Skeletal muscle is a type of muscle tissue that is named based on various factors including location, origin, insertion, number of origins, shape, size, direction, and function.
The principal muscle involved in a movement, also known as the prime mover.
The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that allows a wide range of movement and stability due to the deep insertion of the femoral head into the acetabulum, a strong articular capsule, surrounding ligaments, and large powerful muscles.
Muscles are often named after their anatomical region, such as the brachioradialis, which is named after the arm (brachial) and the radius bone.
A planar joint has relatively flat articular surfaces that allow side-to-side and back-and-forth gliding movements.
The cervical spine is the most superior portion of the vertebral column, lying between the cranium and the thoracic vertebrae.
During the Middle Ages, after the downfall of the Roman Empire, there was a halt in anatomical progress due to the widespread uptake of Christianity, with Galen's texts dominating the field.
The Murder Act of 1752 required the Company of Surgeons in London to conduct public dissections of convicted murderers, addressing the high demand for bodies for anatomical study.
Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements of the body, enabling actions such as walking and lifting.
Flexion is a movement that reduces the angle of a joint.
The humerus is the bone that makes up the upper arm.
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae, which are the largest in the vertebral column and are structurally specialized to support the weight of the upper body.
A muscle that has the opposite action of the prime mover and helps maintain body or limb position and control rapid movements.
A hinge joint is where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another, allowing flexion and extension in a single plane.
External rotation is rotating a limb away from the midline of the body.
Tarsals are a group of seven bones in the ankle that provide stability and support for the foot.
Secondary curves become obvious in infancy when a baby starts to hold up its head and walks.
The anatomical position is a standard position of the body where the person stands facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet also facing forward.
Ribs 11-12 that do not attach to the sternum.
An Eillipsoid joint (condylar joint) is a joint where an oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone, allowing for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction. An example is the joint between the carpals and radius.
A Saddle joint is a type of joint where one bone is saddle-shaped and the other acts as the rider, allowing for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction. An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Joint classification is the categorization of joints based on the presence or absence of a synovial cavity, the type of movement allowed, and the type of connecting tissue.
The coccyx consists of 4 (+/-) coccygeal vertebrae and is located at the base of the vertebral column.
The key functions of skeletal muscles include contractility, excitability, joint stabilization, and maintaining body posture.
The femur is the thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the human body, connecting the hip to the knee.
Dorsiflexion is moving the dorsum of the foot posteriorly.
Phalanges are the bones of the toes, with each toe consisting of three phalanges except for the big toe, which has two.
The vertebral column is a series of approximately 33 bones called vertebrae, separated by intervertebral discs, and divided into five different regions characterized by different vertebral structures.
Kyphosis, also known as humpback or hunchback, is characterized by excessive thoracic curvature.
The gelatinous central mass of the intervertebral disc that becomes broader and thinner when compressed or stretched.
A Ball and socket joint is a joint where a ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into a cup-like depression of another, allowing for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.
A synergist assists the agonist in performing a movement and can also stabilize the muscle's origin.
Adduction is moving towards the midline of the body.
Common features include the body (corpus vertebrae), arch (arcus vertebrae), and vertebral foramen (foramen vertebrae).
Supination is holding the forearm in the anatomical position.
The study of joints, which are points of contact between two or more bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.
Scoliosis is a deformity of the vertebral column, usually accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae, and is the most common deformity in pubertal girls, resulting from developmental defects, asymmetric muscle strength, poor posture, or idiopathic causes.
Extension is a movement that increases the angle of a joint.
The bones that form the hand.
The medial compartment of the lower limb contains muscles that primarily adduct the thigh.
The pelvic girdle is a bony structure that connects the spine to the lower limbs, consisting of the pelvis and sacrum.
Torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), torn medial meniscus, and torn MCL (medial collateral ligament).
The skull is a bony structure that supports the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain, comprised of 22 bones.
Lordosis, also known as hollow back or sway-back, is characterized by anterior rotation of the pelvis that produces increased lumbar curvature, often associated with weakened trunk muscles.
Bones provide protection, shape, blood production, calcium storage, movement, and support.
Adduction is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
The pelvic girdle is a strong stable connection between the trunk and lower extremities, consisting of innominate bones that fuse into a single bone between the ages of 16 and 18. It bears weight from the upper body, transmits weight from the vertebral column to the femora, and supports and protects pelvic viscera.
The 12 thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and increase in size from superior to inferior, specialized to articulate with ribs, producing the bony thorax.
The posterior compartment of the lower limb contains muscles that primarily flex the knee and extend the hip.
The term 'Number of Origins' refers to muscles that connect to more than one bone or to multiple places on a bone, resulting in more than one origin.
The tibia and fibula are the two long bones in the lower leg, with the tibia being the larger and stronger bone, while the fibula is thinner and located alongside it.
Ligaments that connect the femur and tibia provide stability to the knee joint, along with the strength and actions of surrounding muscles and their tendons.
Normal lordosis refers to the two forward curves seen in the neck (cervical spine) and lower back (lumbar spine).
The axial skeleton is the long axis of the body, consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
The first seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.
The lower limb is composed of three compartments in the thigh (anterior, posterior, medial) and three compartments in the leg (anterior, posterior, medial).
The sacrum consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae and is part of the vertebral column.
Treatment options include observation, physical therapy (such as swimming and maintaining posture in mild cases), bracing, and surgery in severe cases.
The upper limb is composed of the anterior compartment (flexors) and the posterior compartment (extensors).
Pronation is twisting the radius over the ulna.
Vesalius (1514-1564) is considered the father of modern anatomy for his significant contributions to the field.
Over the past 150 years, dissection is no longer performed on criminals, and the public benefits more from medical advancements.
The vertebral column includes cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx.
Human bone is as strong as granite, capable of supporting significant weight, such as nine tonnes for a block the size of a matchbox.
The anterior compartment of the lower limb contains muscles that primarily extend the knee and flex the hip.
Some muscles are named based on their connection to a stationary bone (origin) and a moving bone (insertion).
Yes, muscles or muscle groups in the lower limb can act on more than one joint.
The clavicle is the only bony attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton, acting as a strut between the scapula and the sternum.
A common sports injury involving the rupture of the medial meniscus, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and tibial collateral ligament, often occurring when a player's knee is struck from the lateral side while their foot is planted.
Galen (129-200 AD) was a physician who conducted anatomical studies, although he avoided human dissection due to Christian ideology.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is weaker than the posterior cruciate ligament and is commonly torn in knee injuries.
Primary curves develop during fetal development.
The ribcage protects the delicate heart and lungs from injury.
Ribs 8-12 that attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage.
The forearm is composed of the radius and ulna.
The knee is the largest joint in the body, consisting of three articulations: the lateral and medial condyles of the femur and tibia, and the patella and femur.
A condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often resulting in one hip being higher than the other, one side of the rib cage jutting forward, and a prominence on one side of the back when bending forward.
The wrist is the joint connecting the forearm to the hand, consisting of eight small bones known as carpal bones.
The scapula is a triangular flat bone that lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax and articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint and with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.
The radius is the lateral mobile bone of the forearm, while the ulna is the medial stabilizing bone, with a large proximal end specialized for articulation.
Inversion occurs at the ankle joint when moving the plantar surface of the foot towards the midline.
London Burjers in 1831 dug up and sold fresh cadavers to anatomists and surgeons, with one individual admitting to stealing between 500 and 1000 bodies over twelve years.
Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, providing support and structure.
Bone consists of 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic components by weight.
The bones that make up the fingers.
Synovial joints are a type of joint that can be sub-classified into several types based on the shape of their articular surfaces and the movements they permit.
A thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber, and muscle in place.
The shoulder joint, or glenohumeral joint, is the most mobile joint in the body, specialized for flexibility rather than stability, allowing movement around three axes including flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
Metatarsals are the five long bones in the foot that connect the tarsals to the phalanges.
Eversion is tilting the plantar surface of the foot away from the midline.
Normal kyphosis is characterized by the two backward curves seen in the chest (thoracic spine) and hip areas (sacral spine).
A structure that attaches adjacent vertebral bodies, consisting of an outer fibrous part called the annulus fibrosus and a gelatinous central mass known as the nucleus pulposus, acting as a shock absorber.
Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Breathing problems due to the rib cage pressing against the lungs, and chronic back pain in adults who had scoliosis as children, especially if the abnormal curves are large and untreated.
Internal rotation is rotating a limb towards the midline of the body.
A pivot joint features a round or pointed surface of one bone fitting into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament, allowing for rotational movements.
'Anatome' is a Greek word meaning cutting up or taking apart, first used by Aristotle (384-322 BC).
Plantarflexion is moving the plantar surface of the foot posteriorly.
The Paris method, introduced by William Hunter in 1748, allowed gentlemen to learn dissection during the winter season in a manner similar to that in Paris.
The different types of muscle include skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, each serving distinct functions in the body.
The annulus fibrosus is the outer fibrous part of the intervertebral disc, composed of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage that provides structural support.
The pectoral girdle consists of the sternum, clavicle, and scapula.
The axial skeleton consists of the bones that form the long axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and girdles.
Human anatomy is the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
The bones that make up the wrist.
