A computer is an electronic machine that takes input from the user, processes the given input, and generates output in the form of useful information.
The CPU is the processor of the computer responsible for controlling and executing instructions; it is considered the most significant component and is often referred to as the 'brain' of the computer.
Programs refer to the set of instructions that can be executed by the computer in a sequential or non-sequential manner.
Data refers to the raw details that need to be processed to generate some useful information.
An improved device developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz that could perform multiplication, division, and calculate the square root of a number.
A manual computing device used for multiplication, consisting of rods that represent numbers and facilitate calculations.
Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, is considered the father of modern computer.
The primary function of Napier bones is to facilitate the multiplication and division of numbers.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing inside the computer.
In business, computers are utilized to store large amounts of information in databases, conduct web conferencing for meetings, and facilitate online transactions between buyers and sellers.
The internal hardware structure of ENIAC included 17,468 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 registers, 7,200 crystal diodes, and 10,000 capacitors.
Fifth generation computers are the fastest and most powerful, capable of executing multiple applications simultaneously at high speeds, and are designed for comfort and versatility in communication and resource sharing.
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are user-friendly environments developed for fourth generation computers that enhance interaction with the system.
EDSAC was an early British electronic computer developed in 1949 that used vacuum tube technology and mercury delay lines for memory construction.
A calculator developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642, also known as a numerical wheel calculator, designed to handle numbers up to 999,999.999 using a set of toothed wheels operated by hand.
The sand table was a device that arranged stones in three channels in the sand to perform simple arithmetic calculations by incrementing counts.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) was a general-purpose electronic digital computer developed in 1946, capable of solving all types of computing problems and utilizing vacuum tube technology.
The multiplication process with Napier bones starts with the rightmost bone and proceeds towards the left, using the arrangement of numbers on the rods to compute the result.
Colossus used vacuum tube technology and was designed as a special-purpose electronic device for specific functions.
The use of LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technologies made fourth generation computers small, cheap, compact, and powerful.
The stored program principle allows programs and data to be stored in memory as binary numbers, making them indistinguishable inputs for the computer.
Computers are used in the entertainment industry for creating graphics and animations, with various free and proprietary graphics software available for this purpose.
Napier bones are a manual computing device developed by John Napier in 1614, designed for multiplication and division, consisting of a board with squares and rods made of ivory bones.
The analytical engine included an input unit, an output unit, a storage unit, a processor, and a control unit, making it a general-purpose programmable digital computer.
A transistor is a semiconductor device that is used to increase the power of incoming signals while preserving the shape of the original signal. It has three connections: emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C).
Scientists use computers for research and development, analysis of theories, and to predict natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis.
The advantage of using static and dynamic RAM is that it allows computers to access stored information rapidly, increasing productivity and performance.
Assembly language is a low-level programming language that allows programmers to use simple English words, called mnemonics, to represent different instructions in a program.
Transistors were smaller, faster, cheaper, generated less heat, and required less power during operation compared to vacuum tubes, making them a superior technology.
Examples of third generation computers include NCR 395, B6500, IBM 370, PDP 11, and CDC 7600.
The process through which computing devices have developed from manual tools to automated systems, incorporating advancements in technology and design.
An abacus is a manual calculating device that consists of a wooden frame with wires and beads, allowing users to perform arithmetic operations by sliding the beads.
Ancient people performed arithmetic calculations using their fingers, stones, and other devices like notches in sticks and knots in ropes.
Computers connected through the Internet enable data transfer and communication, with email being a common medium for sending and receiving messages and file attachments.
ENIAC operated at 1000 times more speed than that of the MARK I computer.
The invention of Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technologies led to the development of fourth generation computers, allowing thousands to hundreds of thousands of transistors to be fitted onto a single chip.
ENIAC was designed to perform simple arithmetic operations as well as advanced operations like separating the sign of a number and comparing different numbers for equality.
The advantages included being the fastest computing devices of their time and the ability to efficiently execute complex mathematical problems.
Machine language is a low-level programming language where all values are represented in the form of 0s and 1s, making programming first generation computers difficult.
A device developed by Edmund Gunter in 1620, consisting of two sets of graduated scales that slide over each other, used for multiplication, division, and various scientific functions.
Napier bones were developed by John Napier in the year 1614.
ENIAC used vacuum tube technology to construct its basic circuits.
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology is a method that allows for the integration of millions of transistors on a single chip, significantly reducing the size of computers and increasing their processing power.
The base of the transistor is the gate through which the signal, needed to be amplified, is sent. It acts as the input gate for the transistor.
The limitations included inadequate input and output media improvements, the need for air-conditioned environments, high costs beyond home users' reach, and being special-purpose computers that could only execute specific applications.
ENIAC used the decimal number system for representing and processing values.
A monitor is a screen that displays information in visual form after receiving video signals from the computer.
A Manual Computing Device refers to early tools used for performing calculations, such as stones, notches in sticks, and knots in ropes, which required human operation.
An abacus is a manual computing device used for arithmetic processes, consisting of a frame with rods and beads that can be moved to represent numbers.
The need for faster and more accurate calculations than those provided by early mechanical devices and methods led to the invention of computers.
MARK I, designed by Howard Aiken, was one of the early computers that could perform multiplication of two twenty-figure numbers in just 6 seconds.
Third generation computers were known for their small computational time, portability, use of high-level languages, ease of installation, general-purpose applications, reliability, and less frequent maintenance.
A Personal Computer (PC) refers to a computer that is designed to be used by an individual, allowing for personal work due to its decreased size and cost.
The major disadvantage of fifth generation computers is the lack of an intelligent program that can guide them in performing different operations, although efforts are being made in artificial intelligence to address this.
EDVAC was invented by John Eckert and John Mauchly.
Disadvantages included reliance on machine language, lack of flexibility as special-purpose computers, and large, bulky size due to vacuum tube technology.
The difference engine is an automatic mechanical computing machine developed by Charles Babbage to automate the tabulation of functions.
Fifth generation computers are the latest generation of computers characterized by advancements in speed, efficiency, and the use of ULSI technology, allowing for smaller sizes and enhanced multimedia features.
Computers can be classified based on the operations performed and the methods used to store and process data and information, leading to various categories.
Some disadvantages of third generation computers include small storage capacity, degraded performance with large applications, high cost, and the requirement for air-conditioned environments.
The first Integrated Circuit was developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958.
The keyboard and mouse are devices used by the computer for receiving input from the user.
The key characteristics include the ability to automate manual computational tasks, process various types of input efficiently, and integrate discrete components to perform both simple and complex tasks.
UNIVAC provided separate processes for handling input/output and processing functions, making it unique among early computers.
Computer generations refer to the phases of improvement made to different computing devices, resulting in smaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable, and productive computers.
Computers are used in schools and colleges to enhance teaching, provide access to information via the Internet, facilitate online exams, and support distance education.
A vacuum tube is a glass device containing filaments that, when heated, generate electrons to amplify and deamplify electronic signals, used in first generation computers.
Second generation computers, used from 1956 to 1963, utilized transistors instead of vacuum tubes, making them smaller, faster, cheaper, and more efficient. They were also more reliable and generated less heat.
A microprocessor is a component that incorporates various parts of a computer, such as the CPU, memory, and Input/Output controls, onto a single chip, and is a major characteristic feature of fourth generation computers.
Third generation computers, used from 1964 to 1975, were characterized by the use of Integrated Circuits (ICs), which combined various electronic components onto a single silicon chip.
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology allows almost ten million electronic components to be fabricated on one small chip, increasing the power and speed of microprocessors in fifth generation computers.
Problems include the complexity of soldering LSI and VLSI chips on wiring boards and the dependency on programmer instructions for operation.
Online banking allows users or customers to transfer and receive money using computers and the Internet, with some banks providing online bill payment facilities through their websites.
Computers are used by doctors to diagnose diseases and monitor patients' conditions through connected analog and digital devices, and bioinformatics applies information technology in molecular biology.
Storage capacity refers to a computer's ability to store large amounts of data in various formats, divided into main memory and secondary storage.
A high-level language is a computer programming language that is independent of the machine details, making it easy for programmers to use and allowing programs to be executed on different computers.
Second generation computers were the fastest computing devices of their time, easy to program due to assembly language, small and lightweight for easy transport, required less power, and were more reliable than first generation computers.
EDVAC is an electronic computer introduced in 1949 that used the binary number system for representing and processing values, and was the first computer to work on the principle of stored program.
First generation computers were used from 1940 to 1956 and relied on vacuum tube technology for calculations, storage, and control, making them large and bulky.
The first commercial computer invented was the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), introduced in 1951.
Reliability means that a computer produces results without errors, with most errors being human-generated.
ICs were superior to vacuum tubes and transistors in cost and performance, requiring very low power, and allowing for smaller, faster, more efficient, and more reliable computers.
Computers are categorized based on operating principles, applications, and size.
Diligence refers to a computer's ability to perform repetitive calculations any number of times with the same accuracy, without suffering from human traits like tiredness.
The evolution of computers is marked by five generations, each characterized by a technological revolution that significantly advanced the capabilities of computers.
Accuracy refers to a computer's ability to carry out calculations with great precision, depending on its hardware configuration and instructions.
Versatility indicates that computers can perform many different tasks and be used for various purposes.
GIGO stands for 'Garbage-In, Garbage-Out', indicating that incorrect instructions or data can lead to erroneous output.
Computers are used by engineers for the creation of complex drawings and designs while working in different fields like automobiles and construction.
Speed refers to a computer's ability to solve large and complex problems in a few seconds, generally depending on its hardware configuration.
