p.2
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, provides protection, and facilitates communication.
p.2
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What structural features enable the plasma membrane to perform its functions?
The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
p.2
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the organelles of a typical cell?
Organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes.
p.2
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.
p.59
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary characteristic of bone or osseous tissue?
It is strong due to calcified calcium salt deposits.
p.20
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C).
p.67
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
How do body systems respond to changes?
They respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range.
p.54
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Transport of oxygen and, to a lesser degree, carbon dioxide.
p.42
Types of Body Tissues
How do tissues relate to organs?
Tissues in combination form organs, such as the heart or liver.
p.46
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the two main types of glandular epithelia?
Endocrine glands and Exocrine glands.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What type of organelles are free ribosomes classified as?
Nonmembranous organelles.
p.52
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the characteristics of dense connective tissues?
Fibers are parallel and tightly packed.
p.20
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is a nucleotide composed of?
A nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.
p.73
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What does dynamic equilibrium refer to?
Continual adaptation to maintain balance.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of anchoring proteins in the plasma membrane?
They attach to inside or outside structures to stabilize the membrane.
p.71
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What initiates the blood clotting process?
Damaged cells in the blood vessel wall release chemicals.
p.54
Types of Body Tissues
What gives blood its color?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
p.35
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the role of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?
It is fully formed and attached to the centromere.
p.19
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is a gene?
DNA instructions for one protein.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are peroxisomes responsible for?
Catabolism of fats and neutralization of toxic compounds.
p.51
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of loose connective tissue?
To support the 3D structure of organs.
p.66
Types of Body Tissues
What is an organ composed of?
Two or more tissues that serve different functions.
p.42
Types of Body Tissues
What are tissues?
Structures with discrete structural and functional properties.
p.9
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What type of structure is the plasma membrane?
A fluid mosaic structure.
p.16
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What information does DNA contain?
All information to build and run organisms.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What do recognition proteins do?
They label cells as normal or abnormal.
p.30
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is splicing in the context of genetics?
The process of removing introns and joining exons in pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA.
p.12
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are microvilli?
Extensions of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments.
p.50
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What characterizes loose connective tissue?
It has more ground substance and fewer fibers.
p.61
Types of Body Tissues
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What do receptor proteins bind to?
They bind and respond to ligands such as ions and hormones.
p.61
Types of Body Tissues
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
Responsible for movement of large body muscles.
p.12
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are cilia?
Long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules.
p.63
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What is the primary function of neural tissue?
Conducting electrical impulses.
p.32
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two types of organelles in a cell?
Nonmembranous organelles and membranous organelles.
p.43
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What defines the polarity of epithelial tissue?
The presence of apical and basal surfaces.
p.29
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the role of RNA polymerase in mRNA transcription?
RNA polymerase synthesizes the mRNA strand from the DNA template.
p.28
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Thymine (T).
p.5
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What do the hydrophobic fatty-acid tails do in the membrane?
They face inward, away from water.
p.5
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the role of the plasma membrane regarding ions and water-soluble compounds?
It acts as a barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds.
p.3
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are subcellular organelles?
Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
p.70
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What happens when body temperature rises above 37.2°C?
Heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating.
p.29
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is a promoter in the context of transcription?
A promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a gene.
p.10
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of free ribosomes in a cell?
They synthesize proteins.
p.32
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does the cytoplasm contain in relation to centrioles?
The cytoplasm contains two centrioles at right angles.
p.68
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is autoregulation in the context of homeostasis?
An automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change.
p.10
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane composed of?
Phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
p.29
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What are the key nucleotides in RNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.
p.64
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What does the cell body of a neuron contain?
The nucleus and nucleolus.
p.37
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.
p.3
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What distinguishes normal cells from sex cells?
Normal cells are somatic, while sex cells are involved in reproduction.
p.68
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the function of an effector in homeostasis?
Carries out instructions.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Where are osteocytes located?
In lacunae within the bone matrix.
p.22
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic material and controls cellular activities.
p.57
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of cartilage in supporting connective tissues?
Shock absorption and protection.
p.4
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the male and female reproductive cells called?
Male sperm and female oocyte.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the three main characteristics of connective tissue?
Specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, and fluid extracellular ground substance.
p.4
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are somatic cells?
All body cells except sex cells.
p.73
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What happens when physiological systems fail to restore balance?
It can result in disease or death.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Why is the Golgi Apparatus often referred to as the 'post office' of the cell?
Because it processes and distributes proteins and lipids, similar to how a post office handles mail.
p.69
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of negative feedback in the body?
The response of the effector negates the stimulus, bringing the body back into homeostasis.
p.19
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What does DNA provide instructions for?
Every protein in the body.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.55
Types of Body Tissues
What are monocytes in the blood?
Phagocytes similar to free macrophages in other tissues.
p.42
Types of Body Tissues
Name one of the 11 organ systems.
Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine, Skeletal, Muscular, Circulatory, Immune, Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, or Reproductive Systems.
p.34
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What happens to the nuclear envelope during mitosis?
The nuclear envelope disappears.
p.65
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What are the main functions of neuroglia?
Maintain physical structure of tissues, repair tissue framework after injury, perform phagocytosis, provide nutrients to neurons, and regulate the composition of interstitial fluid surrounding neurons.
p.50
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What characterizes dense connective tissue?
It has more fibers and less ground substance.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of carrier proteins?
They transport specific solutes through the membrane.
p.19
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What does a triplet code represent?
3 bases (a codon) = 1 amino acid.
p.32
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of secretory vesicles?
They transport materials within the cell and to the cell membrane for secretion.
p.34
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the purpose of the spindle fibers during mitosis?
To move chromosomes to the center of the cell.
p.28
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Uracil (U).
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are sister chromatids?
Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.
p.65
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What are the components found in the cell body of a neuron?
Nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondrion, microfibrils, and microtubules.
p.17
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What does the nucleoplasm contain?
Nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin.
p.57
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What type of ground substance is found in cartilage?
Gel-type ground substance.
p.52
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How are the fibers arranged in dense connective tissues?
Fibers are arranged in parallel or randomly.
p.57
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the main characteristic of bone in supporting connective tissues?
It is calcified, made rigid by calcium salts and minerals.
p.59
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What helps bone tissue resist shattering?
Flexible collagen fibers.
p.59
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How are bone cells or osteocytes arranged?
Around central canals within the matrix.
p.67
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.
p.36
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is meiosis?
A process by which two cell-division steps produce gametes (ova and sperm).
p.51
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What role do fats play in loose connective tissue?
They provide support and structure.
p.73
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
A state of equilibrium where opposing forces are in balance.
p.36
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Where does meiosis occur?
In the gonads (ovaries and testes).
p.59
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of canaliculi in bone tissue?
They provide access to the blood supply.
p.49
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the three main classifications of connective tissues?
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues.
p.67
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What are examples of conditions that body systems maintain within a normal range?
Body temperature and fluid balance.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.9
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What does the plasma membrane separate?
The living cell from its surroundings.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
To synthesize proteins and lipids.
p.40
Types of Body Tissues
What is the focus of Chapters 1 and 4 in the recommended textbook?
Tissues and Body Organization.
p.59
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What layers make up the periosteum?
A fibrous layer and a cellular layer.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What do the extracellular components of connective tissue consist of?
Fibers and ground substance.
p.41
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four major types of tissues in the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
p.19
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?
Information storage in the nucleus.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is one function of connective tissue related to the body's structure?
Establishing a structural framework for the body (Bone).
p.36
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are germ cells?
Cells in the ovaries and testes that undergo meiosis.
p.40
Types of Body Tissues
Who are the authors of the recommended textbook?
Martini FH, Nath JL, and Bartholomew EF.
p.50
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the two main categories of Connective Tissue Proper?
Loose connective tissue and Dense connective tissue.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the matrix in connective tissue?
The combination of extracellular components, including fibers and ground substance.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does connective tissue assist in transportation?
By transporting fluids and dissolved materials (Blood).
p.72
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
A state of equilibrium where opposing forces are in balance.
p.16
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is nucleoplasm?
Fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA.
p.54
Types of Body Tissues
What are platelets involved in?
The clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does Rough ER primarily produce?
Proteins, due to the presence of ribosomes on its surface.
p.54
Types of Body Tissues
What are platelets?
Membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting.
p.32
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a barrier that regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell.
p.30
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
Why is splicing important for protein synthesis?
It produces mature mRNA that can be translated into proteins.
p.45
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is simple epithelium?
A single layer of cells that allows for easy diffusion and absorption.
p.10
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two main types of organelles in a cell?
Nonmembranous organelles and membranous organelles.
p.14
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What types of materials are dissolved in the cytoplasm?
Nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products.
p.46
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Where do exocrine glands release their secretions?
Onto epithelial surfaces.
p.3
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate the movement of substances in and out.
p.70
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the normal range for body temperature regulation?
Usually between 36.7°C and 37.2°C.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
In the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.
p.43
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is one of the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
To provide physical protection.
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the role of the centromere?
It holds sister chromatids together and is the attachment point for spindle fibers.
p.64
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What role do neuroglia play?
They are supporting cells that repair and supply nutrients to neurons.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of fibrocartilage?
To provide tensile strength and absorb compressive shock, found in intervertebral discs.
p.27
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is gene activation in protein synthesis?
The process of uncoiling DNA to use it.
p.64
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What is the function of the axon?
To carry outgoing electrical signals to their destination.
p.53
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of platelets?
To aid in blood clotting.
p.6
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the role of integral glycoproteins?
They assist in cell recognition and signaling.
p.73
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
How do systems work together in the context of homeostasis?
They integrate to maintain homeostasis.
p.66
Types of Body Tissues
Which four primary tissues are found in the skin?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
p.44
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where is the Golgi Apparatus located within the cell?
Near the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell nucleus.
p.66
Types of Body Tissues
What are systems in the context of organs?
Groups of organs that perform related functions.
p.50
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Can you give an example of loose connective tissue?
Areolar tissue and adipose (fat) tissue.
p.72
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
How do physiological systems contribute to homeostasis?
They work to restore balance.
p.5
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are the two types of affinity that membrane lipids exhibit?
Water loving (hydrophilic) and oil loving (hydrophobic).
p.71
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the final outcome of the positive feedback loop in blood clotting?
The formation of a blood clot that patches the vessel wall and stops bleeding.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of lysosomes?
Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens.
p.65
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?
Dendrites are contacted by other neurons.
p.63
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
How does neural tissue respond to the environment?
It rapidly senses internal or external stimuli.
p.38
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are the phases of Meiosis II?
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II.
p.43
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What structure anchors epithelial tissue to underlying tissues?
The basement membrane or basal lamina.
p.14
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the potassium and sodium concentration in the cytoplasm?
High potassium and low sodium.
p.17
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What surrounds the nucleoplasm?
A double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
p.70
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What are the effectors involved in lowering body temperature?
Sweat glands increase secretion and blood vessels in the skin dilate.
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the kinetochore?
It is a protein structure on the centromere where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
p.65
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What is the significance of the sizes and shapes of neurons?
They vary widely, indicating diversity in function and structure.
p.17
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are the main functions of the nucleus?
Control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, and control of protein synthesis.
p.45
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
How are epithelial tissues classified?
By the number of layers and the shape of the cells.
p.2
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What role does DNA play in protein synthesis?
DNA provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.
p.29
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is a stop codon?
A stop codon signals the termination of protein synthesis.
p.53
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen throughout the body.
p.27
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the first step in protein synthesis?
Transcription, where instructions are copied from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus.
p.6
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of gated channels in the plasma membrane?
They regulate the passage of ions and molecules in and out of the cell.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the main function of mitochondria?
Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell.
p.41
Types of Body Tissues
How are different types of tissues organized in the body?
They are organized into organs and systems.
p.38
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the main purpose of Meiosis II?
To separate sister chromatids and produce four haploid cells.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What determines the specialized function of connective tissue?
The matrix, which makes up the majority of tissue volume.
p.71
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What do the released chemicals in blood clotting trigger?
Chain reactions involving cells, cell fragments, and soluble proteins.
p.9
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Why is the plasma membrane described as a 'mosaic'?
Because of the diversity of proteins in the membrane.
p.12
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the primary function of microvilli?
To increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.
p.56
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What system transports lymph?
The lymphatic (lymphoid) system.
p.35
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What happens to sister chromatids during mitosis?
They separate at the centromeres.
p.45
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and squamous.
p.10
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, and controlling entry and exit of materials.
p.14
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol?
Intracellular fluid within the cytoplasm.
p.44
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
How are columnar epithelia described?
Tall, slender rectangles.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What do channel proteins regulate?
They regulate water flow and solutes through the membrane.
p.35
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What forms around chromosomes at each pole after mitosis?
The nuclear envelope forms, creating two identical daughter nuclei.
p.65
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What is the function of the axon in a neuron?
Conducts information to other cells.
p.55
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
To help defend the body from infection and disease.
p.33
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication duplicates genetic material exactly.
p.14
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the carbohydrate and amino acid concentration in the cytoplasm?
High carbohydrate and low amino acid and fat.
p.29
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the difference between the coding strand and the template strand?
The coding strand has the same sequence as the mRNA, while the template strand is used to synthesize the mRNA.
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What does 'supercoiled' refer to in the context of DNA?
It describes the tightly packed structure of DNA during cell division.
p.53
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the formed elements of blood?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.
p.17
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the role of nuclear pores?
Facilitate the transport of materials in and out of the nucleus.
p.37
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the significance of crossing over in Meiosis I?
It increases genetic diversity by exchanging segments of DNA between homologous chromosomes.
p.37
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What happens during Metaphase I of Meiosis I?
Homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell's equatorial plane.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesize?
Lipids and carbohydrates.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are nonmembranous organelles?
Organelles that do not have a surrounding membrane.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the two layers of the periosteum?
Fibrous layer and cellular layer.
p.56
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is lymph?
Extracellular fluid collected from interstitial space.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What distinguishes Rough ER from Smooth ER?
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, while Smooth ER does not.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What role does connective tissue play in protecting organs?
Protecting delicate organs (Fat).
p.34
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the first step in mitosis regarding chromatin?
Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes.
p.72
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What does dynamic equilibrium refer to?
Continual adaptation to maintain balance.
p.69
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of positive feedback in the body?
The response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus, moving the body away from homeostasis.
p.71
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of the positive feedback loop in blood clotting?
It accelerates the clotting process by releasing more chemicals at each step.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where do proteins synthesized in the Rough ER go next?
They are transported to the Golgi Apparatus for further processing.
p.70
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What role do temperature sensors play in body temperature regulation?
They detect changes in body temperature and send information to the control center.
p.55
Types of Body Tissues
What is the function of basophils?
They promote inflammation, similar to mast cells in other connective tissues.
p.43
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is a notable feature of epithelial tissue regarding blood supply?
Avascularity, meaning it lacks blood vessels.
p.3
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is protein synthesis?
The process by which cells generate proteins based on gene expression.
p.45
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is squamous epithelium known for?
Its flat cells that facilitate diffusion and filtration.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
To provide flexibility and support, found in structures like the ear.
p.68
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What controls extrinsic regulation?
The nervous and endocrine systems.
p.14
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is extracellular fluid?
A watery medium that surrounds a cell.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the composition of cartilage?
It consists of chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, and collagen fibers.
p.68
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What does the control center do in the homeostatic process?
Processes the signal and sends instructions.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers.
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the difference between visible chromosomes and chromatin?
Visible chromosomes are condensed structures seen during cell division, while chromatin is the less condensed form in non-dividing cells.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are canaliculi in bone?
Small channels that connect osteocytes within the bone matrix.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Which organelles are involved in protein processing?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus.
p.61
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction and produces all body movement.
p.9
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Why is the plasma membrane described as 'fluidic'?
Because molecules that make up the membrane can move with respect to one another.
p.69
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What happens to the normal range during negative feedback?
Normal range is achieved.
p.30
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What are introns?
Non-coding sequences in pre-mRNA that are removed during splicing.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
In what way does connective tissue support other tissues?
By supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue (Tendon).
p.14
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytoplasm?
All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus.
p.16
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of nucleoli?
Synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal subunits.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is a function of connective tissue related to energy storage?
Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides (Fat).
p.38
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Is DNA replicated before Meiosis II?
No, DNA is not replicated before Meiosis II.
p.70
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the control center for body temperature regulation?
The hypothalamus functions as a thermostat.
p.30
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the result of splicing?
Mature mRNA that contains only exons.
p.61
Types of Body Tissues
Where is smooth muscle tissue located?
In the walls of hollow, contracting organs such as blood vessels, urinary bladder, and tracts of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems.
p.65
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What does the cell body of a neuron contain?
The nucleus and major organelles.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is cartilage?
A flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body.
p.32
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of centrioles?
Each centriole is composed of 9 microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 array.
p.45
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the function of cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption.
p.32
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the function of centrioles during cell division?
They are essential for the movement of chromosomes.
p.29
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What happens to the DNA strands after transcription?
The two DNA strands re-associate.
p.70
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What occurs when body temperature drops?
Blood vessels constrict and sweating decreases.
p.33
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the purpose of mitosis in the cell cycle?
To divide genetic material equally.
p.32
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?
They help organize the structure and shape of the cell.
p.17
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is chromatin?
DNA that is not supercoiled.
p.64
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What are dendrites?
Short branches extending from the cell body that receive incoming signals.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Does cartilage have a blood supply?
No, cartilage is avascular, meaning it lacks a direct blood supply.
p.27
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What happens during RNA processing?
Introns are removed and exons are spliced together.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the significance of blood vessels in bone?
They transport nutrients and waste to and from bone cells.
p.41
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the concept of homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.
p.16
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are nucleoli made of?
DNA, RNA, enzymes, and histones.
p.19
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the genetic code?
The chemical language of DNA instructions.
p.30
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What are exons?
Coding sequences in pre-mRNA that are retained and joined together during splicing.
p.38
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What happens to the chromosomes during Meiosis II?
Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles.
p.43
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is a key characteristic of epithelial tissue related to cell organization?
Cellularity, which involves cell junctions.
p.41
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is positive feedback in the context of homeostasis?
It amplifies changes to push the body away from its normal state.
p.3
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the focus of the introduction to human cells?
An overview of human cell structure and function.
p.15
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What surrounds the nucleus?
The nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane.
p.35
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What occurs to the mitotic spindle as daughter chromosomes are pulled apart?
The mitotic spindle shortens.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does connective tissue defend the body?
By defending the body from invading microorganisms (Blood).
p.34
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Where do spindle fibers attach during mitosis?
To the centromere of the chromosomes.
p.15
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are nuclear pores?
Communication passages in the nuclear envelope.
p.17
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomes.
p.12
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What do motile cilia do?
Move materials over cell surfaces, such as in the intestine and respiratory tract.
p.29
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What are codons?
Codons are sequences of three RNA nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids.
p.63
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
Where is neural tissue primarily concentrated?
In the central nervous system.
p.10
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol responsible for?
Distributing materials by diffusion.
p.6
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What type of proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane?
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins.
p.14
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are organelles?
Structures within the cell that have specific functions.
p.33
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What does cytokinesis accomplish?
Divides cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.
p.2
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are the basic features of cell division?
Cell division includes processes like mitosis for somatic cells and meiosis for gametes, ensuring genetic continuity.
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is a nucleosome?
A unit of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, forming the basic structural unit of chromatin.
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are histones?
Proteins that help package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
p.27
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the role of ribosomes in translation?
They read the code from mRNA and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is an osteon?
The basic structural unit of compact bone.
p.41
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What role does negative feedback play in homeostasis?
It helps to counteract changes and maintain stability.
p.15
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?
It acts as the cell's control center.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is one function of Smooth ER?
To synthesize lipids and detoxify certain chemicals.
p.46
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
No, they do not have ducts.
p.42
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four types of tissue?
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Neural tissue.
p.41
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
Why is homeostasis significant?
It is crucial for the proper functioning of the body's systems.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What do vesicles containing degradative enzymes do?
Facilitate the breakdown of organic compounds.
p.72
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of systems integration in homeostasis?
Systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
p.45
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is stratified epithelium?
Multiple layers of cells that provide protection.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the significance of insulin receptors in the context of diffusion?
They are involved in the process of diffusion for glucose uptake.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the main types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
p.64
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What is the primary function of neurons?
To perform electrical communication.
p.2
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the significance of the genetic code?
The genetic code determines the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for cell structure and function.
p.53
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the matrix of fluid connective tissues composed of?
A watery matrix of dissolved proteins.
p.37
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is Meiosis I?
The first division in the process of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes are separated.
p.18
Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is chromatin?
The form of DNA in a non-dividing cell, which is less condensed than chromosomes.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.
p.53
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of white blood cells?
To fight infections and provide immune responses.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins.
p.27
DNA Role in Protein Synthesis
How does mRNA exit the nucleus?
Through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are membranous organelles?
Organelles that are surrounded by a membrane.
p.45
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is columnar epithelium typically involved in?
Absorption and secretion, often found in the digestive tract.
p.63
Neural Tissue and Its Role in the Body
What are the main components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.43
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
How does epithelial tissue control permeability?
By regulating what substances can pass through.
What are the four main types of body tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural.
p.2
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Why is cell division significant?
Cell division is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.
p.58
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does cartilage receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from surrounding tissues.
p.37
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the role of spindle fibers during Meiosis I?
They help separate homologous chromosomes and pull them to opposite poles of the cell.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of the periosteum?
Provides a protective layer and facilitates the attachment of muscles and tendons.
What is body organization?
The arrangement of cells into tissues and organs.
p.10
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What functions do the cytoskeleton provide?
Strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials.
p.3
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.
p.6
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What role do cholesterol molecules play in the plasma membrane?
They help maintain membrane fluidity.
p.6
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are glycolipids?
Lipids with carbohydrate groups attached, found in the plasma membrane.
p.37
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the outcome of Meiosis I?
Two haploid cells are produced, each containing half the number of chromosomes.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is found in the central canal of an osteon?
Blood vessels and nerves.
p.60
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of the bone matrix?
Provides structural support and strength to the bone.
