p.4
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the primary use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)?
To measure bone mineral density (BMD) and quantify bone health.
p.8
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
Why is it important to care about osteoporosis?
Because it leads to increased fragility of bones and a higher risk of fractures.
p.14
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What increases steadily as bone mass reduces?
Susceptibility to bony fractures.
p.5
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the role of the x-ray beam in a C-arm?
To create images of the patient's anatomy.
p.16
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is cortical bone?
The dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity.
p.16
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is the primary function of cortical bone?
To provide strength and support to the skeletal structure.
p.10
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What nutritional factor is associated with osteoporosis?
Calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency.
p.29
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What alignment is required for the mid-sagittal plane during lumbar spine acquisition?
Align the mid-sagittal plane to the center line.
p.44
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What is the purpose of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)?
To measure bone mineral density (BMD) as a means of quantifying bone health and the risk of developing osteoporosis.
p.44
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What does osteopenia indicate?
Lower than normal bone density, at higher risk of bony fractures.
p.26
Patient Preparation and History for DEXA
What is the purpose of the Patient Health Questionnaire?
To assess the health status of patients.
p.13
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is the role of osteoclasts?
Responsible for bone resorption (removing pre-existing bone).
p.21
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What fractures are commonly caused by FOOSH injuries?
Fractures of the wrist and forearm, specifically the distal radius and ulnar.
p.15
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is a key feature of trabecular bone regarding its structure?
It has a greater surface area and allows for more remodeling.
p.28
DEXA in Clinical Practice
Why is the lumbar spine a common site for DXA measurement?
It is a key area for assessing bone density and osteoporosis risk.
p.23
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What are the two norms used to compare BMD?
1) Healthy young adults (T-score) 2) Age-matched means (Z-score).
p.40
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
What are the two classifications of satisfaction mentioned?
Satisfactory and Unsatisfactory.
p.33
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for lumbar spine acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees flexed.
p.18
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is the composition of the hip and pelvis (neck of femur) in terms of bone type?
75% cortical and 25% trabecular.
p.32
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for lumbar spine acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees flexed.
p.54
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
What does an age-regression graph typically illustrate for men?
The relationship between age and a specific variable, often showing trends or changes over time.
p.30
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for lumbar spine acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees flexed.
p.30
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
Why is hip and knee flexion important during lumbar spine acquisition?
It reduces lumbar lordosis and allows the disc spaces to uniformly open.
p.7
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is the primary characteristic of normal bone architecture?
A balanced structure of cortical and trabecular bone that supports strength and stability.
p.1
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What does DEXA stand for?
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry.
p.7
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
How does osteoporosis affect bone architecture?
It leads to a decrease in bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, making bones more fragile.
p.2
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the role of DEXA in clinical practice?
To assess bone mineral density and diagnose osteoporosis.
p.11
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What are some pharmacologic prevention methods for osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates, oestrogen replacement therapy, calcium, and vitamin D.
p.24
Patient Preparation and History for DEXA
What is the clinical justification for a DEXA examination?
It is based on the type of DEXA examination, which affects the quantification and results.
p.24
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What additional use does DEXA have besides quantifying bone density?
It can also be used for assessing body composition, including body fat distribution.
p.20
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is the relative proportion of bone structure in the intertrochanteric region?
50% cortical bone and 50% trabecular bone.
p.22
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What does DEXA stand for?
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What are the main cells involved in bone remodelling?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.
p.28
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What role does the forearm play in DXA measurements?
It is used to assess bone density in patients with specific risk factors.
p.9
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What preventive measures can be taken against osteoporosis?
Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking.
p.36
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is scoliosis?
A condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
p.22
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is a common outcome of a DEXA scan?
The T-score, which compares a person's bone density to that of a healthy young adult.
p.31
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What should be ensured regarding soft tissue during lumbar spine imaging?
Uniform amounts of soft tissue on either side.
p.1
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the primary focus of DEXA in clinical applications?
To measure bone mineral density.
p.8
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
How does the World Health Organisation (WHO) define osteoporosis?
As a systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mass and micro-architectural bone tissue deterioration.
p.6
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures.
p.6
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What are the primary causes of osteoporosis?
Hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and lack of physical activity.
p.15
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What are the characteristics of cortical (compact) bone?
Stronger, heavier, more compact, typically forms layers of long bones, has higher calcium content and less water content.
p.19
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
Which region of the vertebral column is particularly affected by wedge fractures?
The thoraco-lumbar region.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is bone remodelling?
The process by which old bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue.
p.28
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the significance of measuring bone density at the hip?
The hip is a common site for osteoporotic fractures.
p.41
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for wrist/forearm acquisition?
Supine with arm abducted by side or seated by bed with arm on the examination bed.
p.22
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What are the advantages of using DEXA?
It is quick, non-invasive, and provides accurate measurements of bone density.
p.41
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
Is wrist/forearm acquisition routinely performed?
No, it is not routinely performed.
p.31
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How should the spine be positioned during lumbar acquisition?
Centered, straight, and aligned to the long-axis of the table.
p.38
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What aids in maintaining the correct position during hip acquisition?
A large trapezoidal sponge with straps.
p.55
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What does DEXA measure in relation to bone?
Bone mineral density within a given area.
p.48
Interpretation of DEXA Results
Is the Z-score diagnostic for osteoporosis?
No, it is not diagnostic but may suggest additional evaluation for secondary osteoporosis.
p.2
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is bone remodeling?
The process where old bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue.
p.11
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
How can identifying the risk of osteoporosis help?
It can help prevent fractures through pharmacologic prevention.
p.13
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is the role of osteoblasts?
Responsible for bone formation (laying down new bone).
p.13
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What happens when osteoclastic activity exceeds osteoblastic activity?
A net bone loss occurs, leading to distortion of normal bone architecture.
p.5
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What do the x and y drivers in a C-arm do?
They control the movement of the C-arm for optimal imaging angles.
p.22
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the primary use of DEXA in clinical practice?
To assess bone mineral density and diagnose osteoporosis.
p.33
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How are intervertebral markers placed during lumbar spine analysis?
With the assistance of a bone profile/histogram that outlines disc spaces as points of lowest bone density.
p.46
Interpretation of DEXA Results
How is the T-score calculated?
By taking the difference between the patient’s BMD and the average BMD of a normal, young population, divided by the standard deviation (SD).
p.31
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What anatomical landmarks should be included in the lumbar spine image?
Superior margin of L5 with iliac crests and T12 indicated by floating T12 ribs.
p.37
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How should the patient be centered on the scanner bed?
Center the patient supine to the scanner bed.
p.55
DEXA in Clinical Practice
Why is volumetric assessment of bone mineral density important?
It can better quantify true bone mineral density (BMD).
p.1
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is the significance of measuring bone mineral density?
It helps in diagnosing osteoporosis and assessing fracture risk.
p.13
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What are the two types of cells involved in bone remodeling?
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
p.2
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
What are key learning outcomes from DEXA studies?
Improved understanding of bone health and effective management of osteoporosis.
p.28
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What are common clinical sites for DXA measurement?
Lumbar spine, hip, and forearm.
p.27
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What should be omitted from DXA quantification?
Bones affected by pathology, such as fractures.
p.18
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What type of fractures are commonly associated with the vertebral column in osteoporosis?
Atraumatic wedge fractures, particularly in the thoraco-lumbar region.
p.10
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
Name a secondary endocrine disorder that can lead to osteoporosis.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
p.27
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
Which areas require precise centering and alignment during DEXA?
The spine, hips, and wrist.
p.18
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What type of fall typically leads to upper limb fractures in osteoporosis?
Falls on an outstretched hand (FOOSH).
p.41
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
When is wrist/forearm acquisition chosen?
When lumbar/hip acquisition is contraindicated or not possible.
p.18
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is the composition of the vertebral column in terms of bone type?
75% trabecular and 25% cortical.
p.38
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
Why is internal leg rotation important during hip acquisition?
It keeps the neck of femur (NOF) in profile.
p.53
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
What does an age-regression graph typically show for women?
The relationship between age and a specific variable, often indicating trends or changes over time.
p.54
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
What is the purpose of using a regression graph in age studies for men?
To analyze and predict patterns related to aging and associated variables.
p.7
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What are the two main types of bone affected by osteoporosis?
Cortical bone and trabecular bone.
p.6
Bone Biology and Remodelling
How does osteoporosis affect bone density?
It leads to a decrease in bone density, making bones more fragile.
p.15
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
How does trabecular bone differ from cortical bone in terms of density?
Trabecular bone is less dense and more porous compared to cortical bone.
p.9
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
Why is osteoporosis a concern?
It increases the risk of fractures, particularly in older adults.
p.9
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
How does osteoporosis impact quality of life?
It can lead to pain, disability, and decreased mobility.
p.33
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What is the first step in analyzing lumbar spine DEXA results?
Correctly identify the lumbar vertebrae by level.
p.52
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What is an osteoporotic neck of femur?
A fracture that occurs in the neck region of the femur due to weakened bone density from osteoporosis.
p.42
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
Which bones are included in the wrist/forearm analysis?
Proximal row of carpal bones.
p.39
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What should the neck ROI include during analysis?
Soft tissue on either side, but no part of the greater trochanter.
p.51
DEXA in Clinical Practice
Why is the neck of the femur significant in bone densitometry?
It is a common site for measuring bone mineral density and assessing fracture risk.
p.45
Interpretation of DEXA Results
In what units is BMD measured?
Grams of bone mineral calcium per unit area (cm²).
p.45
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What are the two norms BMD is compared to?
1) Healthy young adults (T-score) 2) Age-sex-matched means (Z-score).
p.57
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What limitation does DXA have regarding bone assessment?
DXA guides BMD within a given area but does not account for bone depth or volume.
p.6
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis?
Age, particularly in postmenopausal women.
p.21
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What type of injury commonly affects the upper limb?
Traumatic falls on an outstretched hand (FOOSH).
p.5
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the purpose of the scanning bed in a C-arm setup?
To support the patient during imaging.
p.29
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for lumbar spine acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees flexed.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What role do osteoblasts play in bone biology?
They are responsible for bone formation.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is the function of osteoclasts?
They break down old bone tissue.
p.38
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for hip (neck of femur) acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees internally rotated.
p.36
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is osteoarthritis?
A degenerative joint disease that results in the breakdown of cartilage and bone.
p.29
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What should the position of the patient's palms be?
Palms flat on the examination bed.
p.44
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What characterizes osteoporosis?
A disease process characterized by brittle bones from abnormally low bone density and micro-architectural bone tissue deterioration.
p.32
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What bone profiles are considered in lumbar spine analysis?
Bone profiles of the lumbar vertebrae.
p.52
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What are common risk factors for osteoporotic neck of femur fractures?
Age, gender (more common in women), low body weight, and a history of fractures.
p.30
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What aids can be used to assist in lumbar spine acquisition?
A large sponge or foam block.
p.50
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What are common symptoms of osteoporotic lumbar spine fractures?
Pain, loss of height, and spinal deformities.
p.4
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What are the key characteristics of DEXA?
Safe, non-invasive, fast, accurate, and permits reproducibility.
p.11
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What does each osteoporotic fracture suggest?
Each fracture is suggestive of another impending one.
p.7
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What is the consequence of altered bone architecture in osteoporosis?
Increased risk of fractures and skeletal deformities.
p.9
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.
p.23
DEXA in Clinical Practice
In what units is bone mineral density (BMD) measured?
In grams of bone mineral calcium per unit area (cm²).
p.9
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What are the economic implications of osteoporosis?
It leads to increased healthcare costs due to fractures and treatments.
p.23
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What does the Z-score represent in BMD measurement?
Comparison to age-matched means.
p.22
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What populations are typically screened using DEXA?
Postmenopausal women, older adults, and individuals with risk factors for osteoporosis.
p.46
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What does a T-score represent?
BMD compared to a population of healthy young adults.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is the significance of bone remodelling?
It helps maintain bone strength and mineral homeostasis.
p.53
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
Why is age important in regression analysis for women?
Age can influence various health outcomes and biological processes, making it a critical factor in studies.
p.55
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What limitation does DEXA have regarding bone assessment?
It does not account for depth or volume (bone size).
p.47
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
How much change in bone density does a 1.0 standard deviation approximate?
A 10% change in bone density.
p.49
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What anatomical features of the lumbar spine are important for bone densitometry?
The vertebral bodies and their trabecular bone composition.
p.57
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the aim of DXA?
To measure BMD and compare it with a reference population using T-scores and Z-scores.
p.2
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures.
p.4
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What type of radiation does DEXA use?
Low-dose ionising radiation (1-5 μSv).
p.14
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What happens to bone mass after reaching peak bone mass?
It reduces at a natural rate.
p.5
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What does the C-arm consist of?
An x-ray source and a detector.
p.28
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What does DXA stand for?
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
p.27
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the relationship between bone quantity and DXA precision?
Good DXA precision is best achieved with large amounts of bone, allowing for more data and quantification.
p.10
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is a primary cause of osteoporosis related to age?
Age-related degeneration.
p.24
Patient Preparation and History for DEXA
Why is patient history important before a DEXA scan?
It provides insight into relevant medical history that may affect the scan technique and interpretation of results.
p.27
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How does DEXA positioning compare to radiography?
DEXA positioning is simpler than radiography but requires more precision.
p.22
DEXA in Clinical Practice
How does DEXA work?
It uses two X-ray beams at different energy levels to measure bone density.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
How do osteocytes contribute to bone health?
They maintain bone tissue and communicate with other bone cells.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What factors can influence bone remodelling?
Hormones, mechanical stress, and nutritional status.
p.36
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What are artefacts in the context of medical imaging?
Unwanted features or distortions in images that can affect diagnosis.
p.37
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for hip (neck of femur) acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees internally rotated.
p.51
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is the neck of the femur?
The region of the femur located just below the ball of the hip joint.
p.32
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What areas should be excluded when selecting the lumbar region for analysis?
Pathological areas such as fractures, scoliosis, and arthritis.
p.37
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How should the hips and shoulders be positioned during the acquisition?
Keep hips and shoulders squared.
p.39
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What additional bone profiles should be included in the analysis?
Bone profiles including pelvic rami.
p.45
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What does the T-score represent?
Comparison of BMD to healthy young adults.
p.11
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What are the clinical manifestations of osteoporosis?
There are no clinical manifestations until an osteoporotic fracture occurs.
p.14
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
At what age do humans generally reach peak bone mass?
Between the ages of 20 - 35.
p.5
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the primary function of a C-arm?
To provide real-time imaging during surgical procedures.
p.2
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What is essential for interpreting DEXA results?
Understanding the patient's clinical context and comparing results to reference values.
p.6
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What type of fractures are commonly associated with osteoporosis?
Osteoporotic fractures, particularly in the hip, spine, and wrist.
p.12
Bone Biology and Remodelling
What is bone biology?
The study of the structure, function, and development of bones.
p.16
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is trabecular bone?
The spongy inner part of bone that has a porous structure, providing support and flexibility.
p.9
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What demographic is most affected by osteoporosis?
Postmenopausal women and older adults.
p.24
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How does the type of DEXA examination influence the results?
Different types of DEXA examinations yield different quantifications and results.
p.35
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
What are the two classifications of satisfaction mentioned?
Satisfactory and Unsatisfactory.
p.23
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What does the T-score represent in BMD measurement?
Comparison to healthy young adults.
p.31
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for lumbar spine acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees flexed.
p.46
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What organization uses the adult T-score to define diagnostic categories for osteoporosis?
The World Health Organization (WHO).
p.49
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the primary focus of bone densitometry in relation to the lumbar spine?
To assess bone mineral density and diagnose conditions like osteoporosis.
p.39
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How should the neck ROI be oriented in relation to the neck of femur (NOF)?
Perpendicular to the NOF.
p.42
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is observed regarding movement during the scans?
No movement is seen on scans.
p.45
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What does the Z-score represent?
Comparison of BMD to age-sex-matched means.
p.8
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What happens to bones in osteoporosis?
They become increasingly fragile, predisposing patients to fractures.
p.1
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What type of imaging technique is DEXA?
A radiographic technique.
p.15
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is the primary function of trabecular (spongy/cancellous) bone?
It is involved in axial loading and weight transfer, such as in the spine.
p.20
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is the relative proportion of bone structure in the femoral neck?
75% cortical bone and 25% trabecular bone.
p.23
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What is the primary use of DEXA in clinical practice?
To measure bone mineral density (BMD) as a means of quantifying bone health and the risk of developing osteoporosis.
p.16
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
How does cortical bone differ from trabecular bone?
Cortical bone is dense and forms the outer layer, while trabecular bone is spongy and located inside.
p.29
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How should the patient be centered on the scanner bed?
Center the patient supine to the scanner bed.
p.16
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What role does trabecular bone play in the body?
It helps in shock absorption and supports the bone marrow.
p.27
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is a general rule regarding bones in DXA quantification?
Bones affected by pathology should be omitted from quantification.
p.29
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
How should the patient's hips and shoulders be positioned?
Hips and shoulders should be squared.
p.29
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the position of the patient's arms during the procedure?
Arms should be adducted by the side.
p.18
Types of Bone: Cortical and Trabecular
What is the composition of the distal radius in terms of bone type?
75% cortical and 25% trabecular.
p.32
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What should be analyzed during lumbar spine assessment?
Intervertebral disc spaces and counting lumbar vertebrae.
p.48
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What does a Z-score represent in relation to BMD?
The difference between the patient’s BMD and the average BMD of a population of the same age/sex, divided by the standard deviation.
p.42
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What portion of the distal radius is sampled in the analysis?
1/3 of the distal radius.
p.37
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What alignment is necessary for the mid-sagittal plane during hip acquisition?
Align the mid-sagittal plane to the center line.
p.50
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
How does osteoporosis affect the lumbar spine?
It can lead to vertebral fractures and decreased bone density in the lumbar region.
p.43
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What does a Z-score represent in DEXA results?
It compares a patient's bone density to that of individuals of the same age and sex.
p.47
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What T-score range is classified as osteopenia?
Between -1.0 and -2.5 SD.
p.53
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What might be a common variable analyzed in an age-regression graph for women?
Bone density or osteoporosis risk.
p.48
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What factors are considered when calculating a Z-score?
Age and sex of the patient.
p.57
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
Is DXA a diagnostic imaging technique for fractures?
No, DXA is a quantitative technique, not diagnostic for fractures.
p.39
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What is the patient position for hip (neck of femur) acquisition?
Supine, with hips and knees internally rotated.
p.52
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
Why are neck of femur fractures significant in osteoporosis?
They can lead to severe complications, including loss of mobility and increased mortality.
p.49
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
Why is the lumbar spine significant in bone densitometry?
It is a common site for osteoporotic fractures and is crucial for assessing overall bone health.
p.51
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
How does bone density in the neck of the femur relate to osteoporosis?
Lower bone density in this area increases the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
p.50
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
What risk factors contribute to osteoporotic changes in the lumbar spine?
Age, gender, family history, and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.
p.45
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What is the primary aim of DXA?
To measure bone mineral density (BMD) and compare it with a reference population.
p.45
Interpretation of DEXA Results
Are T and Z-scores specific to any factors?
Yes, they are gender, anatomical region, and ethnicity specific.
p.54
Key Learning Outcomes from DEXA Studies
What kind of data might be plotted on an age-regression graph for men?
Data such as bone density, health metrics, or other age-related changes.
p.49
Osteoporotic Fractures and Risk Factors
How does bone density in the lumbar spine relate to fracture risk?
Lower bone density increases the risk of vertebral fractures.
p.57
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What does osteoporosis involve beyond low bone mineral density (BMD)?
It involves distortion of bone micro-architecture, increased bone turnover, and poor bone tissue quality.
p.43
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What does a T-score indicate in DEXA results?
It compares a patient's bone density to that of a healthy young adult.
p.43
Interpretation of DEXA Results
How can DEXA results influence treatment decisions?
They help determine the need for medication or lifestyle changes to improve bone health.
p.37
DEXA Acquisition Techniques
What should the patient's arms be doing during the hip acquisition?
Arms should be folded across the chest.
p.50
Osteoporosis Definition and Aetiology
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures.
p.50
DEXA in Clinical Practice
What imaging technique is commonly used to assess osteoporosis in the lumbar spine?
DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry).
p.57
DEXA in Clinical Practice
Which regions are routinely imaged during a DXA examination?
The hip and spine; the forearm can be an alternative region of assessment.
p.43
Interpretation of DEXA Results
What is the primary purpose of interpreting DEXA results?
To assess bone density and diagnose conditions like osteoporosis.
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Interpretation of DEXA Results
What T-score value is typically considered indicative of osteoporosis?
A T-score of -2.5 or lower.
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Interpretation of DEXA Results
What is the significance of monitoring changes in DEXA results over time?
It helps evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and progression of bone health.
