p.28
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the structure of lysosomes?
Vesicle-sized organelles filled with approximately 40 different hydrolysis enzymes.
p.33
Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
What happens to organelle size and number when there is increased demand?
Organelle size and number expand upon demand.
p.19
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What is the role of transport vesicles in cellular organization?
Transport vesicles travel between compartments.
p.14
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is the second function of the endoplasmic reticulum as depicted in Fig 5.12?
Synthesis of membrane lipids.
p.32
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
To digest macromolecules from inside the cell.
p.42
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What do proplastids mature into?
Proplastids mature into the type of organelle required by the cell.
p.15
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is an example of a process that occurs in the smooth ER?
Drug metabolism in liver cells.
p.9
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the difference between free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes?
Free ribosomes float in the cytoplasm and typically synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol, while membrane-bound ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize proteins destined for secretion or for use in lysosomes.
p.23
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
What happens at the trans face of the Golgi apparatus?
The trans face of the Golgi apparatus is where vesicles containing modified proteins and lipids are sorted and shipped to their final destinations.
p.50
Mitochondria: Functions in Cellular Respiration and Apoptosis
What is the function of apoptosis in cells?
To destroy damaged or infected cells.
p.15
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is one function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
It serves as a place to put enzymes that are membrane proteins.
p.17
Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
What is paraxanthine?
Paraxanthine is a major metabolite of caffeine in humans.
p.9
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
Where are ribosomes commonly found within a eukaryotic cell?
Ribosomes are commonly found in the cytoplasm and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
p.51
Structure and Function of the Nucleus
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and is the control center for gene expression and cell replication.
p.51
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What is the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide.
p.2
Vacuoles: Types and Functions in Cells
What are vacuoles and their primary functions in cells?
Vacuoles are storage organelles that can hold various substances such as nutrients, waste products, and water.
p.39
Vacuoles: Types and Functions in Cells
Which organisms use food vacuoles during phagocytosis?
Amoebas and certain white blood cells (macrophages and neutrophils).
p.38
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What is the role of transport vesicles in the cell?
Transport vesicles carry cargo proteins from one part of the cell to another.
p.48
Mitochondria: Functions in Cellular Respiration and Apoptosis
What process occurs in the mitochondria to produce energy?
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria to produce energy.
p.13
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is the primary function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)?
The primary function of the Rough ER is the synthesis of proteins.
p.9
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is the significance of ribosomes being attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum are involved in the synthesis of proteins that are either secreted from the cell, incorporated into the cell's plasma membrane, or sent to an organelle.
p.51
Vacuoles: Types and Functions in Cells
What are vacuoles and their functions in eukaryotic cells?
Vacuoles are storage organelles that can hold various substances such as nutrients, waste products, and water.
p.18
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the endomembrane system?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
p.2
Structure and Function of the Nucleus
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.
p.5
Structure and Function of the Nucleus
Where is the nucleus typically located in a cell?
At the center of the cell.
p.6
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the primary function of 80S ribosomes?
They are protein-making machines.
p.11
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane?
The ER membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
p.39
Vacuoles: Types and Functions in Cells
What are food vacuoles used for?
Food vacuoles are used during phagocytosis by amoebas and certain white blood cells (macrophages and neutrophils).
p.38
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes contain hydrolysis enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
p.31
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
To digest macromolecules from outside the cell.
p.45
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in leaf cells?
To perform photosynthesis.
p.34
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What is the structure of peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes are vesicle-sized organelles filled with oxidative enzymes.
p.26
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
Can you give an example of a protein modified in the Golgi apparatus?
Human insulin proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus and then sent to the plasma membrane.
p.7
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
How many rRNAs are present in 80S ribosomes?
There are 4 rRNAs in 80S ribosomes.
p.29
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
p.17
Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
Who conducted a study on CYP1A2 in 2012?
Thorn et al. conducted a study on CYP1A2 in 2012.
p.9
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
The primary function of ribosomes is to synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA).
p.51
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
What is the role of 80S ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
80S ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
p.46
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
The primary function of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
p.22
Vacuoles: Types and Functions in Cells
How are the vacuoles structured in the given description?
Several vacuoles held together like a stack of pancakes.
p.41
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What are proplastids?
Small organelles with two membranes found in plant and algae cells.
p.11
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is the ER lumen?
The ER lumen is the fluid-filled interior of the endoplasmic reticulum.
p.28
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
To digest macromolecules.
p.35
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What is the role of peroxisomes in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Peroxisomes contain enzymes that neutralize reactive oxygen species, preventing cellular damage.
p.23
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.23
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
What is the role of the cis face of the Golgi apparatus?
The cis face of the Golgi apparatus receives vesicles containing proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum.
p.46
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What is the significance of the chloroplast's double membrane?
The double membrane of the chloroplast helps to create a distinct internal environment necessary for the processes of photosynthesis.
p.18
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane system?
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
p.2
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What is the endomembrane system and its main components?
The endomembrane system is a group of interacting organelles that includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
p.40
Vacuoles: Types and Functions in Cells
What is the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
It acts like a giant lysosome.
p.34
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes perform dangerous reactions.
p.7
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
How do 80S ribosomes compare in size to prokaryotic 70S ribosomes?
80S ribosomes are larger than prokaryotic 70S ribosomes.
p.15
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
Why is drug metabolism in liver cells important?
It makes drugs water-soluble, which makes them easier to get rid of.
p.35
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
How do peroxisomes contribute to cellular metabolism?
They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
p.48
Mitochondria: Functions in Cellular Respiration and Apoptosis
What are the two main stages of cellular respiration that occur in the mitochondria?
The two main stages of cellular respiration that occur in the mitochondria are the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
p.23
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
How does the Golgi apparatus contribute to the formation of lysosomes?
The Golgi apparatus contributes to the formation of lysosomes by packaging hydrolytic enzymes into vesicles that become lysosomes.
p.46
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the chloroplast?
ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions provide the energy and reducing power for the Calvin cycle to synthesize glucose.
p.12
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What is one of the primary functions of the Rough ER?
Synthesis of membrane proteins.
p.33
Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
What happens to organelles if they are unused?
They lose size and number if unused.
p.37
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What is the function of catalase?
To break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
p.48
Mitochondria: Functions in Cellular Respiration and Apoptosis
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
The primary function of mitochondria is to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
p.29
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
How do lysosomes contribute to the immune response?
Lysosomes help destroy pathogens engulfed by phagocytic cells.
p.13
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What role do ribosomes play on the Rough ER?
Ribosomes on the Rough ER are responsible for translating mRNA into proteins.
p.46
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
p.2
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their primary functions?
The rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
p.2
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.2
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What is the function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances.
p.2
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What are plastids and their main types in plant cells?
Plastids are organelles involved in photosynthesis and storage; the main types include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
p.26
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify and distribute proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
p.38
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What type of enzymes are found in peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that detoxify various molecules.
p.35
Peroxisomes: Structure and Oxidative Functions
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation.
p.29
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What type of enzymes do lysosomes contain?
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes.
p.48
Mitochondria: Functions in Cellular Respiration and Apoptosis
Besides energy production, what is another role of mitochondria in the cell?
Mitochondria also play a role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
p.51
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.46
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
Where in the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions take place?
The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
p.17
Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
What is the chemical formula for a methyl group?
The chemical formula for a methyl group is CH3.
p.23
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Discovery, and Function
What are the flattened membrane-bound sacs in the Golgi apparatus called?
The flattened membrane-bound sacs in the Golgi apparatus are called cisternae.
p.13
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What happens to proteins synthesized in the Rough ER?
Proteins synthesized in the Rough ER are packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.
p.51
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes digest and break down waste materials and cellular debris.
p.18
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What role do vesicles and vacuoles play in the endomembrane system?
Vesicles and vacuoles are involved in storage and transport within the cell.
p.2
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
What are 80S ribosomes responsible for in eukaryotic cells?
80S ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
p.7
80S Ribosomes: Structure and Role in Protein Synthesis
Approximately how many ribosomal proteins (rProteins) are found in 80S ribosomes?
There are approximately 80 ribosomal proteins in 80S ribosomes.
p.17
Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
What is the function of the CYP1A2 enzyme?
CYP1A2 is involved in the metabolism of various drugs and the activation of procarcinogens.
p.29
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
How do lysosomes maintain an acidic environment?
Lysosomes maintain an acidic environment through proton pumps in their membrane.
p.46
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What pigment is found in chloroplasts and is essential for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll is the pigment found in chloroplasts that is essential for photosynthesis.
p.18
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What are the components of the endomembrane system?
The components of the endomembrane system include the plasma membrane, vesicles & vacuoles, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
p.17
Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
What is caffeine?
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant commonly found in coffee, tea, and various energy drinks.
p.48
Mitochondria: Functions in Cellular Respiration and Apoptosis
What molecule is primarily produced by mitochondria to store energy?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is primarily produced by mitochondria to store energy.
p.29
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What is the role of lysosomes in autophagy?
Lysosomes digest and recycle cellular components during autophagy.
p.13
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
Why is the Rough ER termed 'rough'?
The Rough ER is termed 'rough' because its surface is studded with ribosomes.
p.13
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
How does the Rough ER contribute to protein modification?
The Rough ER contributes to protein modification by folding proteins and adding carbohydrate groups to form glycoproteins.
p.51
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough and Smooth Functions
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
p.18
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What function do lysosomes serve in the endomembrane system?
Lysosomes are involved in the digestion and recycling of cellular waste.
p.46
Plastids: Types and Functions in Plant Cells
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis that occur in the chloroplast?
The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions).
p.18
Endomembrane System Components and Organization
What is the role of peroxisomes in the endomembrane system?
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances.
p.2
Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and Digestive Role
What role do lysosomes play in the cell?
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
p.2
Mitochondria: Functions in Cellular Respiration and Apoptosis
What are the primary functions of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration and play a role in apoptosis.
