C) The eyes deviate to the left

Explanation: Stimulation of the vestibular nuclei on the right side causes conjugate deviation of the eyes to the left, demonstrating the coordinated response of the vestibular system.

C) Dentate nucleus

Explanation: The dentate nucleus is specifically mentioned as lying in the center of each cerebellar hemisphere, making it a key structure within the cerebellar nuclei.

C) To receive and process sound

Explanation: The ear is primarily known as the organ of hearing and equilibrium, responsible for receiving sound waves and processing them into nerve impulses.

C) Vestibulobulbar connection

Explanation: The vestibulobulbar connection involves fibers from the lateral vestibular nucleus that pass to the nucleus of the accessory nerve, increasing the tone in extensor muscles of the neck to support the head against gravity.

D) A combination of afferent, projection, association, commissural, and efferent fibers

Explanation: The white matter of the cerebellum consists of various types of fibers, including afferent, projection, association, commissural, and efferent fibers, which play different roles in cerebellar function.

B) Globose nucleus

Explanation: The globose nucleus is described as lying medial to the emboliform nucleus, indicating its position within the cerebellar nuclei.

D) External ear, middle ear, internal ear

Explanation: The ear consists of three main parts: the external ear, middle ear, and internal ear, each serving distinct functions in the hearing process.

C) To facilitate the sense of smell

Explanation: The olfactory mucosa is responsible for the sense of smell, making it a vital component of the olfactory system.

B) To provide inhibitory feedback on granular cells

Explanation: Large stellate cells have dendrites that extend through all layers of the cortex and their axons synapse with granular cells to provide inhibitory feedback, playing a crucial role in the cerebellar circuitry.

B) Vermis

Explanation: The vermis is the midline structure of the cerebellum, separating the two lateral hemispheres and playing a crucial role in its overall function.

B) To act as a barrier against infections

Explanation: The capsule of the tonsil serves as a barrier that helps prevent the spread of tonsillar infections to surrounding tissues.

B) Nausea

Explanation: Overstimulation of the semicircular canals can produce nausea, indicating the sensitivity of the vestibular system to excessive motion.

B) A thick, gelatinous glycoprotein layer

Explanation: The neuroepithelium in the vestibular system is covered by a thick, gelatinous glycoprotein layer, which is likely secreted by supporting cells.

B) Utricle and saccule

Explanation: The vestibule contains two components of the membranous labyrinth, the utricle and the saccule, which are essential for balance and equilibrium.

B) Low Na and high K content

Explanation: The endolymph in the membranous labyrinth is characterized by its low sodium (Na) and high potassium (K) content, which is essential for the function of the sensory cells.

B) To increase tone in extensor muscles of the leg

Explanation: The lateral and ventral vestibulospinal tracts function to increase the tone in extensor muscles of the leg, helping to support the body against gravity and maintain an upright position.

B) Eustachian tube

Explanation: The Eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear cavity, allowing for pressure equalization and drainage.

C) In the internal ear

Explanation: The receptors for the vestibular pathway are located in the internal ear, specifically in structures like the macula of the utricle, macula of the saccule, and cristae ampullaris of the semicircular canals.

E) Caudate nucleus

Explanation: The caudate nucleus is part of the basal ganglia, not the cerebellum. The cerebellar nuclei include the fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei.

B) Crypts

Explanation: The epithelial invaginations in the palatine tonsils form crypts, which are important for trapping pathogens and facilitating immune responses.

C) By facilitating the learning of movements, such as writing

Explanation: The cerebellar cortex is important for the learning of movements, helping individuals acquire skills like writing through practice and coordination.

A) They terminate in the cochlear nucleus

Explanation: Axons from the neurons in the spiral ganglion continue to the brain stem as the cochlear nerve and terminate in the cochlear nucleus of the medulla.

B) Basilar membrane

Explanation: The organ of Corti rests on a thick layer known as the basilar membrane, which is essential for its function in hearing.

B) To house the receptor cells for the sense of hearing

Explanation: The cochlea contains the organ of Corti, which houses the receptor cells responsible for detecting sound, making it a vital structure in the auditory system.

B) Input from a single climbing fiber

Explanation: Purkinje cells receive input from a single climbing fiber, which provides a powerful excitatory signal, making it a key feature of their function in the cerebellar cortex.

B) Stratified squamous epithelium

Explanation: The external auditory meatus is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which is continuous with the skin, providing protection and support.

B) Stratified squamous epithelium

Explanation: The upper (lingual) surface of the epiglottis is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, which is thicker than the lower (laryngeal) surface that continues as respiratory epithelium.

B) Pseudostratified respiratory epithelium

Explanation: The anterior cartilaginous part of the ear is lined by pseudostratified respiratory epithelium, which contains numerous goblet cells.

A) Inferior colliculus

Explanation: Fibers of the lateral lemniscus relay in two sites, one of which is the inferior colliculus, playing a key role in auditory processing.

B) Vestibular nuclei

Explanation: The vestibular nuclei are responsible for relaying vestibular information to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, facilitating the integration of sensory information for balance and coordination.

C) Bipolar neurons

Explanation: Olfactory neurons are classified as bipolar neurons, characterized by their rounded nuclei located below the nuclei of supporting cells.

C) To modulate balance

Explanation: The stereocilia on hair cells are involved in the modulation of balance, particularly in the vestibular system, which is crucial for maintaining equilibrium.

C) Regulation of muscle tone and finer control of movements

Explanation: The paleocerebellum is connected to the spinal cord and is primarily responsible for regulating muscle tone and fine-tuning movements.

B) To transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the perilymph

Explanation: The stapes bone plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the perilymph in the inner ear, facilitating the process of sound perception.

B) To absorb endolymph and clear debris

Explanation: The endolymphatic duct serves the important function of absorbing endolymph and clearing debris from it through phagocytic cells, which is crucial for maintaining the health of the inner ear.

B) They lack kinocilium

Explanation: Unlike vestibular receptors, the hair cells in the organ of Corti do not have kinocilium, which contributes to the symmetry in sensory transduction.

B) They are the primary integrative neurons

Explanation: Purkinje cells are identified as the primary integrative neurons of the cerebellar cortex, playing a crucial role in processing and integrating information.

B) Transferring stiffness

Explanation: Pillar cells contain a large number of microtubules that help transfer stiffness to these cells, playing a crucial role in the structural integrity of the organ of Corti and facilitating sound transduction.

B) They form the outer edge of the organ of Corti

Explanation: Cells of Claudius are responsible for forming the outer edge of the organ of Corti, contributing to its structural integrity and organization.

B) Foreign body or wax in the external canal

Explanation: Conductive deafness is often caused by disorders that interfere with sound conduction, with foreign bodies or wax in the external canal being a common cause.

B) To stabilize vision while the head and body are moving

Explanation: The vestibuloocular connection helps to keep the eyes fixed on a stationary point, allowing for stable vision even when the head and body are in motion.

A) Direct vestibulocerebellar fibers

Explanation: Some fibers of the vestibular nerves bypass the vestibular nuclei and go directly to the cerebellum, which is significant for understanding the vestibulocerebellar connections.

A) Malleus, incus, and stapes

Explanation: The three small bones in the middle ear are the malleus, incus, and stapes, which play a crucial role in transmitting sound vibrations.

C) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)

Explanation: Tonsils are classified as part of the MALT, which indicates their role in the immune system, specifically in mucosal immunity.

B) Scala media and scala vestibuli

Explanation: The two layers of squamous epithelium in the cochlea are derived from the scala media and the lining of the scala vestibuli, which play a crucial role in maintaining ionic gradients.

B) Type I and Type II hair cells

Explanation: The maculae in the saccule and utricle contain two types of receptor cells, Type I hair cells (flask-shaped) and Type II hair cells (cylindrical), which are essential for balance and spatial orientation.

B) Inner and outer hair cells

Explanation: The receptors for hearing in the organ of Corti are both inner and outer hair cells, which play a crucial role in the auditory pathway.

B) It is a vascularized epithelium

Explanation: The stria vascularis is an unusual vascularized epithelium located in an outer position of the cochlea, which is important for maintaining the ionic environment necessary for hearing.

C) Cells in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Explanation: The second order neurons in the auditory pathway are located in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, which process auditory information after it is received from the first order neurons.

B) They restore hearing by bypassing damaged sensory receptors

Explanation: Cochlear implants can restore hearing by directly stimulating the auditory nerve, bypassing damaged hair cells and sensory receptors in the inner ear, making them effective for individuals with sensory-neural deafness.

B) Adipose connective tissue

Explanation: The lobule of the ear is made up of adipose connective tissue, which is covered by skin, providing a soft structure at the bottom of the ear.

B) Traumatic injury to the olfactory nerve

Explanation: Loss of smell can occur due to traumatic injury of the olfactory nerve or destruction of the olfactory epithelium, highlighting the vulnerability of the olfactory system.

C) Respiratory epithelium

Explanation: The nasopharynx is lined with respiratory epithelium, which is important for filtering and humidifying the air that passes through.

B) To stimulate the vomiting center

Explanation: The vestibuloreticular connection involves fibers from the vestibular nuclei that pass to the reticular formation of the midbrain, which can stimulate the vomiting center, explaining why some individuals experience motion sickness.

C) Trapezoid body

Explanation: The axons of third order neurons form the trapezoid body, which is crucial for the auditory pathway as it allows the fibers to cross to the opposite side before ascending.

B) To influence the activity of the pyramidal tract

Explanation: The vestibulocerebellar connections allow the cerebellum to influence the activity of the pyramidal tract, which is crucial for motor control and coordination.

C) Thick, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Explanation: The olfactory mucosa consists of thick, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, which is essential for its function in smell.

C) Scala vestibuli

Explanation: The upper perilymph compartment, known as the scala vestibuli, is directly continuous with the perilymph of the vestibule, allowing vibrations to pass through towards the apex of the cochlea.

B) They act as stem cells for other cell types

Explanation: Basal cells in the olfactory mucosa serve as stem cells, giving rise to olfactory neurons and supporting cells.

C) Spiral ganglion

Explanation: The spiral ganglion houses the cell bodies of nerve fibers that contact hair cells in the organ of Corti, playing a key role in the auditory pathway.

A) Calcium carbonate

Explanation: Otoliths, or otoconia, are crystals composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which play a role in the vestibular system's function.

B) At the ponto-medullary junction

Explanation: The axons of the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the lower level of the pons at the ponto-medullary junction, marking an important transition point in the auditory pathway.

B) They bend small hairs and stimulate nerve endings

Explanation: When fluid vibrations strike the hair cells in the cochlea, they bend the small hairs, which stimulates the nerve endings, leading to the generation of electrical impulses sent to the brain.

D) Bony plate

Explanation: The vestibule is laterally separated from the middle ear cavity by a thin bony plate, which helps maintain the structural integrity of the inner ear.

C) To separate the external ear from the middle ear

Explanation: The tympanic membrane acts as a barrier between the external ear and the middle ear, transmitting sound waves to the ossicles.

C) To wash the cilia

Explanation: Bowman’s glands secrete a fluid that washes the cilia of the olfactory epithelium, helping to maintain the functionality of the olfactory receptors.

B) To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Explanation: The primary function of the ear structures is to equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, which is essential for optimal hearing.

C) Middle ear

Explanation: The middle ear is an air-filled cavity that transforms sound waves into mechanical vibrations, playing a crucial role in the hearing process.

C) Stellate and basket cells

Explanation: The outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex contains two types of inhibitory interneurons: stellate and basket cells, which form synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites.

B) To begin the respiratory system

Explanation: The nasal cavity is identified as the beginning of the respiratory system, playing a crucial role in the process of breathing.

C) Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Explanation: The nasal cavity is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, which is important for trapping and removing foreign particles.

B) To dissipate vibrations

Explanation: The round window serves to dissipate vibrations that travel through the lower perilymphatic space, known as the scala tympani, preventing excessive pressure buildup in the cochlea.

B) Actin microfilaments

Explanation: The stereocilia are rigid structures bound by a plasma membrane with a core composed of actin microfilaments, which provide structural integrity.

C) The presence of many folds called folia

Explanation: The cerebellar cortex has a tree-like appearance due to the numerous folds known as folia, which increase its surface area and functional capacity.

B) To dissipate vibrations that have passed to sensory receptors

Explanation: The secondary tympanic membrane, located at the round window, allows vibrations that have passed through the inner ear to be dissipated, preventing excessive pressure buildup.

B) An opening at the apex of the cochlea

Explanation: The helicotrema is the opening at the apex of the cochlea that allows communication between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.

C) In the spiral ganglion

Explanation: The cell bodies of the bipolar afferent neurons of the organ of Corti are located in the spiral ganglion, which is situated in a bony core in the modiolus.

B) To produce ear wax (cerumen)

Explanation: Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands that produce cerumen, or ear wax, which serves a protective function in the external auditory meatus.

B) Between outer phalangeal cells and cells of Claudius

Explanation: Cells of Hensen define the outer border of the organ of Corti and are located between outer phalangeal cells and cells of Claudius, playing a role in the overall structure of the organ.

C) Columnar ciliated epithelium

Explanation: The bony posterior part of the ear is lined by columnar ciliated epithelium, which plays a role in the function of the ear.

B) Viral infection and inflammation

Explanation: Hoarseness is often caused by viral infections that lead to inflammation and edema of the vocal folds, affecting their ability to produce sound.

B) To maintain equilibrium

Explanation: The vestibular organ, located in the internal ear, is responsible for maintaining equilibrium and balance, complementing the auditory functions of the ear.

C) It serves as a pathway for vestibular fibers to enter the cerebellum

Explanation: The inferior cerebellar peduncle serves as a crucial pathway for vestibular fibers from the superior vestibular nucleus to enter the cerebellum, highlighting its importance in vestibulocerebellar connections.

C) Odoriferous substances

Explanation: The cilia of olfactory neurons respond to odoriferous substances, generating a receptor potential that is crucial for the sense of smell.

C) Both afferent and efferent fibers

Explanation: The cerebellar medulla contains both afferent fibers (climbing and mossy fibers) and efferent fibers (axons of Purkinje cells), which are essential for cerebellar function.

D) Tall columnar epithelium

Explanation: As the endolymphatic duct approaches the endolymphatic sac, its lining changes to tall columnar epithelium, which is specialized for absorption and endocytosis.

E) First order neurons

Explanation: The axons of bipolar nerve cells in the spiral ganglia are classified as first order neurons in the auditory pathway, responsible for transmitting auditory information from the cochlea.

B) Two in vertical planes at right angles and one in a near-horizontal plane

Explanation: The semicircular canals consist of two canals positioned in vertical planes at right angles to each other and one canal in a near-horizontal plane, which is essential for balance and spatial orientation.

C) To maintain equilibrium

Explanation: The macula is a specialized area of sensory receptor cells in the utricle and saccule that sends signals through axons to the vestibular nerve, playing a crucial role in maintaining equilibrium.

B) Flask-shaped

Explanation: Purkinje cells are described as large, flask-shaped, multipolar cells, which is a distinctive characteristic of their morphology.

C) Inner cells have concave ends, outer cells have expanded ends

Explanation: Inner pillar cells have concave ends while outer pillar cells have expanded ends, contributing to their distinct structural roles in the organ of Corti.

C) Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

Explanation: Sinusitis is an inflammatory process that occurs when the paranasal sinuses become obstructed, often due to mucus buildup from infections or allergies.

C) Low in potassium, high in sodium

Explanation: Perilymph, found in the bony labyrinth, is similar in ionic composition to extracellular fluids, being low in potassium and high in sodium.

C) Cerebellar peduncles

Explanation: The cerebellar peduncles are the three thick bundles through which fibers enter or leave the cerebellum, facilitating communication with other brain regions.

B) In the mucus membrane covering the superior conchae

Explanation: The olfactory mucosa is specifically located in the mucus membrane that covers the superior conchae and the roof of the nasal cavity, which is crucial for the sense of smell.

B) To regulate sound conduction and prevent damage to inner ear receptors

Explanation: The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles help regulate sound conduction and protect the inner ear from excessive sound pressure.

C) Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Explanation: The palatine tonsils are lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which is important for their function in the oral cavity.

B) Maintaining balance and equilibrium

Explanation: The receptors in the maculae of the utricle and saccule are specifically involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium, which is crucial for spatial orientation.

C) Desquamated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, and bacteria

Explanation: During tonsillitis, the lumens of the crypts can contain a mixture of desquamated epithelial cells, live and dead lymphocytes, and bacteria, which may lead to purulent spots.

B) Sound reception

Explanation: The cochlear duct is highly specialized as a sound receptor, playing a crucial role in the auditory system.

B) Cristae ampullares

Explanation: The receptor areas in the ampullae of the semicircular canals are called cristae ampullares, which are structurally similar to maculae but have distinct features.

C) Damage to the sensory receptors of the inner ear or the auditory nerve

Explanation: Sensory-neural deafness results from damage to the sensory receptors (hair cells, organ of Corti) or the auditory nerve, which impairs the transmission of sound signals to the brain.

B) Upwards into the molecular layer

Explanation: The dendrites of Purkinje cells pass upwards into the molecular layer, where they form a dendritic tree that is crucial for their integrative function.

C) Outer cells support three to five rows of hair cells

Explanation: Outer phalangeal cells are characterized by supporting three to five rows of hair cells, while inner phalangeal cells support a single row, highlighting their different roles in the organ of Corti.

E) Most of the larynx except specific areas

Explanation: The larynx is lined by respiratory epithelium except for the vocal cords, anterior surface of the epiglottis, and the upper part of the posterior surface of the epiglottis, which are lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.

B) The membranous labyrinth

Explanation: The bony labyrinth consists of a series of spaces that house the membranous labyrinth, which is crucial for hearing and balance.

B) Through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Explanation: Fibers from the superior vestibular nucleus pass through the inferior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum, indicating an important pathway for vestibulocerebellar connections.

C) Simple squamous epithelium

Explanation: The middle ear is lined with simple squamous epithelium, which is important for its function and interaction with the surrounding structures.

B) Bipolar nerve cells

Explanation: The axons of the bipolar cells of the vestibular ganglion form the vestibular nerve, which is essential for transmitting balance-related information.

C) Nasal conchae

Explanation: The three bony shelflike projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are known as the superior, middle, and inferior conchae or turbinate bones.

C) Archicerebellum

Explanation: The archicerebellum is specifically concerned with the maintenance of body equilibrium, highlighting its functional importance in balance.

B) In the floor

Explanation: The macula of the saccule is located in its floor, while the macula of the utricle occupies the lateral wall, with the two maculae being perpendicular to one another.

C) Neocerebellum

Explanation: The neocerebellum has extensive connections with the cerebral cortex and is primarily responsible for the coordination of voluntary movements.

C) They conduct vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window

Explanation: The ossicles are small bones in the middle ear that serve to conduct vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window, facilitating the transfer of sound energy into the inner ear.

B) A bony core around which the cochlea makes turns

Explanation: The modiolus is the central bony core of the cochlea, around which the cochlea makes two-and-a-half turns, providing structural support and housing important nerve structures.

B) Elastic fibrocartilage

Explanation: The auricle, or ear pinna, is primarily composed of elastic fibrocartilage, which gives it a modified cone shape and allows for flexibility.

C) To convey smell information

Explanation: The olfactory nerve bundles are responsible for transmitting smell information from the olfactory epithelium to the brain, making them crucial for the sense of smell.

B) The first part of the pharynx

Explanation: The nasopharynx is the first part of the pharynx, connecting the nasal fossae to the oral cavity and playing a role in both respiratory and digestive systems.

B) To transmit mechanical vibrations to the internal ear

Explanation: The middle ear's main function is to transmit mechanical vibrations generated in the tympanic membrane to the internal ear through the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes).

C) Vestibular nerve

Explanation: The vestibular nerve is responsible for bringing impulses that help coordinate reflexes of the eye, neck, and body to maintain equilibrium based on head position and movement.

B) The anterior dilated portion of the nasal cavity

Explanation: The vestibule is described as the anterior dilated portion of the nasal cavity, lined with skin and containing hair, sweat, and sebaceous glands.

B) It ensures movement is smooth, directed, and of the right extent

Explanation: The cerebellum is responsible for the control of movement, ensuring that it occurs smoothly, in the correct direction, and to the appropriate extent.

B) To preserve ionic gradients

Explanation: The extensive tight junctions between the cells of the squamous epithelium layers help preserve the very high ionic gradients across the membrane, which is essential for hearing.

C) It is an immotile structure associated with balance

Explanation: The kinocilium is a true cilium found on hair cells that are vestibular receptors, and it is likely immotile, playing a role in balance modulation.

C) Movements of the oval window

Explanation: The movements of the oval window, which are initiated by the vibrations conducted from the ear drum through the ossicles, are what start the vibrations in the fluid within the cochlea, crucial for the hearing process.

C) Three to five rows

Explanation: The organ of Corti consists of three to five rows of outer hair cells, which are crucial for sound transduction.

C) To provide a surface for stereocilia to embed

Explanation: The tectorial membrane is a gelatinous structure that extends over the sensory epithelium and provides a surface for the tips of the stereocilia of the outer hair cells to embed.

C) Neurons in cerebellar nuclei

Explanation: The axons of Purkinje cells constitute the only efferents of the cerebellar cortex and predominantly synapse with neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, where they exert inhibitory effects.

B) They support the inner border of the organ of Corti

Explanation: Border cells are specifically responsible for supporting the inner border of the organ of Corti, contributing to its structural organization.

B) To maintain an open airway and assist in sound production

Explanation: The larger cartilages of the larynx, such as the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoids, play a crucial role in maintaining an open airway and are involved in sound production.

B) To carry hearing impulses from both ears

Explanation: The primary function of the third order neurons is to carry hearing impulses from both ears, mainly from the opposite side, facilitating auditory perception.

B) Endolymph

Explanation: The scala media, or middle compartment of the cochlea, contains endolymph, which is crucial for the function of the sensory structures within the cochlea.

B) In the posterior cranial fossa

Explanation: The cerebellum is specifically located in the posterior cranial fossa, which is a key anatomical feature of its positioning within the skull.

C) To warm inspired air

Explanation: The lamina propria contains a complex vasculature of capillaries that warms the inspired air as it passes through the nasal cavity.

B) Nasal polyps

Explanation: Nasal polyps can occur due to prolonged chronic allergy or inflammation, leading to thickening of the mucosa and abnormal engorgement.

B) To serve as the neuroreceptor for hearing

Explanation: The organ of Corti is specifically identified as the neuroreceptor for hearing, located within the cochlear duct, playing a crucial role in the auditory system.

B) Basilar membrane

Explanation: The basilar membrane serves as the boundary between the scala media (cochlear duct) and scala tympani, which is essential for sound wave transmission.

C) They cross to the opposite side or ascend on the same side

Explanation: The axons of the second order neurons in the auditory pathway can either cross to the opposite side or ascend on the same side, relaying information through various stations before reaching the auditory area.

C) Vestibule

Explanation: The vestibule is the central space of the bony labyrinth, giving rise to the three semicircular canals and the cochlea, playing a key role in the inner ear's structure.

C) Tympanic membrane

Explanation: The tympanic membrane is the structure responsible for transmitting sound waves to the ossicles of the middle ear, playing a crucial role in the hearing process.

C) Elastic cartilage

Explanation: The main support for the epiglottis comes from a plate of elastic cartilage, which allows it to be flexible and function effectively during swallowing.

B) Otitis media

Explanation: Inflammation affecting the middle ear can lead to otitis media, which results in secretions within the middle ear cavity and usually resolves with appropriate therapy.

B) Granular cells and Golgi type II cells

Explanation: The granular layer is composed of granular cells, which are small, numerous neurons, and Golgi type II cells, contributing to the overall structure and function of the cerebellum.

B) To prevent food or fluids from entering the larynx

Explanation: The epiglottis serves a passive role in preventing food or fluids from entering the larynx, ensuring that the airway remains clear during swallowing.

B) Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

Explanation: The true vocal cords are covered with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which is essential for their function in sound production.