p.1
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What are the two main types of disorders discussed in Lecture 5?
Mood Disorders and Eating Disorders.
p.2
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What are the main categories of mood disorders?
Clinical descriptions, etiology, treatment, and suicide.
p.2
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What are the types of eating disorders mentioned?
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder.
p.66
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What behavioral obsession is noted in the bio-psycho-social model of eating disorders?
Obsession with appearance, body shape, and dieting.
p.13
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What are the three forms of Bipolar Disorders?
Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymia.
p.4
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What are the two broad types of mood disorders?
Depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.
p.67
Etiology of Eating Disorders
How can parental behavior contribute to eating disorders?
Over-controlling parents can influence the development of eating disorders.
p.43
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is Behavioral Activation (BA) therapy?
A treatment that encourages individuals to engage in activities that are enjoyable or meaningful.
p.5
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is cyclothymia?
A mood disorder characterized by periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years.
p.43
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What are Positive Interventions?
Strategies aimed at enhancing positive emotions and well-being.
p.31
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What are the two main types of attributional styles?
Internal (personal factors) and external (situational factors).
p.69
Prevention of Eating Disorders
What should be de-emphasized to prevent eating disorders?
Sociocultural influences.
p.30
Etiology of Mood Disorders
In Beck's model, how do negative views of the world affect an individual?
They create a distorted perception of reality, reinforcing depressive feelings.
p.4
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
A severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that significantly impairs daily functioning.
p.45
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What does the Happiness Index measure?
The overall happiness and well-being of individuals in various countries.
p.16
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What type of symptoms are absent in a hypomanic episode?
No psychotic symptoms are present.
p.36
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is the main objective of primary intervention?
To identify issues early and provide support to prevent further deterioration.
p.13
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Is a depressive episode required for Bipolar II?
Yes, it is required for Bipolar II but not for Bipolar I.
p.16
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is the minimum duration for a hypomanic episode?
Symptoms last at least 4 days.
p.40
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is the primary purpose of TMS?
To treat various mental health disorders, particularly depression.
p.26
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What role does the hippocampus play in mood disorders?
The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and emotional responses.
p.3
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What distinguishes bipolar disorder from depressive disorders?
Bipolar disorder includes episodes of both depression and mania or hypomania.
p.46
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What is the purpose of a depression scale?
To assess the severity of depressive symptoms.
p.48
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What is suicide?
The intentional act of ending one's own life.
p.65
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What role do genetics play in eating disorders according to the model?
Family and twin studies support a genetic link.
p.38
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What role do antidepressants play in treating mood disorders?
They help to balance chemicals in the brain that affect mood.
p.32
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is the main focus of the study mentioned?
Using attributional styles to predict depression.
p.47
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What does Family-Focused Treatment (FFT) aim to achieve?
Educate family about the disorder, enhance family communication, and improve problem solving.
p.34
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What are common triggers of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder?
Negative life events, neuroticism, negative cognitions, expressed emotion, and lack of social support.
p.47
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What do psychoeducational approaches provide information about?
Symptoms, course, triggers, and treatments.
p.14
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is mania in the context of bipolar disorders?
A state of intense elation or irritability.
p.14
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is hypomania?
Symptoms of mania but less intense, without significant impairment.
p.43
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)?
A psychological treatment for mood disorders focusing on interpersonal relationships.
p.60
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What characterizes the Binge-eating/purging subtype of Anorexia Nervosa?
The person has regularly engaged in binge-eating and purging during the last three months.
p.5
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is Bipolar I disorder?
A type of mood disorder characterized by at least one manic episode.
p.13
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
How are the forms of Bipolar Disorders differentiated?
By severity and duration of mania.
p.26
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What is the primary function of the amygdala in mood disorders?
The amygdala is involved in emotional processing and regulation.
p.38
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What type of therapy is often used to treat mood disorders?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
p.44
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What was the purpose of the study conducted by Seligman et al. (2005)?
To find out the change in participants’ happiness and depression scores after engaging in positive interventions.
p.36
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is the aim of secondary intervention?
To manage and mitigate the impact of the disorder, preventing further complications or relapses.
p.61
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is the typical onset age for Anorexia Nervosa?
Early to middle teen years.
p.52
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
How can media reports influence suicide rates?
They can lead to increased rates of suicide.
p.41
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?
A treatment method that involves delivering electrical impulses to specific brain regions.
p.27
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is the role of the HPA axis in mood disorders?
Overactivity of the HPA axis triggers the release of cortisol, a stress hormone.
p.34
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
How does sleep disruption relate to bipolar disorder?
It is a predictor of mania.
p.7
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What significant change regarding bereavement was made in the DSM-5 compared to DSM-IV-TR?
The bereavement exclusion was removed.
p.31
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What are attributional styles?
Patterns of thinking that explain the causes of events and behaviors.
p.31
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
How do attributional styles affect mental health?
They influence how individuals perceive and react to challenges, impacting their emotional well-being.
p.38
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What are common treatments for mood disorders?
Psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
p.39
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?
A biological treatment for mood disorders involving electrical stimulation of the brain.
p.50
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
Is suicide preventable?
Many believe it is not, but it is preventable with proper intervention.
p.57
Etiology of Eating Disorders
How do individuals with Anorexia Nervosa perceive their body image?
They have a distorted body image or sense of body shape, feeling 'fat' even when emaciated.
p.23
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What is the role of serotonin pathways in the brain?
Regulating mood, anxiety, and happiness.
p.52
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What social issue is linked to higher suicide risk?
Social isolation and a lack of social belonging.
p.14
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
How does hypomania differ from mania?
Hypomania has less intense symptoms and does not involve significant impairment, while mania does.
p.27
Etiology of Mood Disorders
How does the amygdala relate to mood disorders?
The amygdala is often over-reactive in individuals with mood disorders.
p.36
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is the goal of proactive measures in mental health intervention?
To prevent the onset of mental health disorders before any symptoms arise.
p.3
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What are mood disorders?
Mental health conditions characterized by significant changes in mood, including depression and bipolar disorder.
p.40
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
How does TMS work?
It delivers magnetic pulses to specific areas of the brain to modulate neuronal activity.
p.30
Etiology of Mood Disorders
How does Beck's model explain depression?
It suggests that negative thought patterns contribute to the development and maintenance of depression.
p.9
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What does it mean that Major Depressive Disorder is recurrent?
Once depression occurs, future episodes are likely.
p.69
Prevention of Eating Disorders
What does the risk-factor approach in eating disorder prevention focus on?
Identifying and addressing risk factors associated with eating disorders.
p.3
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What are some common symptoms of mood disorders?
Changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, and difficulty concentrating.
p.57
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What is the intense fear associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
Fear of gaining weight and being fat.
p.10
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What are some additional symptoms of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Poor self-esteem, trouble concentrating or making decisions, feelings of hopelessness.
p.17
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is a defining characteristic of Bipolar I disorder?
At least one episode of mania.
p.52
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
How does life satisfaction relate to suicide?
Lower life satisfaction is associated with higher suicide risk.
p.66
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What emotional feeling is associated with the psychological propensities in eating disorders?
Feeling inadequate about oneself.
p.43
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What does Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) focus on?
Combining mindfulness practices with cognitive therapy techniques.
p.16
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What must be present for a manic episode to be diagnosed?
Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment.
p.31
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What is a pessimistic attributional style?
A tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors.
p.65
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What does the Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Eating Disorders emphasize?
The interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
p.9
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What constitutes subclinical depression?
Sadness plus 3 other symptoms for 10 days.
p.48
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What are common risk factors for suicide?
Mental health disorders, substance abuse, and traumatic experiences.
p.56
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
A serious eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What neurotransmitters are primarily involved in mood disorders?
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
p.53
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What does the Threshold Model for Suicidal Behavior propose?
It suggests that suicidal behavior occurs when an individual's stressors exceed a certain threshold.
p.48
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What role does social support play in suicide prevention?
Strong social support can reduce the risk of suicide.
p.11
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?
A mood disorder characterized by a chronic state of depression lasting for at least 2 years.
p.47
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is a key psychological treatment approach for bipolar disorder?
Psychoeducational approaches.
p.69
Prevention of Eating Disorders
What is a key psychoeducational approach in the prevention of eating disorders?
Educating early about the dangers of eating disorders.
p.13
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What typically occurs in Bipolar Disorders?
Episodes of depression alternating with mania.
p.9
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
How do symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder tend to change over time?
They tend to dissipate over time.
p.4
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
A mood disorder in children characterized by severe temper outbursts and persistent irritability.
p.36
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
When is secondary intervention applied?
After a mental health disorder has been diagnosed.
p.21
Etiology of Mood Disorders
How can environmental factors influence mood disorders?
Stressful life events, trauma, and chronic illness can trigger or exacerbate mood disorders.
p.46
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What do high scores on a depression scale typically indicate?
More severe depressive symptoms.
p.40
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What type of disorders can TMS help treat?
Mental health disorders, especially major depressive disorder.
p.50
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What is a myth regarding mental health and suicide?
That only people with mental health disorders die by suicide.
p.37
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
Which target population could be selected for the MDD prevention campaign?
Elderly or high school students.
p.8
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What are some symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder?
Sleeping too much or too little, psychomotor retardation or agitation, poor appetite or weight changes.
p.44
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is meant by 'Using signature strengths in a new way'?
Participants apply their personal strengths in different contexts to enhance well-being.
p.2
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is the significance of studying the etiology of mood disorders?
To understand the causes and contributing factors.
p.58
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What BMI range is considered normal weight?
A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9.
p.17
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What are the symptoms of Cyclothymic disorder?
Numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for mania or major depressive episode.
p.37
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What role does education play in the campaign against MDD?
It raises awareness about mental health and teaches coping strategies.
p.23
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
How do dopamine pathways affect behavior?
They influence motivation, reward, and pleasure.
p.51
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What percentage of suicide attempts are associated with depression?
Half of suicide attempts.
p.60
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
How is weight loss achieved in the Restricting subtype of Anorexia Nervosa?
By severely limiting food intake, with no binge-eating/purging during the last three months.
p.55
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What are eating disorders?
Severe disturbances in eating behaviors, such as eating too little or too much.
p.27
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What findings link depression to cortisol levels?
Research shows a connection between high cortisol levels and depression.
p.40
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
A non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain.
p.22
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Which gene is related to dopamine function and appears to be linked to MDD?
DRD4.2 gene (Lopez Leon et al., 2005).
p.50
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What is a common myth about suicide?
That talking about suicide increases the risk of it.
p.21
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What biological factors contribute to the etiology of mood disorders?
Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances, and hormonal changes.
p.16
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What distinguishes a hypomanic episode from a manic episode in terms of functional impairment?
Hypomanic episodes show clear changes in functioning that are observable to others, but impairment is not marked.
p.46
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What might low scores on a depression scale suggest?
Minimal or no depressive symptoms.
p.58
Etiology of Eating Disorders
How is BMI calculated?
By dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters.
p.44
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What does the 'You at your best' intervention involve?
Participants visualize and write about a time when they were at their best.
p.65
Etiology of Eating Disorders
How does high body weight relate to eating disorders in the model?
It is considered a neurobiological predisposition.
p.62
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What characterizes Bulimia Nervosa?
Uncontrollable eating binges followed by compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain.
p.58
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What BMI range is considered overweight?
A BMI between 25 and 29.9.
p.28
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is depressive attributional style?
A way of explaining negative events that contributes to depression.
p.49
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What is the primary source for statistics on Hong Kong figures?
The website http://csrp.hku.hk/statistics/
p.7
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What are the two primary symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder according to DSM-5?
Sad mood or loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia).
p.7
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
How long must symptoms be present to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder?
Nearly every day, most of the day, for at least 2 weeks.
p.51
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is a characteristic of the HPA system in individuals who attempt suicide?
Overly reactive HPA system.
p.22
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is the heritability estimate for Bipolar Disorder?
93% (Kieseppa et al., 2004).
p.10
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What two disorders are combined in Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Dysthymia and Major Depressive Disorder, chronic subtype.
p.26
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
How does the prefrontal cortex relate to mood disorders?
The prefrontal cortex is associated with decision-making and emotional regulation.
p.57
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What is the first DSM-5 criterion for Anorexia Nervosa?
Restriction of behaviors that promote healthy weight; body weight is significantly below normal.
p.39
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) involve?
Using magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain.
p.9
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is a significant impact of subclinical depression?
It causes significant impairments in functioning even though full diagnostic criteria are not met.
p.37
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is the primary goal of the campaign designed for preventing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
To prevent the onset of MDD before any symptoms or issues arise.
p.56
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What are common behaviors associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
Restricting food intake, excessive exercise, and an intense fear of gaining weight.
p.38
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is the benefit of combining therapy and medication?
It often leads to better outcomes than either treatment alone.
p.48
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What are some warning signs of suicidal behavior?
Talking about wanting to die, feeling hopeless, or withdrawing from friends.
p.54
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What psychological factors can contribute to eating disorders?
Low self-esteem, perfectionism, and body image dissatisfaction.
p.56
Treatment Approaches for Eating Disorders
What is a common treatment approach for Anorexia Nervosa?
A combination of nutritional rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and medical monitoring.
p.33
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What interpersonal factor predicts relapse in depression?
High levels of expressed emotion by a family member.
p.68
Treatment Approaches for Eating Disorders
What does limited research suggest about antidepressants for binge-eating disorder?
They are not effective in reducing binges or increasing weight loss.
p.66
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What cognitive preoccupation is common in individuals with eating disorders?
Preoccupation with body and shape issues.
p.22
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is the heritability estimate for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
37% (Sullivan et al., 2000).
p.16
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is the duration requirement for a manic episode according to DSM-5 criteria?
Symptoms last for 1 week or require hospitalization.
p.67
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What socio-cultural factor is associated with eating disorders?
Socio-cultural values can impact attitudes towards body image and eating behaviors.
p.21
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What are mood disorders primarily characterized by?
Disturbances in a person's mood, affecting their emotional state.
p.45
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What factors are typically considered in the Happiness Index?
Income, social support, life expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, and perceptions of corruption.
p.30
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is the significance of negative self-perception in Beck's model?
It leads to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness.
p.54
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What are the main types of eating disorders?
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder.
p.21
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What role do psychological factors play in mood disorders?
Cognitive patterns, personality traits, and coping mechanisms can affect mood regulation.
p.54
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What characterizes Anorexia Nervosa?
Severe restriction of food intake leading to significant weight loss.
p.8
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What is a key requirement for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder according to DSM-5?
Presence of four additional symptoms alongside the core criteria.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What do original models of mood disorders focus on?
Absolute levels of neurotransmitters.
p.56
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What are potential health risks of Anorexia Nervosa?
Severe malnutrition, heart problems, bone density loss, and organ failure.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What neurotransmitter levels are associated with mania?
High levels of norepinephrine and dopamine, low levels of serotonin.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is the frequency requirement for binge eating episodes according to DSM-5 criteria?
At least once a week for three months.
p.8
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What cognitive difficulties are associated with Major Depressive Disorder?
Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What feeling might a person experience after a binge eating episode?
Feeling disgusted, guilty, or depressed.
p.22
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What are the neurobiological factors in the etiology of mood disorders?
Genetic factors and heritability estimates.
p.4
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is major depressive disorder?
A type of depressive disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
p.4
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is persistent depressive disorder?
Previously known as Dysthymia, it is a chronic form of depression.
p.30
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What are the three components of Beck's depressive cognitive triad?
Negative views of the self, the world, and the future.
p.3
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is the primary characteristic of depressive disorders?
Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities.
p.31
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What is an optimistic attributional style?
A tendency to attribute positive events to internal, stable, and global factors, and negative events to external, unstable, and specific factors.
p.50
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What misconception exists regarding people who attempt suicide?
That they are only seeking attention.
p.39
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
A treatment that involves implanting electrodes in specific brain areas to alleviate mood disorder symptoms.
p.26
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What is the significance of the thalamus in mood disorders?
The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and emotional information.
p.30
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What role does the perception of the future play in Beck's cognitive triad?
It often involves pessimism and a belief that negative situations will persist.
p.21
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is the significance of family history in mood disorders?
A family history of mood disorders increases the risk of developing similar conditions.
p.54
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.
p.53
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What factors contribute to reaching the threshold in the Threshold Model?
Factors include psychological, social, and environmental stressors.
p.33
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What are some examples of stressful life events that can trigger depression?
Romantic breakup, loss of job, death of a loved one.
p.33
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What role does lack of social support play in depression?
It may be a reason a stressor triggers depression.
p.53
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
Can the threshold for suicidal behavior change over time according to the model?
Yes, it can change based on life experiences and changes in mental health.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What do new models of mood disorders focus on?
Sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
How do dopamine receptors differ in Bipolar Disorder (BD) compared to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive in BD but lack sensitivity in MDD.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What distinguishes binge eating disorder from other eating disorders?
No compensatory behavior is present.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is the minimum number of criteria that must be met for a diagnosis of binge eating disorder?
At least three of the specified criteria.
p.47
Treatment of Mood Disorders
How does Family-Focused Treatment (FFT) benefit families of individuals with bipolar disorder?
By improving communication and problem-solving skills.
p.60
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What are the two subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa?
Restricting and Binge-eating/purging.
p.43
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is the main goal of Cognitive Therapy?
To monitor and identify automatic thoughts and replace negative thoughts with more neutral or positive ones.
p.67
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What family factor can influence eating disorders?
Family values towards appearance.
p.5
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What distinguishes Bipolar II disorder from Bipolar I disorder?
Bipolar II disorder involves at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full manic episodes.
p.67
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What role do peers play in the development of eating disorders?
Peer pressures can contribute to the onset of eating disorders.
p.36
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What does primary intervention focus on?
Individuals who are at risk or in the early stages of developing a mental health disorder.
p.69
Prevention of Eating Disorders
What is a dissonance reduction intervention?
An approach to deemphasize sociocultural influences.
p.45
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
How can the Happiness Index influence policy-making?
By providing insights into the well-being of citizens, guiding governments to improve quality of life.
p.10
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Name two symptoms that must accompany depressed mood for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder.
Poor appetite or overeating, sleeping too much or too little.
p.65
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What neurobiological predisposition is associated with anorexics and bulimics?
Low levels of serotonin metabolites.
p.3
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
How prevalent are mood disorders in the population?
Mood disorders are among the most common mental health conditions worldwide.
p.45
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What is the significance of the Happiness Index in global comparisons?
It allows for comparisons of well-being across different cultures and economies.
p.50
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What is a misconception about suicide rates?
That they are higher among certain demographics, ignoring other groups.
p.21
Etiology of Mood Disorders
How do social factors contribute to mood disorders?
Isolation, lack of support, and socioeconomic status can impact mood stability.
p.37
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What type of activities could be included in the campaign for high school students?
Workshops on stress management, peer support groups, and mental health education.
p.61
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
In men, what conditions are often comorbid with Anorexia Nervosa?
Substance dependence, mood disorders, or schizophrenia.
p.37
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
Why is it important to focus on primary intervention for MDD?
To address risk factors and promote mental well-being before symptoms develop.
p.62
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What are the DSM-5 criteria for Bulimia Nervosa?
Recurrent episodes of binge-eating, loss of control over eating, and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What defines Bipolar I Disorder?
A mood disorder characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is a common change in activity level during manic episodes?
Abnormally increased activity and energy.
p.69
Prevention of Eating Disorders
What type of intervention promotes healthy weight?
Healthy weight intervention to develop healthy weight and exercise programs.
p.38
Treatment of Mood Disorders
How can lifestyle changes impact mood disorders?
Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and adequate sleep can improve symptoms.
p.48
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
How does depression relate to suicide?
Depression increases the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
p.38
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What is the purpose of mood stabilizers in treatment?
To help control mood swings, especially in bipolar disorder.
p.58
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What is the purpose of calculating BMI?
To assess whether a person has a healthy body weight for a given height.
p.46
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What is a common tool used to measure depression?
The Beck Depression Inventory or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
p.28
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What are the components of Beck's negative triad?
Negative view of self, world, and future.
p.53
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What role do protective factors play in the Threshold Model?
Protective factors can help individuals manage stressors and prevent reaching the threshold.
p.20
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
Are there any gender differences in the prevalence of Bipolar disorder?
No, there are no gender differences.
p.28
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What do negative schemas cause?
Cognitive biases that lead to processing information negatively.
p.17
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is the nature of Bipolar II disorder?
It is a milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
Why might someone with binge eating disorder eat alone?
Due to embarrassment about the large quantity of food.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What change in sleep patterns is common in manic episodes?
Decreased need for sleep.
p.45
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What is a common outcome for countries with high Happiness Index scores?
Higher levels of social trust and community engagement.
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
p.65
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What is indicated by low levels of endogenous opioids in individuals with eating disorders?
A potential neurobiological predisposition.
p.63
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is the primary difference in weight between Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia?
Bulimia typically involves being at or above normal weight, while Anorexia involves extreme weight loss.
p.61
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
How much more likely are women to develop Anorexia Nervosa compared to men?
Women are 10 times as likely.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What are the neurotransmitter levels associated with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Low levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is Dysthymia?
A chronic form of depression with less severe symptoms lasting for at least two years.
p.48
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What is the importance of intervention in suicide prevention?
Early intervention can save lives and provide necessary support.
p.54
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What role does culture play in eating disorders?
Cultural ideals of beauty can influence body image and eating behaviors.
p.61
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What are the suicide rates associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
5% complete suicide and 20% attempt suicide.
p.62
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What constitutes a binge-eating episode in Bulimia Nervosa?
An excessive amount of food consumed in under 2 hours.
p.62
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
How often do binge-eating and compensatory behaviors occur in Bulimia Nervosa?
At least once a week for 3 months.
p.39
Treatment of Mood Disorders
What types of medications are commonly used to treat mood disorders?
SSRIs and antidepressants.
p.44
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is the 'Three good things in life' intervention?
An exercise where participants reflect on three positive events from their day.
p.46
Treatment of Mood Disorders
How can depression scale results be used in treatment?
To guide treatment decisions and monitor progress.
p.17
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What distinguishes Bipolar II disorder from Bipolar I?
At least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania.
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is Hypomania?
A milder form of mania that does not cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning.
p.61
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What are common comorbid conditions with Anorexia Nervosa?
Depression, OCD, phobias, panic, alcoholism, and personality disorders.
p.8
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What feelings might a person with Major Depressive Disorder experience?
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.
p.44
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What is the significance of identifying signature strengths?
It helps individuals recognize their unique qualities and how to use them for personal growth.
p.17
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
How long do symptoms of Cyclothymic disorder typically persist without clearing?
Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time.
p.33
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What behaviors of depressed individuals can lead to social rejection?
Excessive reassurance seeking, few positive facial expressions, negative self-disclosures, slow speech, and long silences.
p.68
Treatment Approaches for Eating Disorders
How is anorexia viewed in family-based therapy?
As an interpersonal issue rather than an individual issue.
p.68
Treatment Approaches for Eating Disorders
What is one of the components of treatment for eating disorders besides therapy?
Nutritional counselling and rehabilitation.
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What distinguishes a Manic Episode?
A period of abnormally elevated mood and high energy, often leading to impaired functioning.
p.28
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is Beck's Theory related to?
Cognitive theories of mood disorders.
p.2
Treatment Approaches for Eating Disorders
What is included in the treatment of eating disorders?
Treatment approaches for Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder.
p.56
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What psychological factors contribute to Anorexia Nervosa?
Low self-esteem, perfectionism, and a distorted body image.
p.63
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
How do suicide attempts in individuals with Bulimia compare to the general population?
Higher than in the general population but much lower than in Anorexia Nervosa.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What receptor sensitivity may contribute to vulnerability to depression?
Less sensitive serotonin receptors.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is one symptom that indicates increased goal-directed activity?
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is a common change in self-perception during manic episodes?
Increased self-esteem; belief that one has special talents, powers, or abilities.
p.2
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
What aspect of mood disorders is addressed in the first part of the overview?
Clinical descriptions, epidemiology, etiology, treatment, and suicide.
p.65
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What psychological traits are associated with eating disorders?
High mood liability and high anxiety trait.
p.54
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What defines Binge Eating Disorder?
Recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food without compensatory behaviors.
p.8
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
How long must symptoms be present to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder?
Nearly every day, most of the day, for at least 2 weeks.
p.28
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What is a negative schema?
An underlying tendency to see the world negatively.
p.63
Psychological and Social Factors in Mood and Eating Disorders
What mental health conditions are commonly comorbid with Bulimia Nervosa?
Depression, personality disorders, anxiety, substance abuse, and conduct disorder.
p.68
Treatment Approaches for Eating Disorders
What does interpersonal therapy focus on in the treatment of eating disorders?
Interpersonal relationships and functioning.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What symptom indicates distractibility in manic episodes?
Attention easily diverted.
p.57
Etiology of Eating Disorders
Is amenorrhea required for the diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa?
No, amenorrhea is not required for diagnosis.
p.63
Etiology of Eating Disorders
What is the typical onset age for Bulimia Nervosa?
Late adolescence or early adulthood.
p.53
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
How does the Threshold Model explain variations in suicidal behavior among individuals?
It accounts for individual differences in resilience and coping mechanisms.
p.24
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Why is there a delay in relief from medication for mood disorders?
Medication alters neurotransmitter levels immediately, but relief takes 2-3 weeks.
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is Bipolar II Disorder?
A mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.
p.62
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What feelings accompany binge-eating episodes in Bulimia Nervosa?
A feeling of loss of control over eating, continuing until uncomfortably full.
p.37
Intervention Strategies for Mental Health Disorders
What type of activities could be included in the campaign for the elderly?
Social engagement programs, physical activity classes, and mental health awareness seminars.
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What characterizes Cyclothymic Disorder?
A mood disorder involving periods of hypomania and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is one of the criteria for binge eating episodes?
Eating more rapidly than normal.
p.8
Suicide and its Relationship with Mood Disorders
What is a severe symptom that may occur in Major Depressive Disorder?
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
p.8
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood Disorders
How do the symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder compare to a normative response to loss?
Symptoms are distinct and more severe than a normative response to significant loss.
p.62
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What are common compensatory behaviors in Bulimia Nervosa?
Purging (vomiting), fasting, excessive exercise, and use of laxatives or diuretics.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is the definition of binge eating episodes?
Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is a key mood characteristic of manic and hypomanic episodes according to DSM-5?
Distinctly elevated or irritable mood for most of the day nearly every day.
p.28
Etiology of Mood Disorders
What does Rumination Theory describe?
A tendency to repetitively dwell on sad thoughts.
p.62
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
How do individuals with Bulimia Nervosa evaluate themselves?
Body shape and weight are extremely important for self-evaluation.
p.68
Treatment Approaches for Eating Disorders
What is a key component of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders?
It targets problematic eating behavior and associated attitudes about body weight and shape.
p.33
Etiology of Mood Disorders
How many studies replicated the findings on life events and depression?
12 studies across 6 countries.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What symptom involves unusually rapid speech?
Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What type of behavior is excessive involvement in activities likely to lead to during manic episodes?
Activities that are likely to have undesirable consequences, such as reckless spending, sexual behavior, or driving.
p.64
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder
What is a characteristic behavior during binge eating episodes?
Eating until uncomfortably full.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
How many additional symptoms must be present for a manic episode if the mood is irritable?
Four additional symptoms.
p.15
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
What is meant by 'flight of ideas' in manic episodes?
A subjective impression that thoughts are racing.
p.27
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Overactivity of the ___ axis is linked to the etiology of mood disorders.
HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal)
p.44
Intervention Strategies for Mood and Eating Disorders
Participants engaged in the intervention called ___, which involved reflecting on three good things in life.
Three good things in life
p.53
Suicide and its Correlation with Mood Disorders
The model emphasizes the interaction between ___ and ___ in determining suicidal behavior.
risk factors, protective factors
p.10
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Persistent Depressive Disorder combines two disorders formerly known as ___ and ___ .
Dysthymia, Major Depressive Disorder
p.19
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
___ is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
Major Depressive Disorder
p.3
Treatment of Mood Disorders
Effective treatment for mood disorders may include ___ therapy and ___ medication.
psychological, pharmacological
p.13
Types of Mood Disorders: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The three forms of bipolar disorders are ___, ___, and ___.
Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia
p.21
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Psychological factors, including ___ and ___, can contribute to the development of mood disorders.
cognitive patterns, personality traits
