A vesicle containing digestive enzymes.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, known as the powerhouse of the cell, where they generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
A Hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than in the cell.
The Cytoskeleton provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates cell movement.
Stores genetic information.
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity.
Simple diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the need for a protein carrier or cellular energy.
The Plasma membrane is the outer boundary of a cell that separates its interior from the external environment.
The Sodium Potassium Pump is a membrane protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the electrochemical gradient essential for various cellular functions.
Isotonic refers to equal concentration of solutes and solvent (water) inside and outside the cell, maintaining cell shape.
The utilization of energy or resources by cells to perform work or maintain functions.
The force exerted on a selectively permeable membrane, which causes water to diffuse toward a solution of greater osmotic pressure (lower water concentration).
Endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.
The Plasma Membrane separates the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from the outside.
Cytokinesis is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a parental cell is divided into two daughter cells.
A transport method that requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, often involving specific transport proteins.
Cholesterol molecules stabilize the membrane.
Peroxisomes are enzyme-containing vesicles similar to lysosomes that contain hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidative enzymes, which detoxify drugs and alcohol. They are found in large numbers in the liver and kidney and are involved in breaking down fatty acids.
A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, which can lead to the movement of water out of cells, helping to relieve swelling.
Mitosis is a type of cell division where each cell in the body is genetically identical, important for the growth and repair of multicellular organisms.
Muscle cells and nerve cells.
Lysosomes are organelles that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes to hydrolyze unwanted materials from phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy, and are responsible for autodigestion, which aids in cell rejuvenation and development.
The division of the cytoplasm and organelles.
ENDO- refers to '內', indicating something that is inside or internal.
Simple diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the need for energy.
Cilia and flagella allow movement of the cell or material, facilitating locomotion and fluid movement across the cell surface.
The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and is involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins and lipids.
The Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within a cell that contains organelles and is the site for many cellular processes.
The movement of molecules in cells can occur through various mechanisms, including diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and facilitated diffusion.
Organelles are specialized structures within the cytoplasm that perform various functions necessary for the cell's life.
Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct processes necessary for cellular function.
Movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, where no net movement occurs when they are equally distributed. Only certain types of molecules can enter and exit a cell by simple diffusion, and no cellular energy is required.
An Isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as in the cell.
Sister chromatids separate and are now called chromosomes, which move toward opposite poles of the spindle.
Chromosomes become chromatin, the spindle disappears, nucleoli reappear, and the nuclear envelope reassembles, allowing two daughter cell nuclei to be observed.
A carrier protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, crucial for maintaining cellular function.
The Golgi apparatus receives protein and/or lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Facilitated diffusion is the transport of specific solutes through protein carriers (integral proteins) down their concentration gradient, from a higher to a lower concentration region, without the use of energy (ATP).
Facilitated diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the help of a protein carrier, without requiring cellular energy.
核糖體由兩個次單元組成，分為大次單元和小次單元，這些次單元在蛋白質合成過程中結合並協同工作。
Microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton that help maintain cell shape and facilitate the movement of organelles.
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
The key difference is that facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier to transport molecules, while simple diffusion does not require any special carrier.
Two identical double helix molecules are formed.
The Plasma Membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, glycolipids, cholesterol molecules, peripheral proteins, and integral proteins.
Endocytosis is the process where the plasma membrane envelopes a substance, forming an intracellular vesicle.
Transport across the plasma membrane refers to the movement of substances into and out of the cell, which can occur via passive or active mechanisms.
The G2 phase is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell continues to grow and makes final preparations for division.
Vesicle-like structures that sort internalized materials from endocytosis.
Mitochondria are organelles bound by a double membrane that serve as the site of ATP production through cellular respiration, using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
In Metaphase, the spindle is fully formed and chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell.
The process of moving substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, often requiring energy.
Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus modify proteins and lipids, which is essential for their processing and packaging.
Tonicity is the concentration of solute versus the concentration of water.
Contains rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and is the site where ribosomes are formed.
The structure, organization, and composition of cells refer to the arrangement and types of components that make up a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and genetic material.
The Nucleus is the membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and controls its activities.
Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.
A single centriole forms the basal body, which acts as the anchor point for each cilium or flagellum.
Intermediate filaments are part of the cytoskeleton that provide structural support and help maintain the shape of the cell.
A method of transport across the cell membrane that does not require energy, allowing substances to move along their concentration gradient.
Actin filaments are a component of the cytoskeleton that play a crucial role in cell movement and shape.
During the G1 phase, the cell undergoes growth and prepares for DNA replication.
A type of passive transport that uses transport proteins to help move molecules across the cell membrane without energy input.
A small membranous sac that is smaller in size.
Cholesterol helps to stabilize the fluidity of the plasma membrane, making it less permeable to very small water-soluble molecules that might otherwise pass freely through.
Exocytosis is the process where a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release its contents outside the cell.
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Cyto- means 'cell'.
A Hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than in the cell.
Programmed cell death that occurs at the restriction checkpoint if the cell did not complete mitosis and is abnormal.
Water molecules act as a solvent in which substances, such as dye, can dissolve and diffuse.
Contains DNA, protein, and some RNA; coils into rod-like structures called chromosomes before the cell divides.
Diffusion of water across a plasma membrane, occurring when there is an unequal distribution of water on either side of a selectively permeable membrane.
Bowman’s capsule is a cup-like structure in the kidney that encases the glomerulus and is involved in the filtration of blood.
The Nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm.
The parental DNA strands unwind as hydrogen bonds are broken.
Vacuoles are small membranous sacs in the cytoplasm that are larger than vesicles and serve various functions in the cell.
Hypotonic describes a condition where there is more water and lower concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move into the cell, leading it to swell and potentially lyse.
Chromatids are the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, which are joined together at the centromere.
Transcription is the process of forming mRNA from DNA, serving as the first step in protein synthesis.
Smooth ER (sER) is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes phospholipids and lipids, lacking ribosomes on its surface.
The Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that maintains cell shape and enables movement of the cell and its contents.
mRNA serves as a template that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein construction.
Codons are sequences of three nucleotides on the mRNA that specify the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain during translation.
The Cell cycle is a series of phases that a cell goes through to grow and divide, including interphase and mitotic phase.
During the G1 phase, the cell doubles the number of organelles and accumulates materials used for DNA synthesis.
The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles, and it belongs to the Endomembrane System.
The Mitotic Stage is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to form two new cells, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Ribosomes are cellular structures found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for producing (synthesizing) proteins for internal cell use or export.
Mitosis is the cell division stage divided into four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Centrioles are composed of microtubule units and are found near the nucleus of every cell, arranged at right angles to each other. They duplicate once and the two pairs separate and move to opposite poles during cell division.
During Prophase, the centrioles near the nucleus begin moving towards opposite ends, spindle fibers appear, the nuclear envelope begins to fragment, and the nucleolus starts to disappear.
A set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the daughter cell divides.
Water intoxication is a condition that occurs when excessive water consumption leads to an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, potentially causing swelling of cells and serious health issues.
Filtration is the movement of liquid from high pressure to low pressure through a body membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that contains enzymes that modify proteins and lipids, facilitating protein and lipid processing and packaging.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
Meiosis is a reduction-division process that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the normal number of chromosomes.
The basal body of a flagellum is a structure that has a ring of nine microtubule triplets with no central microtubules, serving as the anchor point for cilia or flagella.
遺傳密碼的單位，通常由三個核苷酸組成，對應一種氨基酸。
EXO- refers to '外', indicating something that is outside or external.
Dye molecules serve as the solute that diffuses through the solvent (water) until an equal distribution is achieved.
Gametes are sex cells, specifically sperm (精子) or ova (卵子), produced through meiosis.
The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA, resulting in two identical double helix molecules.
Microtubule doublets are pairs of microtubules that are arranged in a ring structure within the shaft of a flagellum, anchored to a central pair of microtubules.
細胞內的細胞器，負責蛋白質的合成，通過翻譯mRNA上的密碼子來組裝氨基酸。
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) serves as the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.
Vesicles are tiny membranous sacs in the cytoplasm that can be formed by the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, and may carry substances such as neurotransmitters in synapses.
The Cytoskeleton helps maintain the cell's shape and anchors or assists the movement of organelles. It includes microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments, and is not part of membranous structure.
The substance within the nucleus, similar to cytoplasm but found inside the nuclear envelope.
Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions necessary for the cell's life and activities, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
Solutes such as glucose and amino acids typically require facilitated diffusion for transport across the plasma membrane.
The Plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the external environment.
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.
Carriers are protein molecules that facilitate the movement of solutes against their concentration gradient during active transport.
The Nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and regulates gene expression and cell division.
In the S phase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division.
An organelle with a nuclear membrane (envelope with pores) surrounding nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus, which is concentrated with chromatin, RNA, and proteins.
Receptors in the Plasma Membrane are involved in signal transduction and communication with the external environment.
Phospholipids are molecules that make up the bilayer of the plasma membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
The phospholipid bilayer consists of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Endocytosis is the process of taking substances into the cell.
Filaments that are thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton.
Exocytosis is the process of expelling substances out of the cell.
Hypo- means 'below'.
細胞內的膜結構，負責蛋白質的修飾、包裝和運輸。
細胞骨架的細小結構，參與細胞運動和形狀的改變。
細胞的外部邊界，控制物質的進出並維持細胞內環境。
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
The Golgi apparatus produces lysosomes, which are enzyme-containing vesicles.
Cotransport is a mechanism that involves the simultaneous transport of two substances across a membrane, which can occur in the same direction (symport) or in opposite directions (antiport).
New complementary nucleotides pair with nucleotides in the parental DNA strands, and DNA polymerase joins these new nucleotides.
Rough ER (rER) is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that has attached ribosomes and is responsible for processing proteins produced by these ribosomes.
Hypertonic refers to a situation where there is less water and higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move out of the cell, leading it to shrink or crenate.
The cell cycle consists of stages including interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), each characterized by specific processes of cell growth, DNA replication, and division.
Each strand of the double helix formed during DNA replication is equivalent to a chromatid.
A small membranous sac that is larger in size.
Glycoproteins are unique self markers attached to the outer surfaces of the Plasma Membrane.
Pinocytosis, also known as 'cell drinking', is a type of endocytosis where the cell consumes solutions.
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.
The S phase, or 'synthesis' phase, is when DNA replication occurs.
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Hydrophobic tails are the water-repelling parts of phospholipids that face each other in the interior of the bilayer, away from water.
Thin filaments that are part of the cytoskeleton.
The arrangement of microtubules in the tail of sperm.
Lys- indicates 'to break'.
The suffix 'some' refers to 'body', as in ribosomes and lysosomes.
細胞的控制中心，包含遺傳物質並調控細胞活動。
A membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.
Protein carriers are integral proteins that facilitate the transport of specific solutes across the plasma membrane during facilitated diffusion.
Both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move molecules along or down the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) and do not require cellular energy (ATP).
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that allows cells to self-destruct when they are no longer needed or are damaged.
Active transport is the process where solutes move up their concentration gradient, requiring a protein carrier (often called pumps) and the use of cellular energy.
Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel materials by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside the cell.
Translation is the process that involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, where codons on the mRNA determine the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Simple diffusion is the process where solutes move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.
Organelles that contain enzymes for oxidative reactions and detoxification processes.
A checkpoint is a control mechanism in the cell cycle that ensures the proper progression of the cell cycle and prevents division if conditions are not favorable.
A vesicle containing oxidative enzymes.
In the G2 phase, the cell synthesizes proteins that will assist in cell division.
Cylindrical structures that are part of the cytoskeleton.
Carbohydrates are involved in cell recognition and signaling, often attached to proteins and lipids on the extracellular surface of the membrane.
A structure involved in cell division, associated with cilia and flagella.
Iso- signifies 'equal'.
細胞骨架的一部分，提供細胞形狀的支持和穩定性。
細胞內的能量生產單位，主要負責ATP的合成。
細胞內的膜結構，參與脂質合成和毒素的解毒。
A spindle is a structure formed by microtubules that segregates chromosomes during cell division.
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that surrounds the cell.
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Facilitated diffusion is the process where solutes move from high to low concentration in the presence of carrier proteins.
Filtration is the process where fluid moves from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure.
Active transport is the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes on its surface and is responsible for synthesizing proteins.
Storage organelles that can hold various substances, including nutrients and waste products.
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and tubules that provides structural support, shape, and organization to the cell.
Inter- refers to 'between'.
Phago- means 'to eat'.
細胞表面的小突起，增加細胞的表面積以促進吸收。
細胞內的結構，負責蛋白質的合成。
Phagocytosis, also known as 'cell eating', is a type of endocytosis where the cell ingests solid particles.
The Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing but is preparing to divide, carrying on regular activities.
A process by which cells engulf substances from the outside environment, forming a vesicle to bring them into the cell.
Channels in the Plasma Membrane facilitate the transport of ions and molecules across the membrane.
Carriers are proteins in the Plasma Membrane that assist in the transport of substances across the membrane.
Hydrophilic heads are the water-attracting parts of phospholipids that face the aqueous environment inside and outside the cell.
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and is involved in synthesizing lipids.
Endo- means 'within'.
The arrangement of microtubules in the basal body of cilia.
Reticulum refers to a 'network', as in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Pro- indicates 'before', as in prokaryotic cells which are bacteria without true nuclei.
細胞核內的結構，主要負責核糖體的合成。
Cellular structures composed of two subunits (40s and 60s) made of proteins and RNAs, responsible for protein synthesis.
A complex system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell.
Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the cell takes in liquid and small particles.
Exo- signifies 'outside'.
Peri- means 'around'.
Pino- signifies 'to drink'.
包圍細胞核的雙層膜，控制物質進出核內。
細胞將物質釋放到細胞外的過程，通常涉及囊泡的融合。
An organelle with an inner membrane within an outer membrane, containing a matrix with enzymes for ATP production.
Hydro- refers to 'water'.
An organelle consisting of stacked, concentrically folded membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
Filaments of the cytoskeleton include microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, which play roles in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
細胞內的結構，主要參與細胞分裂過程中的纖維形成。
含有消化酶的細胞器，負責分解細胞內的廢物和外來物質。
細胞內的細胞器，負責分解過氧化氫等有害物質。
Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles.
Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
Hyper- indicates 'above'.
細胞核內的物質，由DNA和蛋白質組成，負責遺傳信息的儲存和表達。
細胞骨架的組成部分，參與細胞形狀的維持和物質的運輸。
