p.1
Schematic Diagram of Blood Flow
What should be included in a schematic diagram of the heart?
Direction of blood flow, all named chambers, valves, and arteries and veins that receive or return blood.
p.9
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
Why is it important to understand the spatial relationships of heart chambers and valves?
To be confident in knowledge of blood flow through the heart and its inflow and outflow tracts.
p.5
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
What is the function of the coronary sinus?
It allows venous return to the heart from the great cardiac vein.
p.6
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
What is the first step in the dissection process of the heart?
Identify the interventricular groove by palpating differences in the thickness of the ventricular walls.
p.8
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
What should be compared at the end of the dissection?
The structure of the aortic valve with that of the pulmonic valve.
p.2
Fetal Circulation Remnants
What is the function of the valve of the foramen ovale?
It allowed blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation and is represented by the fossa ovalis in adults.
p.9
Schematic Diagram of Blood Flow
What is the pathway of blood flow from the left coronary artery?
From the left coronary artery to the right atrium and then through the heart back to the left coronary artery.
p.5
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
What is the first step in dissecting the right atrium?
Incise the lateral wall of both the cranial and caudal vena cavae along the probe.
p.8
Fetal Circulation Remnants
What is the significance of the valve of the foramen ovale?
It indicates where blood was shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium during fetal development.
p.1
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What arteries take blood away from the heart?
The aorta and pulmonary arteries, delivering blood to the body and lungs respectively.
p.1
Differences in Chamber Wall Thickness
Why do the walls of the pulmonary arteries and veins not differ significantly in thickness?
Both carry blood at similar pressures, hence similar wall thickness.
p.6
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
What should you cut around to dissect the right ventricle?
Cut just adjacent to the interventricular groove entirely around the right ventricle.
p.6
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
What is the conus arteriosus?
The outflow tract of the right ventricle that directs blood through the pulmonary valve.
p.8
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
What should be compared when examining the left AV valve?
Its features with those of the right AV valve.
p.2
Fetal Circulation Remnants
Why are these structures important to understand in adult anatomy?
They are remnants of fetal circulation that indicate how blood flow changes after birth.
p.9
Schematic Diagram of Blood Flow
What organs will be explored in the next dissection related to systemic circulation?
The lungs, esophagus, and thoracic body wall.
p.5
Mechanism of Valve Function
What structure prevents turbulent blood flow in the right atrium?
The intervenous tubercle.
p.6
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
What is the purpose of cutting through the caudal part of the right AV valve?
To adequately expose the ventricular wall.
p.7
Pulmonary Circulation and Oxygenation
What is the function of the pulmonary veins in the lungs?
They drain blood from each lung lobe directly into the left atrium.
p.7
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
What anatomical structures can be identified in the medial view of the right lung?
Pulmonary artery, bronchi, pulmonary ligament, cranial lobe, middle lobe, accessory lobe, caudal lobe, and pulmonary veins.
p.1
Anatomical Orientation of the Heart
What features should you demonstrate on an isolated heart to discriminate anatomical orientations?
Cranial/caudal, medial/lateral, dorsal/ventral.
p.9
Schematic Diagram of Blood Flow
What should you ideally be able to do with the diagram of blood flow pathways?
Draw your own version with superimposed blood flow pathways.
p.1
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What is meant by structural and functional blood supplies of an organ?
Structural refers to the physical blood vessels, while functional refers to the blood's role in supplying nutrients and oxygen.
p.1
Pulmonary Circulation and Oxygenation
What tubular organs are associated with the hilus of an isolated lung?
Bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and veins, all playing roles in oxygenation.
p.2
Fetal Circulation Remnants
What does the fossa ovalis represent?
An adult remnant of the foramen ovale, which was important in fetal circulation.
p.9
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
Where do the coronary arteries originate?
From the ascending portion of the aorta at the dilated sinus of the aorta.
p.1
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What is the relationship between the heart, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum?
The heart is located within the pericardial cavity, which is situated in the mediastinum.
p.5
Fetal Circulation Remnants
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
A cord-like structure spanning the distance between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
p.8
Comparative Anatomy of Heart Structures
What relationship should be noted during the dissection of the aorta?
The relationship of the aorta to the pulmonary trunk.
p.7
Pulmonary Circulation and Oxygenation
What should you observe regarding the pulmonary veins during dissection?
They may contain red latex, indicating oxygenated blood returning to the heart.
p.9
Schematic Diagram of Blood Flow
What circulatory flow is completed when blood travels through the aorta?
The systemic circulatory flow.
p.1
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
What unique features should be described for each of the four chambers of the heart?
Each chamber's specific structure and function.
p.5
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
What are the pectinate muscles?
Elaborate muscular bands found on the internal surface of the right auricle and lateral surface of the right atrium.
p.6
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
What structures need to be cut through to expose the right ventricle?
The left pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk, and the wall of the right ventricle along the interventricular groove.
p.6
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What distinguishes the bronchi from arteries and veins in the lungs?
Bronchi have walls made of incomplete cartilage plates.
p.7
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What is the relationship between the pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, and principal bronchi at the hilus of the lung?
They are spatially related, with specific positions relative to each other.
p.4
Anatomical Orientation of the Heart
What is a good way to orient yourself to the heart?
Discriminate between right and left ventricles and appreciate the size differences between the atria and ventricles.
p.4
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What are the two large veins that return blood to the right atrium?
Cranial and caudal venae cavae.
p.8
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
What is the first step in dissecting the left side of the heart?
Make a longitudinal cut through the lateral wall of the left atrium.
p.8
Mechanism of Valve Function
What is important to visualize regarding the left atrium and left ventricle during dissection?
Their dynamics during systole and diastole as closed chambers.
p.2
Fetal Circulation Remnants
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
An adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus, crucial for fetal circulation.
p.9
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What arteries supply oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the heart?
The right and left coronary arteries.
p.1
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What veins bring blood directly to the heart?
The superior and inferior vena cavae, draining blood from the body.
p.1
Mechanism of Valve Function
What is the mechanism of valve opening and closing in relation to the cardiac cycle?
Valves open and close based on pressure changes during the cardiac cycle, producing heart sounds.
p.5
Differences in Chamber Wall Thickness
How can you distinguish between pulmonary arteries and veins?
You cannot distinguish them based on wall thickness and elasticity, unlike systemic arteries and veins.
p.7
Pulmonary Circulation and Oxygenation
What distinguishes the pulmonary trunk from the pulmonary veins?
The pulmonary trunk supplies each lung with a single pulmonary artery, while multiple pulmonary veins drain each lung lobe.
p.7
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
What is the significance of the impressions of the cranial vena cava, azygous vein, descending aorta, and heart on the right lung?
They indicate the spatial relationships of major blood vessels and the heart to the lung.
p.8
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
How should the incision be extended to open the left ventricle?
Through the left AV valve and midway between the interventricular groove on either side.
p.8
Dissection Techniques for the Heart
What should be probed from the ventricular side during dissection?
The outflow track of the left ventricle through the aortic valve.
p.6
Structural and Functional Blood Supplies
Where do the principal bronchi branch from?
The trachea at the carina.
p.7
Comparative Anatomy of Heart Structures
How can you distinguish bronchi from blood vessels in imaging?
By noting their relative sizes and shapes in CT or radiographic images.
