A condition characterized by the combustion and accumulation of carbon particles in the lungs due to inhalation of smoke.
An increase in the number of melanocytes due to tumors affecting glands.
Lack of well-defined borders, irregular rough surface, not uniform color, and considered cancerous.
A lung disease caused by the accumulation of silica, often encountered in industries dealing with dry and conservation of materials.
A dark line on the gums near the teeth that develops due to lead exposure.
Intact epithelium with distinguishable layers despite increased melanocytes.
It serves a protective role against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
A lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing and eventual fibrosis, along with changes in tissue pigmentation showing black patches.
Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment that gives color to skin, mucous membranes, and other tissues.
A disease characterized by increased melanin production with systemic and oral manifestations, affecting the gums and lining of the cheeks.
Vascularity (Blood Flow).
Exports iron from cells into the bloodstream.
Particles can accumulate in lung tissues, such as carbon from mining.
A condition affecting bones that disrupts calcium homeostasis and can lead to hypercalcemia.
Tattoo ink deposits pigment through a needle on the skin surface, which can lead to discoloration.
Increased pigmentation in various tissues, including the oral mucosa, due to prolonged exposure to tobacco chemicals.
A genetic disorder exhibiting skin abnormalities, including cafe-au-lait spots, which are areas of increased pigmentation.
It can make the mucosa appear red.
Insufficient vascularization, as seen in anemia.
Pigments produced within the body as a result of natural biological processes.
Various pathological conditions such as calcinosis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and systemic lupus.
Hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, hypervitaminosis D, and renal failure.
Bleeding in parenchymal tissues leads to red blood cells leaking from blood vessels, which are ingested by macrophages.
A histological staining technique used to detect hemosiderin in affected organs.
Calcium deposits occur in injured tissues unable to metabolize it, even with normal blood calcium levels.
Transferrin transports iron in the blood to tissues and organs.
Keratin can reflect light, resulting in a white appearance.
Abnormal calcium metabolism due to elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia).
Localized accumulation of hemosiderin in specific tissues due to factors such as bleeding or trauma.
Genetic mutations lead to increased absorption of dietary iron in the small intestine.
Hepcidin.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, and Vitamin D.
Liver damage, including cirrhosis and fatty changes in liver tissue.
Cirrhosis in the liver, Kayser-Fleischer ring in the iris, and neurological disorders in the brain.
Impaired flow of bile produced by the liver, leading to bile leakage into the bloodstream or accumulation in the liver.
Bilirubin and hemosiderin.
Thicker epithelium can obscure underlying blood vessels, leading to a uniform color.
Abnormal pigmentation, often seen as brown or black spots around the edges of the mouth, caused by prolonged use of thiazide diuretics.
A skin disorder characterized by brown or grayish-brown patches on the skin, often occurring during pregnancy due to increased melanin production.
A vascular anomaly characterized by an abnormal increase in blood vessels beneath the skin or mucous membranes in the oral cavity.
Darkening of the mucosa, resulting in a brownish appearance.
A medical condition characterized by excessive iron absorption and accumulation in various organs and tissues.
A condition caused by ATP7B gene alteration leading to abnormal copper metabolism and accumulation.
Ochronosis.
They engulf and attempt to remove foreign particles, including pigments.
Hypoparathyroidism, pseudo-hypoparathyroidism, cellular lysis after chemotherapy, and renal failure.
Rounded shape, well-defined borders, homogeneous color, smooth and flat surface, and generally not cancerous.
A rare genetic disorder characterized by the deficiency in the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine, leading to their accumulation in various tissues.
Pigments that originate from external sources and enter the body.
A pigment that accumulates within cells over time, especially in macrophages, conferring a golden-brown pigmentation.
