p.32
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are the main components of a typical rib structure?
Head, neck, tubercle, and shaft.
p.12
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What does the middle mediastinum contain?
The heart and pericardium (the membrane around the heart).
p.20
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
From where do sympathetic fibres found anywhere in the body originate?
From the spinal nerves T1 to L2.
p.35
Thoracic Wall Structure
What ligaments stabilize the costotransverse joint?
Costotransverse, lateral costotransverse, and superior costotransverse ligaments.
p.28
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the composition of the thoracic wall?
The thoracic wall is made of skeletal elements and muscles.
p.29
Thoracic Wall Structure
What structures are included in the skeletal framework of the thoracic wall?
Thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ribs, and sternum.
p.30
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is unique about Vertebra 1 in terms of rib articulation?
It has complete superior costal facets.
p.34
Thoracic Wall Structure
What notable features are included in the manubrium?
Jugular notch and facets for clavicle and costal cartilage.
p.2
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the function of the oesophagus?
It carries food to the stomach.
p.8
Thoracic Wall Structure
Which ribs connect directly to the sternum?
Ribs 1 to 7 connect to the sternum via costal cartilage.
p.9
Thoracic Cavity Components
Where do the pleural cavities lie in relation to the mediastinum?
On either side of the entrance to the mediastinum.
p.8
Thoracic Wall Structure
How do ribs 8 to 10 attach in the thoracic wall?
They attach to the cartilage above them.
p.41
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the Internal Intercostal muscle?
Active during expiration; supports intercostal space; depresses ribs.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What are the functions of the Pectoralis major?
Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the humerus.
p.23
Functions of the Thorax
What support does the thorax provide?
Support for the upper limbs.
p.42
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What do the posterior intercostal arteries supply?
The posterior thoracic wall and superficial regions.
p.42
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
Which artery supplies the anterior thoracic wall?
The internal thoracic artery.
p.5
Functions of the Thorax
What vital organs does the thorax protect?
The heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
p.19
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What are the main arteries supplying the thoracic wall?
The internal thoracic arteries and the thoracic aorta.
p.36
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are interchondral joints?
Joints between the costal cartilages of adjacent ribs (e.g., 7-10, 5-6).
p.38
Thoracic Wall Structure
Where are the intercostal spaces located?
Between adjacent ribs, containing intercostal muscles.
p.8
Thoracic Wall Structure
How do most ribs (2 to 9) connect to the vertebrae?
They have three points of contact: the head of the rib attaches to its own vertebra and the vertebra above, and connects to the transverse process of its vertebra.
p.16
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
Which nerves provide sensation to the breast?
Intercostal nerves (4th to 6th).
p.14
Thoracic Cavity Components
What forms the axillary inlets?
Superior margin of the scapula, clavicle, and lateral margin of rib I.
p.38
Thoracic Wall Structure
Where are the major arteries and veins located in the intercostal spaces?
In the costal groove along the inferior margin of the superior rib.
p.19
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What structures are related to the innervation provided by intercostal nerves?
The thoracic wall, parietal pleura, and associated skin.
p.26
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
Where does the remaining lymphatic drainage from the breast go?
To parasternal and intercostal nodes.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
Where does the Subclavius muscle insert?
Middle third of clavicle.
p.36
Thoracic Wall Structure
What type of joint is formed between Rib 1 and the manubrium?
Fibrocartilaginous connection.
p.31
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are True Ribs?
Ribs 1 to 7 that directly articulate with the sternum.
p.21
Thoracic Wall Structure
What factors contribute to the expansion of the thoracic wall?
The shape and orientation of the ribs, and the muscular nature of the diaphragm.
p.6
Mediastinum and Its Contents
Which structures pass through the mediastinum?
The oesophagus, vagus nerves, and thoracic duct.
p.11
Diaphragm and Its Role
From where do the muscle fibers of the diaphragm arise?
From the edge of the thoracic aperture.
p.6
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the role of the phrenic nerves in the mediastinum?
They travel from the neck through the mediastinum to supply the diaphragm.
p.21
Functions of the Thorax
What dimensions of the thoracic cavity change during breathing?
Anterior, lateral, and vertical dimensions.
p.13
Pleural Cavities and Their Function
What lines each pleural cavity?
The pleura, which is a thin membrane.
p.24
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What does the superficial compartment of the pectoral region include?
Skin, superficial fascia, and breasts.
p.37
Thoracic Wall Structure
To which costal cartilage does the Xiphisternal Joint attach?
The seventh costal cartilage.
p.7
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the sternal angle?
A key landmark where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum.
p.40
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the External Intercostal muscle?
Active during inspiration; supports intercostal space; elevates ribs.
p.8
Thoracic Wall Structure
What role does the thoracic wall play in muscle attachment?
It offers attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, abdomen, and upper limbs, some of which assist in breathing and stabilizing the first and last ribs.
p.29
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is a distinctive feature of the laminae in thoracic vertebrae?
Broad laminae overlapping with the vertebra below.
p.17
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What does the T4/5 vertebral level indicate regarding the pulmonary trunk?
It indicates the upper boundary of the pulmonary trunk.
p.41
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the superior attachment of the Transversus Thoracis muscle?
Inferior aspect of deep surface of sternum, xiphoid process, and costal cartilages of ribs 4 – 7.
p.4
Functions of the Thorax
What structures in the thorax are essential for breathing?
The lungs, diaphragm, thoracic wall, and ribs.
p.16
Pectoral Region Anatomy
Where is the breast located?
In the pectoral region on the anterior thoracic wall.
p.33
Thoracic Wall Structure
How does Rib 2 compare to Rib 1?
Rib 2 is flat and longer than Rib 1, exhibiting typical rib features.
p.7
Thoracic Wall Structure
What forms the posterior part of the thoracic wall?
12 thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs.
p.8
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the primary function of costal cartilage in the thoracic wall?
It provides flexibility to the front end of each rib.
p.13
Pleural Cavities and Their Function
Where are the pleural cavities located?
On either side of the mediastinum.
p.1
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are the two openings of the thorax?
The superior thoracic aperture and the inferior thoracic aperture.
p.9
Thoracic Cavity Components
How do the first ribs slope?
Downward from their attachment to vertebra T1 at the back to the manubrium at the front.
p.17
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What anatomical structure marks the meeting point of rib 2 and the sternum?
The sternal angle at the T4/5 vertebral level.
p.11
Diaphragm and Its Role
What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts?
It flattens, increasing the space in the thorax for breathing.
p.2
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the role of the trachea?
It serves as the windpipe.
p.34
Thoracic Wall Structure
What marks the body of the sternum?
Transverse ridges (sternal sternebrae) and facets for costal cartilages.
p.34
Thoracic Wall Structure
How does the xiphoid process change with age?
It ossifies and can have a variable shape.
p.35
Thoracic Wall Structure
What do the costovertebral joints connect?
The head of the rib articulates with the superior facet of its own vertebra and the inferior facet of the vertebra above.
p.35
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the costotransverse joint?
It is the articulation between the rib tubercle and the transverse process.
p.25
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
What structures form the lactiferous ducts in the breast?
Ducts and lobules, forming 15-20 lactiferous ducts that open onto the nipple.
p.3
Thoracic Cavity Components
What is a significant feature of the mediastinum regarding surgery?
It can be surgically accessed without opening the pleural cavities.
p.3
Thoracic Cavity Components
Where do the pleural cavities extend?
Above the level of the first rib.
p.19
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What innervates the thoracic wall?
Intercostal nerves, which are the anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves.
p.40
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the superior attachment of the External Intercostal muscle?
Inferior margin of rib above.
p.17
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the upper boundary of the pericardium?
The T4/5 vertebral level.
p.13
Pleural Cavities and Their Function
What is the significance of the small gap between the lungs and the thoracic wall?
It allows the lungs to expand.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What is the origin of the Pectoralis major?
Medial clavicle, sternum, and first 7 costal cartilages.
p.1
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the sternum?
The bone in the center of the chest.
p.26
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
Can breast cancer occur in men?
Yes, breast cancer can still occur in men.
p.23
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What defines the pectoral region?
Muscles attached to the front of the thoracic wall, along with connective tissues, nerves, vessels, and overlying skin.
p.33
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are the distinct features of Rib 1?
Flat, broad, with a scalene tubercle and grooves for subclavian vessels.
p.18
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
Which veins drain blood into the right atrium?
The superior and inferior vena cava.
p.25
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
What are the main components of the breast?
Mammary glands, skin, and connective tissues.
p.16
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
Where do lateral breast lymphatics drain?
Into the axillary region.
p.14
Thoracic Cavity Components
What major structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
Major blood vessels and nerves.
p.1
Thoracic Wall Structure
What connects the thorax to the neck?
The narrow superior opening (superior thoracic aperture).
p.28
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the role of the thoracic wall?
It provides structural support and protection for the thoracic cavity.
p.14
Thoracic Cavity Components
What passes through the axillary inlet?
Large blood vessels and the brachial plexus.
p.3
Thoracic Cavity Components
How can issues in the neck affect the thoracic cavity?
They can affect the pleura and the lung.
p.17
Mediastinum and Its Contents
Where does the arch of the aorta begin and end?
At the T4/5 vertebral level.
p.40
Thoracic Wall Structure
Where does the Innermost Intercostal muscle attach superiorly?
Medial edge of costal groove of rib above.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What is the origin of the Subclavius muscle?
Rib I at costal cartilage junction.
p.23
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the mediastinum?
The area between the lungs.
p.12
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the mediastinum?
A central partition running from the sternum to the thoracic vertebrae and from the superior to the inferior thoracic aperture.
p.5
Functions of the Thorax
How does the diaphragm contribute to organ protection?
Its domed shape shields some abdominal organs.
p.3
Thoracic Cavity Components
What are the three main parts of the thoracic cavity?
The pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the apex of the lungs.
p.30
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are demifacets?
Two partial facets on the body for rib articulation (superior and inferior).
p.19
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
Where do the internal thoracic arteries run?
Along the deep aspect of the anterior thoracic wall.
p.39
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the superior attachment of the External Intercostal muscle?
Inferior margin of the rib above.
p.37
Thoracic Wall Structure
What type of movements occur at the Manubriosternal Joint during respiration?
Slight angular movements.
p.24
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What is contained in the deep compartment of the pectoral region?
Muscles and other related structures.
p.38
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What is the arrangement of the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve?
Vein is most superior, artery is below the vein, and nerve is below the artery (least protected).
p.41
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the External Intercostal muscle?
Active during inspiration; supports intercostal space; elevates ribs.
p.29
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the shape of the transverse processes in thoracic vertebrae?
Club-shaped, projecting posterolaterally.
p.25
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What are the sources of arterial supply to the breast?
Axillary artery branches (laterally), internal thoracic artery (medially), and intercostal arteries (second to fourth).
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What nerves innervate the Pectoralis major?
Medial & lateral pectoral nerves.
p.40
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the superior attachment of the Transversus Thoracis muscle?
Inferior aspect of deep surface of sternum, xiphoid process, and costal cartilages of ribs 4 – 7.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What is the function of the Subclavius muscle?
Stabilizes clavicle; depresses shoulder.
p.36
Thoracic Wall Structure
How is Rib 2 unique among the ribs?
It is divided into two compartments by an intra-articular ligament.
p.6
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the primary function of the mediastinum?
To serve as a passageway for structures moving through the thorax or connecting thoracic organs to other body regions.
p.2
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the mediastinum?
A soft tissue partition that runs through the middle of the thorax.
p.22
Diaphragm and Its Role
What is the effect of spinal cord injuries below the level of the phrenic nerve origin?
They do not affect diaphragm movement.
p.24
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What is the primary function of the pectoral region?
To connect the upper limb to the body.
p.11
Diaphragm and Its Role
What shape does the diaphragm have?
Dome-shaped, with the right dome higher than the left.
p.37
Thoracic Wall Structure
What happens to the Xiphisternal Joint with age?
It often becomes ossified.
p.26
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
What veins drain the breast?
Veins parallel arteries, draining into the axillary, internal thoracic, and intercostal veins.
p.3
Thoracic Cavity Components
What is the relationship between the apex of the lungs and the neck?
The apex is close to the neck.
p.1
Thoracic Wall Structure
What components make up the flexible musculoskeletal wall of the thorax?
Vertebrae, ribs, muscles, and the sternum.
p.29
Thoracic Wall Structure
How do the superior and inferior articular processes of thoracic vertebrae face?
Superior articular processes face posteriorly; inferior articular processes face anteriorly.
p.40
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the innervation of the Internal Intercostal muscle?
Intercostal nerves (T1 – 11).
p.41
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the innervation of the Internal Intercostal muscle?
Intercostal nerves (T1 – 11).
p.17
Mediastinum and Its Contents
At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into the right and left main bronchi?
At the T4/5 vertebral level.
p.23
Functions of the Thorax
What role does the thorax play in respiration?
It plays a key role in breathing.
p.41
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the Transversus Thoracis muscle?
Depresses costal cartilages.
p.42
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the role of the intercostal spaces?
They house the intercostal muscles and neurovascular structures.
p.22
Diaphragm and Its Role
What nerves innervate the diaphragm?
The diaphragm is innervated by two phrenic nerves from the cervical plexus (C3, C4, C5), with the major contribution from C4.
p.14
Thoracic Cavity Components
What opens into the root of the neck?
The superior thoracic aperture.
p.12
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What is the significance of the horizontal plane through the sternal angle?
It divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts.
p.18
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What veins drain the left thoracic wall?
The hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins.
p.32
Thoracic Wall Structure
Describe the shaft of a rib.
It is thin, flat, bends at the angle, and is marked by a costal groove.
p.7
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of intercostal muscles?
They move the ribs and support the spaces between them.
p.38
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
Where are the intercostal nerves located?
In the plane between the inner muscle layers.
p.39
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the primary function of the Internal Intercostal muscle?
Active during expiration; supports intercostal space; depresses ribs.
p.41
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the superior attachment of the External Intercostal muscle?
Inferior margin of rib above.
p.24
Pectoral Region Anatomy
Where do the nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics in the superficial compartment come from?
The thoracic wall, axilla, and neck.
p.10
Thoracic Cavity Components
What forms the anterolateral boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture?
The costal cartilages of ribs 7 to 10, forming the costal margin.
p.13
Pleural Cavities and Their Function
What is the costo-diaphragmatic recess?
The largest pleural space important for accommodating lung expansion during breathing.
p.23
Thoracic Cavity Components
What are the main components of the thorax?
A wall, two pleural cavities, the lungs, and the mediastinum.
p.10
Diaphragm and Its Role
What passes between the thorax and abdomen through the diaphragm?
Structures such as blood vessels and nerves.
p.40
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the Transversus Thoracis muscle?
Depresses costal cartilages.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
Where does the Pectoralis minor insert?
Coracoid process of scapula.
p.42
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What do the anterior intercostal arteries supply?
The upper and lower intercostal spaces.
p.2
Thoracic Cavity Components
What are the three main parts of the thoracic cavity?
Two pleural cavities and the mediastinum.
p.2
Thoracic Cavity Components
What do the pleural cavities contain?
Each pleural cavity contains a lung.
p.22
Diaphragm and Its Role
How do the phrenic nerves reach the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerves pass through the neck, superior thoracic aperture, and mediastinum to supply motor innervation to the diaphragm.
p.24
Pectoral Region Anatomy
Where is the pectoral region located?
On the outside of the anterior thoracic wall.
p.5
Functions of the Thorax
Where are the upper parts of the kidneys located in relation to the diaphragm?
Behind the diaphragm and in front of ribs 11 and 12.
p.31
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are Floating Ribs?
Ribs 11 and 12, which have no anterior attachment to the sternum or other ribs.
p.30
Thoracic Wall Structure
How does Vertebra 10 differ in rib articulation?
It articulates only with its own rib and lacks inferior demifacets.
p.10
Thoracic Cavity Components
What forms the posterior boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture?
The body of vertebra T12.
p.37
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the clinical significance of the Sternal Angle?
It is palpable and used to count ribs; lies on the plane of the intervertebral disc between vertebrae 4 and 5.
p.26
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
Which nerve innervates the nipple?
The fourth intercostal nerve.
p.39
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the Transversus Thoracis muscle?
Depresses costal cartilages.
p.4
Functions of the Thorax
How does the thorax facilitate the movement of air?
By changing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
p.4
Functions of the Thorax
What movements are essential for breathing?
Movements of the diaphragm (up and down) and the ribs (side to side and front to back).
p.16
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What arteries and veins supply the breast?
Internal thoracic arteries and veins.
p.32
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the neck of a rib?
It is the short region between the head and tubercle.
p.33
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is unique about Rib 10?
It has a single facet on its head.
p.21
Functions of the Thorax
Why are changes in the dimensions of the thoracic cavity important?
They are important for breathing.
p.9
Thoracic Cavity Components
What is located anteriorly to the Superior Thoracic Aperture?
The manubrium of the sternum.
p.38
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is found in the intercostal spaces?
Intercostal muscles, intercostal nerves, major arteries, and veins.
p.17
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What does the T4/5 vertebral level separate?
The superior and inferior mediastinum.
p.40
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the Internal Intercostal muscle?
Active during expiration; supports intercostal space; depresses ribs.
p.41
Thoracic Wall Structure
Where does the Innermost Intercostal muscle attach?
Medial edge of costal groove of rib above to internal aspect of superior margin of rib below.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What are the functions of the Pectoralis minor?
Depresses shoulder; protracts scapula.
p.36
Thoracic Wall Structure
What type of joints are formed by Ribs 2 to 7 with the sternum?
Synovial joints with thin capsules and sternocostal ligaments.
p.32
Thoracic Wall Structure
What does the head of a rib contain?
Two articular surfaces (superior and inferior).
p.11
Diaphragm and Its Role
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
To seal the inferior thoracic aperture.
p.28
Thoracic Wall Structure
What borders the Superior Thoracic Aperture?
Bordered by vertebra 1, rib 1, and the manubrium of the sternum.
p.24
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What are the two compartments of the pectoral region?
Superficial compartment and deep compartment.
p.6
Mediastinum and Its Contents
Name other structures that pass through the mediastinum.
Trachea, thoracic aorta, and superior vena cava.
p.7
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are the three parts of the sternum?
The manubrium, the body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process.
p.39
Thoracic Wall Structure
Where does the Innermost Intercostal muscle attach?
Medial edge of the costal groove of the rib above to the internal aspect of the superior margin of the rib below.
p.7
Thoracic Wall Structure
Why is the sternal angle important?
It is used by clinicians during physical exams.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
Where does the Pectoralis major insert?
Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus.
p.26
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
How is the breast in men characterized?
Underdeveloped, consisting of small ducts.
p.23
Functions of the Thorax
What structures does the thorax act as a passage for?
Structures moving between the neck and the abdomen.
p.20
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
Through which spinal nerves do preganglionic sympathetic fibres leave the spinal cord?
From T1 to L2 (thoracic and lumbar segments).
p.31
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are False Ribs?
Ribs 8 to 10, where cartilage articulates with the ribs above.
p.32
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are the parts of the tubercle of a rib?
Articular and nonarticular parts.
p.33
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are the characteristics of Ribs 11 and 12?
They are short, with no tubercles or necks.
p.39
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the External Intercostal muscle?
Active during inspiration; supports intercostal space; elevates ribs.
p.19
Neurovascular Supply of the Thoracic Wall
What do the anterior intercostal vessels arise from?
The internal thoracic artery.
p.39
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the innervation of the Internal Intercostal muscle?
Intercostal nerves (T1 – 11).
p.26
Breast Anatomy and Physiology
Which nerves supply innervation to the breast?
Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the second to sixth intercostal nerves.
p.10
Thoracic Cavity Components
Which ribs contribute to the posterolateral boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Rib 12 and the end of rib 11.
p.23
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the shape of the thorax?
The thorax is shaped like a cylinder.
p.23
Functions of the Thorax
How does the thorax protect vital organs?
It protects the heart and lungs.
p.12
Mediastinum and Its Contents
How is the mediastinum divided?
Into superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum (which is further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior regions).
p.21
Thoracic Wall Structure
What allows the thoracic wall to be expandable?
True joints between ribs and other wall components.
p.30
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the function of the transverse costal facet?
It is an oval facet on the transverse process for rib tubercle articulation.
p.7
Thoracic Wall Structure
What constitutes the lateral part of the thoracic wall?
12 ribs on each side and 3 layers of intercostal muscles.
p.2
Mediastinum and Its Contents
What are some structures contained within the mediastinum?
The heart, oesophagus, trachea, major nerves, and blood vessels.
p.28
Thoracic Wall Structure
What structures border the Inferior Thoracic Aperture?
Bordered by vertebra 12, rib 12, end of rib 11, the costal margin, and the xiphoid process of the sternum.
p.10
Thoracic Cavity Components
What is the inferior thoracic aperture?
It is a larger and more flexible opening than the superior aperture.
p.30
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the rib articulation characteristic of Vertebrae 11 and 12?
They articulate only with the heads of their own ribs and lack transverse costal facets.
p.11
Diaphragm and Its Role
Which structures pass through the diaphragm?
The oesophagus and inferior vena cava.
p.8
Thoracic Wall Structure
What are floating ribs?
Ribs 11 and 12, which do not connect to other ribs or the sternum.
p.39
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the superior attachment of the Transversus Thoracis muscle?
Inferior aspect of the deep surface of the sternum, xiphoid process, and costal cartilages of ribs 4 – 7.
p.27
Pectoral Region Anatomy
What is the origin of the Pectoralis minor?
Ribs 3 - 5 and overlying fascia.
p.1
Thoracic Wall Structure
What is the shape of the thorax?
It is shaped like a cylinder but is irregular.
