
A dead load refers to the permanent static weight of the building materials and structures, such as walls, roofs, and floors.
MiC contributes to sustainability by minimizing material waste and optimizing resource use during construction.
The roof is an essential component that protects the building from weather elements and provides shelter.
A basement is an optional part of a building that is located below ground level, often used for storage or additional living space.
In the plastic region, the material undergoes permanent deformation, and any increase in stress results in a greater amount of strain.
A live load is the variable load that can change over time, such as the weight of occupants, furniture, and movable equipment.
A dynamic load is a load that changes over time and can cause vibrations or impacts, such as those from vehicles or machinery.
