p.1
Types of Sensory Modalities
Which sensory modalities are transmitted by the ascending tracts?
Fine touch, pain and temperature, crude touch and pressure.
p.1
Types of Sensory Modalities
What sensory modalities are associated with fine touch?
Two points discrimination, vibration, and proprioception.
p.1
Proprioception Mechanisms
What is proprioception?
Sense of position and movement.
p.1
Types of Sensory Modalities
What does fine touch refer to?
Two points discrimination.
p.4
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What is the function of the Phrenic nucleus in the Central Group?
It controls the diaphragm and is located in C3-5 segments.
p.11
Ascending Tracts Overview
ما هي الأعمدة الثلاثة التي تنقسم إليها المادة البيضاء في الحبل الشوكي؟
1- أمامي (anterior)، 2- جانبي (lateral)، 3- خلفي (posterior).
p.11
Ascending Tracts Overview
ما هو العمود الذي يشغل المنطقة الخلفية في الحبل الشوكي؟
العمود الخلفي (posterior column).
p.1
Crude Touch and Pressure Sensation
What sensory modalities are associated with crude touch and pressure?
Crude touch and pressure.
p.5
Neuronal Pathways and Order
كيف تعرف بعض الكتب مجموعة النيروز؟
تعرفها على أنها nucleus أو laminate.
p.6
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where is the third-order neuron located for cranial nerves?
PMV (posteromedial ventral) nucleus of the thalamus.
p.13
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where are the first order neurons located in the dorsal column pathway?
In the dorsal root ganglia
p.2
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What do all the nuclei in the grey matter (posterior horn) consist of?
Clusters of neurons within the CNS
p.9
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where are second order neurons located in the spinal cord?
In various nuclei such as the Substantia Gelatinosa, Nucleus Proprius, Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke, and Visceral Afferent Nucleus.
p.14
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What does VPL stand for in the context of the dorsal column pathway?
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
p.13
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where are the second order neurons located in the dorsal column pathway?
In the nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis
p.14
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What does VPM stand for in the context of the dorsal column pathway?
Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus.
p.3
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Which spinal segments are involved in visceral sensation?
All thoracic segments and L1, L2, L3.
p.5
Neuronal Pathways and Order
ما هي substantia gelatinosa؟
هي laminae تشمل أول ثلاث laminae.
p.6
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where is the third-order neuron located for spinal nerves?
PLV (posterolateral ventral) nucleus of the thalamus.
p.9
Proprioception Mechanisms
What is the function of the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke?
Proprioception to the cerebellum.
p.2
Proprioception Mechanisms
What is the function of the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke?
Proprioception to the Cerebellum
p.4
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where is the Accessory nucleus located in the Central Group?
In the upper 5 or 6 cervical segments.
p.6
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where is the second-order neuron located in the spinal cord?
Posterior horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord.
p.10
Proprioception Mechanisms
Which tracts are responsible for unconscious proprioception?
Dorsal Spino-cerebellar and Ventral Spino-cerebellar tracts.
p.16
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What is the function of the internal capsule in the spinothalamic pathways?
It transmits sensory information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
p.20
Crude Touch and Pressure Sensation
ما هي الخطوة الأولى في اختبار الإحساس باللمس الخفيف باستخدام القطن أو القماش؟
نأخذ قطعة قطن أو قماش ونضعها على جسم المريض.
p.20
Crude Touch and Pressure Sensation
ما هو الهدف من اختبار الإحساس باللمس الخفيف؟
لتقييم استجابة المستقبلات الحسية في الجسم.
p.23
Proprioception Mechanisms
ما هو الهدف من تغطية عيون المريض وتحريك إصبعه الكبير لأعلى أو لأسفل؟
لتحديد ما إذا كان المريض يستطيع تحديد اتجاه حركة إصبعه بدون النظر.
p.24
Sensory Ataxia and Gait Analysis
What does 'Sensory Ataxia' mean?
Lack of muscle coordination due to sensory deficits.
p.3
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Which part of the spinal cord contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nuclei?
The grey matter (lateral horn).
p.10
Pain and Temperature Sensation
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-tectal tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the superior colliculus.
p.23
Proprioception Mechanisms
كيف يمكن للمريض معرفة اتجاه حركة إصبعه الكبير في هذا الاختبار؟
من خلال الإحساس بالموضع (Position sense) الذي يعتمد على مستقبلات الحس العميق في العضلات والمفاصل.
p.12
Pain and Temperature Sensation
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-reticular tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the reticular formation.
p.15
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Which nerves are involved in the spinothalamic tract?
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves.
p.10
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What is the function of the Spino-olivary tract?
It carries tactile information to the inferior olivary nucleus.
p.18
Pain and Temperature Sensation
ما الذي يجب التأكد منه عند استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
أن لا يتسبب الدبوس بنزيف للمريض.
p.12
Proprioception Mechanisms
Which tracts are responsible for proprioception to the cerebellum?
Dorsal Spino-cerebellar tract and Ventral Spino-cerebellar tract.
p.1
Ascending Tracts Overview
What is the definition of a tract?
A group of axons with the same function and direction.
p.5
Neuronal Pathways and Order
ما هي laminae التي تشملها nucleus؟
تشمل laminar واحدة أو أكثر.
p.11
Ascending Tracts Overview
إلى كم عمود يمكن تقسيم المادة البيضاء (white matter) في الحبل الشوكي؟
3 أعمدة: أمامي (anterior)، جانبي (lateral)، وخلفي (posterior).
p.11
Ascending Tracts Overview
ما هو العمود الذي يشغل المنطقة الجانبية في الحبل الشوكي؟
العمود الجانبي (lateral column).
p.14
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where do the first order neurons of the dorsal column pathway terminate?
In the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla.
What is the role of the posterolateral tract of Lissauer in the spinothalamic pathways?
It is involved in the transmission of pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure sensations.
p.18
Pain and Temperature Sensation
ما هو الغرض من استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
لاختبار الإحساس بالألم (وخز الدبوس) عند المريض.
p.10
Pain and Temperature Sensation
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-reticular tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the reticular formation.
p.10
Types of Sensory Modalities
What are the three main types of sensory modalities?
Fine touch (two-points discrimination), vibration and proprioception; Pain and Temperature; Crude touch and pressure.
p.21
Types of Sensory Modalities
ماذا يُفعل إذا كان الإحساس بالاهتزاز غائبًا في إصبع القدم الكبير؟
يتم الاختبار على الرضفة (patella).
p.11
Ascending Tracts Overview
ما هو العمود الذي يشغل المنطقة الأمامية في الحبل الشوكي؟
العمود الأمامي (anterior column).
p.11
Ascending Tracts Overview
ما هي وظيفة الأعمدة في المادة البيضاء في الحبل الشوكي؟
كل عمود يشمل منطقة معينة تحتوي على مسارات (tracts) محددة.
p.15
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What are the second order neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
Neurons that transmit sensory information from the spinal cord to the thalamus.
p.15
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What is the role of the VPL nucleus in the spinothalamic tract?
It processes sensory information from the body.
p.10
Crude Touch and Pressure Sensation
What sensory information does the Anterior Spino-thalamic tract carry?
Crude touch and pressure.
p.10
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What is the role of the medulla in the ascending tracts?
It contains the inferior olivary nucleus, which receives tactile information from the Spino-olivary tract.
p.12
Dorsal Column Pathway
What sensory modalities are carried by the Gracile tract?
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception.
p.24
Sensory Ataxia and Gait Analysis
What is the Stick and Stamp Sign?
A characteristic of sensory ataxic gait where the person stamps their feet while walking.
p.13
Dorsal Column Pathway
What do VPL and VPM stand for in the dorsal column pathway?
Ventral posterolateral and ventral posteromedial nuclei of the thalamus
p.14
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What are the first order neurons in the dorsal column pathway responsible for?
Transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the medulla.
Where do the spinothalamic tracts decussate (cross over) in the spinal cord?
In the contralateral white column of the spinal cord.
p.14
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where do the second order neurons of the dorsal column pathway terminate?
In the VPL and VPM nuclei of the thalamus.
p.15
Neuronal Pathways and Order
Where do first order neurons in the spinothalamic tract originate?
From sensory receptors in the skin and other tissues.
p.17
Proprioception Mechanisms
ما هي المسارات الشوكية المخيخية التي تمر عبر العمود الأبيض الجانبي للحبل الشوكي؟
المسار الشوكي المخيخي الأمامي.
p.20
Crude Touch and Pressure Sensation
لماذا يجب التأكد من عدم تحريك قطعة القطن أو القماش أثناء الاختبار؟
لأن تحريكها قد يحرك الشعر ويؤثر على المستقبلات الحسية في الجسم.
p.21
Types of Sensory Modalities
ماذا يُطلب من المريض عند وضع الشوكة الرنانة على إصبع القدم الكبير؟
يُسأل المريض: 'هل تشعر بالاهتزاز هنا؟ أخبرني عندما يتوقف.'
p.12
Dorsal Column Pathway
What sensory modalities are carried by the Cuneate tract?
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception.
p.15
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What are the first order neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
Neurons that transmit sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord.
p.14
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What are the second order neurons in the dorsal column pathway responsible for?
Transmitting sensory information from the medulla to the thalamus.
p.17
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
لماذا لا تمر المسارات الشوكية المخيخية عبر المهاد؟
لأنها لا تحتاج إلى الوعي، حيث أن المهاد مسؤول عن الوعي.
p.18
Pain and Temperature Sensation
ماذا يجب أن تسأل المريض عند استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
هل يشعر بالألم وهل هو حاد أم غير حاد.
p.21
Types of Sensory Modalities
ما هي الأماكن التي يتم اختبار الإحساس بالاهتزاز فيها بعد منطقة Hypothenar؟
1- عظمة القص (sternum)، 2- إصبع القدم الكبير والرضفة (great toe and patella)، 3- الركبة (knee)، 4- الشوكة الحرقفية الأمامية العلوية (anterior superior iliac spine)
p.24
Sensory Ataxia and Gait Analysis
What does a positive Romberg Test indicate?
It indicates sensory ataxia.
p.12
Crude Touch and Pressure Sensation
What sensory modalities are carried by the Anterior Spino-thalamic tract?
Crude touch and pressure.
p.12
Pain and Temperature Sensation
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-tectal tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the superior colliculus.
p.12
Types of Sensory Modalities
Which tracts are responsible for modality, intensity, and localization of sensory information?
Gracile tract, Cuneate tract, Lateral Spino-thalamic tract, and Anterior Spino-thalamic tract.
What are the nuclei of the thalamus involved in the spinothalamic tract?
VPL (ventral posterolateral) and VPM (ventral posteromedial) nuclei.
p.15
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What is the role of the VPM nucleus in the spinothalamic tract?
It processes sensory information from the face.
p.18
Pain and Temperature Sensation
لماذا يجب استخدام دبوس صغير ذو استخدام واحد في الفحص العصبي؟
لتجنب التسبب بمشاكل للمريض مثل النزيف.
p.21
Types of Sensory Modalities
أين يتم وضع الشوكة الرنانة في البداية عند اختبار الإحساس بالاهتزاز؟
على منطقة Hypothenar في اليد
p.21
Types of Sensory Modalities
ماذا يُفعل إذا كان الإحساس بالاهتزاز غائبًا في الركبة؟
يتم الاختبار على الشوكة الحرقفية الأمامية العلوية (anterior superior iliac spine).
p.24
Sensory Ataxia and Gait Analysis
What is the difference between sensory ataxia and cerebellar ataxia?
Sensory ataxia is due to sensory deficits, while cerebellar ataxia is due to issues in the cerebellum.
p.12
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What is the role of the Spino-reticular tract in sensory processing?
Arousal to stimuli via the cortex and emotional part of sensation via the cingulate gyrus.
p.10
Types of Sensory Modalities
What sensory modalities are carried by the Gracile and Cuneate tracts?
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception.
p.16
Neuronal Pathways and Order
What is the significance of the spinal lemniscus in the spinothalamic pathways?
It is a bundle of sensory fibers that carry information to the thalamus.
p.10
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What is the role of the midbrain in the ascending tracts?
It contains the superior colliculus, which receives pain, temperature, and crude touch information from the Spino-tectal tract.
p.23
Proprioception Mechanisms
ما هو دور الإحساس بالموضع في الجسم؟
يساعد في تحديد وضعية الأعضاء والأطراف في الفضاء بدون الحاجة إلى النظر.
p.24
Sensory Ataxia and Gait Analysis
What are the characteristics of a sensory ataxic gait?
Walks slowly, watches the ground while walking, wide-based stance, Stick and Stamp Sign, and positive Romberg Test.
p.12
Proprioception Mechanisms
What is the function of the Ventral Spino-cerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception.
p.24
Sensory Ataxia and Gait Analysis
Why does a person with sensory ataxia watch the ground while walking?
To compensate for the lack of proprioceptive feedback.
p.16
Crude Touch and Pressure Sensation
What sensory modalities are transmitted by the ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract?
Sensations of light touch and pressure.
p.16
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
Which part of the thalamus do the spinothalamic tracts project to?
The ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
p.17
Proprioception Mechanisms
ما هي المسارات الشوكية المخيخية التي تمر عبر العمود الأبيض الخلفي للحبل الشوكي؟
المسار الشوكي المخيخي الخلفي.
p.17
Proprioception Mechanisms
ما هي المعلومات التي تنقلها المسارات الشوكية المخيخية؟
تنقل إحساس العضلات والمفاصل غير الواعي.
p.18
Pain and Temperature Sensation
ما هو الخطأ الذي يجب تجنبه عند استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
تجنب التسبب بنزيف للمريض.
p.21
Types of Sensory Modalities
ماذا يُطلب من المريض عند وضع الشوكة الرنانة على عظمة القص؟
يُسأل المريض: 'هل تشعر بهذا الاهتزاز؟'
p.12
Proprioception Mechanisms
What is the function of the Dorsal Spino-cerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception.
p.17
Proprioception Mechanisms
ما هي وظيفة المسارات الشوكية المخيخية الظهرية والبطنية؟
تنقل المعلومات الحسية من العضلات والمفاصل إلى المخيخ.
p.10
Role of Thalamus in Sensory Processing
What is the function of the reticular formation in the ascending tracts?
It receives pain, temperature, and crude touch information from the Spino-reticular tract.
p.12
Types of Sensory Modalities
What is the function of the Spino-olivary tract?
Carries tactile information to the inferior olivary nucleus.
p.24
Sensory Ataxia and Gait Analysis
How does a person with sensory ataxia walk?
They walk slowly, watch the ground, and have a wide-based stance.
