p.27
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the cranial mesenteric artery?
A branch off the abdominal portion of the aorta that supplies blood to the small and large intestine.
p.27
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
Where are the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery contained?
Within the intestinal mesentery.
p.10
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What are the three reflections mentioned in the anatomy of the heart?
Reflected to the left, reflected to the right, and reflected cranially.
p.10
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What type of view is shown at the bottom of Figure 3.6?
Ventral view of the heart.
p.26
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What sub-branches does the splenic artery divide into?
Left gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries.
p.8
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What must be done to fully expose the organs of the thoracic cavity?
Spread the rib cage or cut the ventral portion of the rib cage away.
p.12
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What regions do the external jugular and cephalic veins drain?
Most of the head and neck, and part of the shoulder region.
p.14
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What do the intercostal veins drain?
The remaining intercostal spaces.
p.12
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
Where are the internal jugular veins located?
Medially near the trachea and just lateral to the common carotid arteries.
p.32
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the purpose of making a longitudinal cut along the frontal plane of the heart?
To divide it into dorsal and ventral halves.
p.12
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What does the subclavian vein drain?
Oxygen-poor blood from the shoulder and arm.
p.14
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Where does the coronary sinus enter?
The right atrium near the caudal vena cava.
p.7
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the function of the hepatic vein?
To drain deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What are liver lobules?
Small histological structures in the liver that are roughly hexagonal in shape.
p.11
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the function of the great cardiac vein?
It drains blood from the heart muscle.
p.11
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What are the names associated with the aorta as it travels through the body?
Arch of the aorta and descending aorta.
p.25
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What does the gastroduodenal vein drain?
The duodenum, pylorus, and pancreas.
p.16
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the left subclavian artery?
The next branch off the aorta.
p.15
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the first major branch off the aorta?
The brachiocephalic trunk.
p.3
Adult Circulation Patterns
What type of blood do systemic veins carry?
Reduced oxygen blood, as much of it has already been delivered to the cells.
p.29
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the function of the umbilical cord in placental mammals?
It transports nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and eliminates excess CO2 and metabolic waste.
p.3
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
What happens to blood in the lungs during the pulmonary circuit?
It absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
p.14
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Where does the left azygos vein run?
Along the descending aorta, across the left pulmonary vein, and crosses the dorsal side of the heart.
p.17
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What are the main branches that arise from the subclavian arteries?
Internal thoracic arteries, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk/thoracocervical artery, and axillary artery.
p.3
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
How does the tunica media of arteries differ from that of veins?
The tunica media is normally the thickest layer in arteries, while it is thinner in veins.
p.2
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the primary function of sinusoids in the liver?
Processing materials and releasing plasma proteins into circulation.
p.20
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system?
To transport nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver.
p.20
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is depicted in the illustration mentioned?
The hepatic portal system along with associated veins and organs.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What does the axillary vein drain?
It drains the arm and passes through the axilla (armpit).
p.14
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Where do the costocervical veins join?
The cranial vena cava dorsally.
p.3
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?
To carry blood low in oxygen to the lungs for gas exchange.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What are Kupffer cells and their role in the liver?
Phagocytic cells that remove and degrade immunogenic molecules from the blood.
p.17
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What does the costocervical trunk supply?
The deep muscles of the neck.
p.17
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the function of the thyrocervical trunk/thoracocervical artery?
It feeds the thyroid gland and parts of the neck.
p.30
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What happens to the umbilical artery after birth?
It atrophies, except for a small part supplying the urinary bladder.
p.11
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the ductus arteriosus?
A temporary linkage between the pulmonary trunk and aorta found only in the fetus.
p.22
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What does Figure 3.10c illustrate?
The branching network of arteries, veins, and ducts in the human liver.
p.27
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What do the jejunal arteries supply?
Most parts of the small and large intestine.
p.27
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the intestinal mesentery?
A double fold of peritoneal tissue that suspends the small and large intestines.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
How many subclavian veins may a pig have on each side of its body?
Two subclavian veins, one dorsal and one ventral to the subclavian artery.
p.30
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What happens to the connection between the urinary bladder and the umbilical cord at birth?
The connection degenerates, and the bladder drains into the urethra.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What type of blood does the hepatic portal vein carry?
Partially deoxygenated blood and nutrients absorbed by the small intestine.
p.30
Overview of the Circulatory System
What do the external iliac arteries and veins supply?
Blood to and from the legs.
p.30
Overview of the Circulatory System
What do the internal and external iliac veins form?
A short common iliac vein, which joins the caudal vena cava.
p.11
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the foramen ovale?
An opening in the interatrial wall that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetuses.
p.25
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What role does the spleen play in vertebrate circulation?
It stores new red blood cells, regulates blood volume, and manufactures lymphocytes.
p.20
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What does the hepatic portal system connect?
It connects the gastrointestinal tract and the liver.
p.20
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
Which organs are associated with the hepatic portal system?
The gastrointestinal tract and the liver.
p.8
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What encases the heart?
The pericardial membrane.
p.29
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
Where do the testicular or ovarian arteries arise from?
From the aorta, caudal to the renal arteries.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
Which organs drain into the hepatic portal system?
The small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and stomach.
p.34
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
How does fetal circulation differ from adult circulation?
Fetal circulation includes structures like the placenta and ductus venosus, which are not present in adult circulation.
p.29
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What mechanism allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products across the placenta?
Diffusion across the placental barrier.
p.29
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What does the single umbilical vein carry to the fetus?
Oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood.
p.30
Overview of the Circulatory System
What are the blood vessels that branch from the external iliac arteries and veins to enter the leg?
The femoral artery and vein.
p.19
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What happens to blood glucose levels when hormones are released by the pancreas?
The liver either stores glucose as glycogen or releases it into the bloodstream.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What structures need to be moved to view the descending aorta?
The lobes of the left lung toward the ventral midline.
p.1
Overview of the Circulatory System
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To transport substances absorbed from the digestive tract and oxygen from the lungs to all cells, and to carry waste products to organs of waste removal.
p.1
Differences Between Closed and Open Circulatory Systems
What type of circulatory system do adult mammals have?
A closed circulatory system.
p.11
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
Where do the brachiocephalic veins unite?
To form the cranial vena cava.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the role of the cranial mesenteric artery?
Supplies blood to the small intestine and part of the large intestine.
p.4
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What are the two main types of arteries?
Elastic arteries and muscular arteries.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What do the splenic/lienic artery/vein supply/drain?
Blood to/from the spleen.
p.10
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the anatomical position of the cranial vena cava in relation to the right atrium?
It enters the right atrium cranially.
p.15
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What should you do after identifying the veins in the thoracic region?
Remove them to better view the arteries, being careful not to damage the arteries.
p.34
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the primary function of the placenta during mammalian development?
To provide the embryo with nutrients and oxygen, and remove carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
p.32
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What are the two major vena cavae mentioned in the instructions?
Cranial and caudal vena cavae.
p.19
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the function of the portal vein?
It brings nutrients to the liver for use and storage.
p.30
Overview of the Circulatory System
What is the function of the ureter?
It is a large, convoluted duct passing from the kidney to the base of the bladder.
p.7
Capillary Exchange Mechanisms
What are liver sinusoids?
Specialized capillaries in the liver that allow for the exchange of substances between blood and liver cells.
p.2
Capillary Exchange Mechanisms
What substances can pass through continuous capillaries?
Metabolic products like glucose, water, small hydrophobic molecules, and leukocytes.
p.2
Capillary Exchange Mechanisms
What are sinusoid capillaries characterized by?
Extensive and wide intercellular gaps.
p.17
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What are the major veins that need to be identified in this lab?
Cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava, external jugular veins, brachiocephalic veins, internal jugular veins, subscapular veins, costocervical veins.
p.1
Overview of the Circulatory System
How do substances typically enter and exit the body and its cells?
Via diffusion, sometimes supplemented by active transport.
p.1
Adult Circulation Patterns
What is the role of blood in a closed circulatory system?
To transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and metabolic wastes to and from individual cells.
p.4
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What are the three distinct tissue layers found in arteries and veins?
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia (or externa).
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the role of the pulmonary veins?
They transport oxygenated blood to the right atrium.
p.33
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the foramen ovale?
An opening that connects the right and left atria in the fetus, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What does the caudal vena cava do?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.
p.5
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
What is the role of the pulmonary veins?
They carry oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.
p.28
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What does the caudal mesenteric artery supply?
Parts of the large intestine and rectum.
p.21
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What does the organization of the liver lobule indicate?
It reflects the functional architecture of the liver.
p.10
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
Where does the caudal vena cava enter the heart?
It perforates the diaphragm and enters the right atrium caudally.
p.26
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What major arteries are visible in Figure 3.12b?
Phrenic artery, coeliac artery/trunk, and cranial mesenteric artery.
p.26
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What does the coeliac artery/trunk split into?
Splenic/lienic and hepatic arteries.
p.8
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the best way to identify a vessel if it appears as a thin-walled translucent tube?
Trace it to the organ it supplies or drains.
p.26
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What areas do the branches of the hepatic artery supply?
Parts of the pancreas, duodenum, and pylorus.
p.15
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?
The right subclavian artery and a pair of common carotid arteries.
p.26
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What anatomical structures are pulled to the right in Figure 3.12b?
Diaphragm and digestive organs.
p.15
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the function of the right subclavian artery?
It carries blood to the right forelimb and upper body.
p.14
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What do the costocervical veins drain?
The neck, back, and cranial intercostal spaces.
p.34
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the ductus venosus?
A channel that allows blood to bypass the liver sinusoids and connect to the caudal vena cava.
p.15
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Where do the coronary arteries run?
The left coronary artery runs along the ventral surface of the heart, and the right coronary artery runs along the dorsal surface.
p.34
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What happens to most of the oxygen-rich blood from the umbilical vein?
It passes directly through the liver, bypassing the sinusoids.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system?
To carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver before it circulates to the rest of the body.
p.7
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the function of the descending aorta?
To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lower parts of the body.
p.6
Adult Circulation Patterns
What is the sequence of blood flow toward the heart starting from the cranial vena cava?
Cranial vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries.
p.34
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What does the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-depleted blood occur?
In the caudal vena cava, where blood from the umbilical vein and ductus venosus mixes with blood from the liver sinusoids.
p.7
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What does the coeliac artery supply?
It supplies blood to the stomach, liver, spleen, and other organs.
p.29
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
How does maternal blood interact with fetal blood in the placenta?
Maternal blood is restricted to the maternal side and never mixes with fetal blood.
p.30
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What supplies blood to the bladder tissue after birth?
The remaining umbilical arteries.
p.29
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What arteries flank the urinary bladder?
The two umbilical arteries.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What area does the subscapular vein drain?
It drains the medial side of the scapula.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
Where do the internal thoracic veins drain?
They drain the thoracic body wall.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
Where do the internal thoracic veins join?
They join the cranial vena cava just below the brachiocephalic veins.
p.7
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the role of the hepatic artery?
To supply oxygenated blood to the liver.
p.32
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What should be identified after dissecting beneath the cranial end of the heart?
The vessels that enter and leave the heart.
p.19
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the pathway of bile from the liver to the small intestine?
Bile canaliculi → bile ductules → bile ducts → right and left hepatic ducts → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → common bile duct → small intestine.
p.19
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
How do hepatic sinusoids differ from true capillaries?
They lack a complete endothelial cell lining, allowing direct contact between blood and hepatocytes.
p.7
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the role of the renal artery?
To supply blood to the kidneys.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What does the hepatic artery provide to the liver?
Oxygen to the hepatocytes.
p.25
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What do the jejunal veins drain?
The capillaries found within the small intestine’s villi.
p.25
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What marks the beginning of the hepatic portal vein?
The union of the splenogastric vein and the mesenteric vein.
p.31
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
Carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the coeliac/celiac artery responsible for?
Supplying blood to the stomach, spleen, and liver.
p.33
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
How does the direction of blood flow through the foramen ovale change?
It can change if pressure differences between the two atria are altered.
p.5
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood after filling the right atrium?
It is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, then into the pulmonary circuit.
p.24
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the path of the caudal vena cava from the heart?
It travels through the diaphragm and liver toward the stomach.
p.28
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What should be located at the level of the kidneys?
The aorta and caudal vena cava.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the origin of the subclavian vein?
It arises from the shoulder and arm.
p.7
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
A fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus, connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
p.12
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What do the internal jugular veins drain?
The skull, brain, and parts of the face and neck.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What should you be aware of regarding the variability of veins in the subclavian region?
Veins may connect to different main vessels depending on the specimen.
p.7
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
To carry nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the significance of the liver in relation to the gut contents?
It acts as a buffer between gut contents and systemic circulation, tolerating dietary antigens while providing immunosurveillance.
p.3
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What predominates in the tunica adventitia/externa of veins?
Collagenous and smooth fibers, making it the thickest layer in veins.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the name of the aorta as it continues into the abdominal cavity?
Dorsal or descending aorta.
p.2
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
How do the walls of veins compare to those of arteries?
Veins have thinner walls and a flattened cross section, while arteries have thicker walls and a rounded cross section.
p.25
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
Which veins drain the stomach?
The gastroepiploic and left gastric veins.
p.11
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What veins merge to form the brachiocephalic veins?
External jugular, internal jugular, cephalic, and subclavian veins.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What are the chordae tendinae?
Delicate tendinous cords that anchor the margins of the valves to the ventricular wall.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What does the gastric artery/vein supply/drain?
Blood to/from the stomach.
p.5
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the primary function of arteries?
Conducts blood away from the heart.
p.28
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What arteries and veins supply the back region?
Cranial abdominal artery and vein, as well as the adrenal artery and vein.
p.3
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
What do pulmonary veins do?
Return freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
p.3
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
How do the walls of arteries compare to those of veins?
Arteries have thick walls with small lumens, while veins have thin walls with large lumens.
p.29
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What do the two umbilical arteries transport?
Deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
p.6
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
To carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
p.30
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What do the umbilical arteries carry?
Blood from the fetus to the placenta.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the role of the pulmonary trunk?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
p.4
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What structural difference exists between arteries and veins?
Arteries have thicker walls than veins to withstand higher pressure from the heart.
p.1
Adult Circulation Patterns
What happens to blood after it passes through capillary beds?
It drains into venules and then returns to the heart through veins.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the coronary sinus?
A vessel that collects blood from the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium.
p.4
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the significance of the aorta and pulmonary arteries?
They are elastic arteries that withstand high pressure from the heart.
p.5
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the pressure difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries have high pressure, while veins have low pressure.
p.28
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Where do the renal arteries branch from?
The aorta, caudal to the cranial mesenteric artery.
p.18
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
How does the liver process nutrients from the hepatic portal system?
It absorbs and processes nutrients, drugs, and toxins before releasing them back into circulation.
p.30
Overview of the Circulatory System
What arteries arise from the dorsal surface of the aorta?
Several pairs of lumbar arteries.
p.14
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
How many azygos veins do humans have?
Both a left and right azygos vein.
p.19
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the role of the hepatic portal system in hormone regulation?
It ensures hormones like insulin and glucagon reach the liver quickly without dilution.
p.7
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What does the renal vein do?
It carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys.
p.2
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
What are the two distinct circuits in the circulatory system?
Systemic and pulmonary circuits.
p.17
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the significance of the ductus arteriosus?
It connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetal circulation.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the caudal mesenteric artery responsible for?
Supplying blood to the hindgut.
p.1
Capillary Exchange Mechanisms
What occurs in capillaries?
Exchange of water, nutrients, gases, and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid.
p.4
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What role does the tunica media play in blood vessels?
It regulates the vessel's internal diameter through elastic and muscular tissue.
p.4
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Why do veins have valves?
To promote unidirectional blood flow toward the heart and prevent backflow.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the role of the renal artery/vein?
Supplies/drains blood to/from the kidneys.
p.5
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
What happens to blood in the lungs?
Oxygen is acquired via diffusion of gases.
p.24
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the significance of the jejunal veins?
They are part of the intestinal mesentery and converge to form the mesenteric vein.
p.3
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the tunica intima in arteries characterized by?
An inner lining (endothelium) that may appear wavy due to smooth muscle constriction and an internal elastic membrane in larger vessels.
p.29
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What is the role of the allantoic stalk in fetal waste management?
It allows metabolic waste to pass into the allantois for storage.
p.19
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the final destination of deoxygenated blood processed by the liver?
The hepatic vein, which returns blood to systemic circulation via the caudal vena cava.
p.25
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What vein is formed by the merging of the gastroepiploic, left gastric, and splenic veins?
The splenogastric (or lienogastric) vein.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What are the main valves that prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria?
Bicuspid and tricuspid valves, as well as aortic (semilunar) and pulmonary valves.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the function of the cranial and caudal venae cavae?
They transport venous blood to the right atrium.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What do jejunal arteries/veins supply/drain?
Blood to/from the jejunum (part of the small intestine).
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the interatrial septum?
The wall that separates the right and left atria in the adult heart.
p.5
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
How does wall thickness differ between arteries and veins?
Arteries have thick walls, while veins have thin walls.
p.24
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What does the mesenteric vein transport?
Blood from the small and large intestines.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What does the arch of the aorta do?
It distributes blood to the head, neck, and arms.
p.31
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What does the cranial mesenteric vein drain?
Blood from the small intestine and part of the large intestine.
p.4
Adult Circulation Patterns
How does vasoconstriction affect systemic blood pressure?
It increases systemic blood pressure by creating a bottleneck effect in the arterial system.
p.33
Fetal Circulation and Placental Exchange
What happens to the foramen ovale at birth?
It closes and leaves a depression called the fossa ovalis in the adult heart.
p.5
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the primary function of veins?
Conducts blood toward the heart.
p.5
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
How does the cardiac muscle receive blood?
Through a system of coronary arteries and veins.
p.28
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What do the branches from the posterior abdominal wall form within the small intestine?
Capillaries within the small intestine’s villi.
p.1
Overview of the Circulatory System
Why do larger animals depend on their circulatory system?
Because diffusion is only effective over short distances, larger animals require bulk flow of materials.
p.1
Adult Circulation Patterns
How does blood flow in the circulatory system?
Blood moves away from the heart through muscular arteries, flows through arterioles, and enters capillaries for exchange.
p.4
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
What is the function of the tunica intima?
It provides a frictionless pathway for blood movement.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the function of the gastroepiploic artery/vein?
Supplies/drains blood to/from the greater curvature of the stomach.
p.5
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
How does the general appearance of arteries differ from veins?
Arteries are rounded, while veins are irregular and often collapsed.
p.5
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What is the function of the coronary sinus?
It returns oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium.
p.24
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
Where can the hepatic portal system be observed?
Running between the head and tail of the pancreas.
p.25
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the first branch off the aorta in the abdominal cavity?
The coeliac (celiac) artery/trunk.
p.4
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
It transports blood drained from the stomach and intestine to the liver.
p.31
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What is the function of the hepatic artery?
Supplies oxygenated blood to the liver.
p.5
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
What do the right and left auricles do?
They increase the collecting and pumping capacity of the atria.
p.24
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What should be done with the greater omentum during the procedure?
It should be broken to push the stomach and spleen cranially and the intestines caudally.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
Why are the walls of the atria thinner than those of the ventricles?
Because the atria collect venous blood only during ventricular contraction (systole).
p.4
Adult Circulation Patterns
What happens to oxygen-depleted blood in the circulatory system?
It drains into the heart's right atrium via the cranial and caudal vena cavae.
p.5
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
What valves are present in veins?
Valves are present most commonly in limbs and in veins inferior to the heart.
p.24
Hepatic Portal System and Its Functions
What veins enter the hepatic portal vein?
Several veins that drain the digestive organs and spleen.
p.5
Comparative Anatomy of Arteries and Veins
Where is the higher oxygen concentration found?
Higher in systemic arteries and lower in systemic veins.
