No, colloids do not have oxygen-carrying capacity.
It is a respiratory depressant and bronchodilator.
Oxygen.
SAMPLE and PQRST.
Damage to the spinal cord is often irreversible.
Time delay, failure, toxicity, and hypotension.
Patient refusal, severe coagulation disorders, severe infection, increased intracranial pressure, true allergy to local anesthetics, uncorrected hypovolemia, and cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions.
Lower neck and upper back pain, radial or ulnar nerve palsy, hypotension due to pressure on IVC, shoulder dislocation, and brachial plexus injury.
Patient lying with abdomen on table surface, arms above the head, and pillows under the shoulders, hips, and feet.
Gently, avoiding any twisting or forward movement of the head and spine.
Protection of the airway.
Laryngospasm, trauma, aspiration, esophageal intubation.
P - Promotes/alleviates, Q - Quality, R - Region/radiates, S - Severity, T - Time.
To ensure patient safety and comfort during surgical procedures.
The third section.
In the Intensive Care Unit with frequent neurological examinations.
30 compressions followed by 2 breaths.
Naloxone.
10 ml/kg.
Fluid bolus ± Vasopressors + Correction of the cause.
Methods of anesthesia.
Excessive force.
Local anesthetics.
A medical specialty focused on anesthesia and pain management during surgeries.
Preoperative preparation.
Neostigmine.
Reassure and encourage them to keep coughing to expel the foreign material.
Supplement oxygen and reintubate if indicated.
Continue compression-only CPR.
Continue alternating five back blows with five chest thrusts.
Selection of drugs according to patient condition.
Proper patient positioning.
To enable suitable preparation to be made.
Vasoconstriction decreases systemic absorption and toxicity, while increasing the duration and intensity of the block.
Patient lying supine with arms beside the body and head tilted down at a 15 to 30-degree angle.
Fibro-optic, LMA, surgical airway (cricothyrotomy or tracheostomy).
Inadequate relaxant reversal and residual anesthesia.
S - Signs and symptoms, A - Allergies, M - Medications, P - Past history, L - Last meal, E - Events prior to incident.
To relay information to ambulance staff.
Hypercapnia is an elevated level of carbon dioxide in the blood, with >70 mmHg considered severe.
Tissue plasminogen activator.
Hepatic coma, or encephalopathy, can affect the patient's response to anesthesia.
Hypovolemia, Surgical trauma, Impaired renal function, Mechanical blocking of catheter.
Airway obstruction, hypoventilation, hypotension, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, hypothermia, bleeding, PONV, pain, and oliguria.
Deflate the cuff.
To ensure readiness for any complications.
Anesthesia can be defined as loss of sensation resulting from pharmacological depression of nerve function.
Successive drugs with undesirable side effects, depression of CVS and respiratory system, toxicity to liver and kidney, nausea and vomiting, and postoperative complications.
Hypoxemia, Hypercarbia, Hypothermia, Acidosis, Electrolyte abnormalities.
General anesthesia, local anesthesia, and regional anesthesia.
A- General anesthesia (inhalational, intravenous, balanced). B- Regional anesthesia (local infiltration, nerve block, neuroaxial as spinal or epidural).
At the second lumbar vertebra (L2).
Up to five sharp back blows.
Oxygen saturation (SpO2).
This is covered in section 7.
A medical emergency where organs and tissues do not receive adequate blood flow.
Leakage of CSF and chronic decrease in CSF pressure.
Dopamine, dobutamine, isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, milrinone, nitroglycerin, and nitroprusside.
Lower extremity procedures, general surgery (e.g., herniorrhaphy), urologic surgery, obstetric procedures, and diagnostic procedures.
Turn them over, use the finger sweep if necessary, and put them in the stable side position.
Site of operation, duration of operation, and condition of patient.
Patient lies supine with buttocks at the lower end of the table; legs are lifted together upward and outward, and feet placed on knee crutch.
Patient lying on one side with the operative side uppermost and legs flexed 90 degrees with a pillow in between.
Panic, grasping the throat, inability to speak, inability to breathe, pallor, and inability to cough.
Pulse rate, skin color, blood pressure, chest inflation, precordial and esophageal stethoscope, urine output (>0.5 ml/min).
No absolute contraindications, but malignant hyperthermia requires avoiding triggering drugs.
They are Na+ channel blockers that bind to and plug Na+ channels.
The head should be kept neutral with no maximum head tilt.
Care of the airway takes precedence over any injury.
Myocardial depressant effect, decrease in blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, and potential dysrhythmia.
Use warming blankets, warm IV fluids, and increase room temperature.
Perform up to five chest thrusts.
An infant is defined as younger than one year.
Stop the anesthetic drug.
Laying face down over your forearm with the body inclined downwards.
By using prostigmine with atropine.
Tongue falling back into the posterior pharynx.
1.5 ml/kg of 20% intralipid.
Repeat CT scan in 6-8 hours.
Uvula can be visualized.
The number of breaths per minute and whether they are laboured or normal.
Renal failure decreases drug excretion and alters the level of consciousness.
The heart rate per minute and whether it is weak or strong, regular or irregular.
Identify and treat the cause, assure oxygenation, pharmacological intervention.
To administer anesthesia and monitor the patient's vital signs during surgery.
Blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, peripheral perfusion, and urine output.
Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD.
Aspirin and full dose heparin.
The airway is secured.
Because the tongue can block air from entering the lungs.
It decreases barbiturates metabolism and acts as a sedative.
It has minimal interference with the cardiovascular system.
Meningitis.
Turn the infant onto their back and deliver up to five chest thrusts.
Reverse Trendelenburg position.
Changes in blood pressure and cerebral edema.
Patient stimulation, suction, oral airway, nasal airway, and tracheal intubation.
Little or unusual chest movement, weak or abnormal breath sounds, occasional gasps, reduced responsiveness, anxiety, unusual skin color, rapid or slow breathing, unusual posture.
LOOK for movement of the upper abdomen or lower chest, LISTEN for the escape of air from nose and mouth, FEEL for breath on the side of your face/movement of the chest and upper abdomen.
General anesthesia, regional anesthesia, and local anesthesia.
Assess vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
Minimal interference with circulation.
33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal.
It has an irritant odor and is not used for induction.
An ICU nurse should be accompanied.
Because it is non-irritant.
Severe hypotension, severe hypertension, cerebral embolism, and cerebral hemorrhage.
Topical, infiltration, nerve block, plexus block, spinal, or epidural anesthesia.
History of previous operations and any complications with anesthesia.
Decreased blood pressure and heart rate, leading to circulatory collapse and cardiac arrest.
Postoperative complications.
Direct depression of the breathing control center, upper airway obstruction, paralysis of breathing muscles, and lung problems.
Basic life support.
Limiting exposure through proper positioning.
Decreased fluid intake, increased losses, and bleeding.
By microsomal enzymes in the liver.
Causes uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage.
Reflexes, including the cough reflex.
To alleviate anxiety and calm the patient.
A stable side position.
5-10 degrees.
Femoral, sciatic, and peroneal neuropathies.
The lung will not expand adequately, leading to cyanosis and hypotension.
Commence chest compressions and then rescue breathing (CPR).
A reversible nerve block of anterior and posterior roots, posterior root ganglion, and portions of spinal cord, leading to loss of autonomic, sensory, and motor activity.
1- Operating rooms. 2- Pain clinics. 3- Intensive care units. 4- Labor and delivery suite. 5- Radiology suite. 6- Gastroenterology suite.
Notify the surgeon and correct the cause.
Skeletal and neuromuscular structures.
As an antiarrhythmic.
To gather detailed information about the casualty's condition.
To clear the mouth of fluid and debris in an unresponsive casualty.
Through intravenous anesthetics, inhalational anesthetics, muscle relaxants, and narcotics.
Patient history, investigations, and anesthetic chart.
Attempt to manage by applying direct pressure and elevation.
It has an analgesic effect and is non-irritant.
By ensuring unimpaired respiratory function through proper positioning.
In the recovery position.
Myocardial depression, depression of ventilation, and severe pain from perivenous injection.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Stop all anesthetics and stimulate the patient by switching off vaporizers, changing the IV set, changing the breathing circuit, and checking the machine and gas sources.
CBC, Cross matching, Coagulopathy assessment.
With crystalloid solutions at a 3:1 ratio or colloid solutions at a 1:1 ratio.
Hepatic necrosis.
Respiration rate, pulse oximetry, circulation (pulse rate, blood pressure, ECG), level of consciousness, and pain scores.
Backache, paralysis of arms due to over abduction, radial or ulnar nerve palsy, pulmonary embolism, CVS overload.
The patient must be fully awake.
To open the mouth and pull the tongue and soft tissue away from the back of the throat.
Soft palate is not visible at all.
Electrolyte solutions with a high tendency to stay intravascular, containing large proteins that do not cross capillary walls.
Head down position, IV fluids, atropine for bradycardia, and sedation.
Narcosis and loss of consciousness, reflex suppression, and muscle relaxation.
From the nares or mouth to the cricoid cartilage.
At the second sacral vertebra (S2).
Encourage or assist them to administer their medicines.
97% to 98%.
History of chest infection, COPD, bronchial asthma, or TB.
Lower than 170 mg/dl.
Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Anaphylactic, Septic, and Neurogenic shock.
The end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and its waveform.
Fluids, monitoring, immobilization, anti-inflammatory medicine (steroids), and sometimes surgery.
Metal contact.
The procedure should not be performed.
Open the mouth and look for foreign objects, perform a finger sweep if necessary, and use the 'Head-tilt, Chin-lift' technique.
Dose: 0.5 mg/kg; duration: 20-30 minutes.
Over abduction of the arm.
Decompression laminectomy.
Previous surgery of the back.
To replace continuing third-space losses for 24-48 hours.
Lost ankle reflex, retention of urine, and incontinence.
Introduction of anesthesia.
Close observation and treatment of the cause.
1- Loss of awareness. 2- Amnesia. 3- Analgesia. 4- Muscle relaxation. 5- Autonomic regulation.
A state of controlled unconsciousness during which the patient does not feel pain.
Full monitoring (ECG, BP, O2 saturation, end tidal CO2), secure airway, ensure adequate O2 supply, portable suction unit, adequate IV access, and discontinue non-essential infusion.
Call an ambulance.
To ensure adequate respiration.
To reassure the patient, discuss the operation, technique of anesthesia, and premedication.
By identifying and treating the underlying cause.
Use a finger sweep if solid material is visible and commence CPR immediately.
Oxygen, N2O, inhalational anesthetics, and non-depolarizing muscle relaxants like pancuronium and atracurium.
Assess catheter patency, fluid bolus, diuretics (e.g., Lasix).
2 ml/kg/h.
Identify the same compression point as for CPR and give up to five sharper chest thrusts at a slower rate.
Not a good analgesic; increases cerebral circulation, blood flow, and pressure.
IV fluids, abdominal binders, simple analgesia, NSAIDs, and narcotics.
Complete blood picture, kidney and liver function tests, coagulation profile, and others if indicated.
Blockage at S2-4 causing loss of tone in the urinary bladder.
Good surgical conditions, making the patient sleepy and relaxed.
Shifts of the brain.
Catheterization.
Hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, isotonic solution.
Chemical (aseptic) due to caustic substances or infectious due to bacterial contamination.
0.3-0.5 mg/kg.
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine.
It provides cardiovascular stability.
0.25 ml/kg/min for a maximum of 10 minutes.
Narcotics, inhalation agents, and muscle relaxants.
The visibility of the uvula and soft palate in an awake patient.
Injury to the brachial plexus and perineal nerve damage.
Loss of sensations or modification of the normal physiological reflex response to surgical stimuli.
Anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body without affecting consciousness.
Inhalational anesthetic.
Get baseline temperature.
Increased vascularity at the injection site leads to increased systemic absorption and toxicity.
Tingling of tongue, tinnitus, blurred vision, restlessness, agitation, muscle twitches, and convulsions.
Send for help by activating the Emergency Medical Service (EMS).
Patient history.
Beta blockers, alpha blockers, hydralazine, and calcium channel blockers.
Local anesthetics that are highly tissue bound.
Trachea, which divides into right and left bronchi.
50% in the first hour, 25% in the second hour, and 25% in the third hour.
By pseudocholinesterase enzyme, except for cocaine which is partially metabolized in the liver and kidney.
Start IV lines and push fluids.
Hyperthyroidism or myxedema may cause thyroid crisis or delayed recovery.
Rapid intravenous infusion of 2 L of lactated ringer’s solution.
It can cause hyperkalemia.
Breathing and ensuring the airway is clear and open.
Electrolyte solutions containing organic or inorganic salts dissolved in sterile water.
Epidural hematoma.
Nitroglycerine.
Adrenergic drugs with α and β agonists such as ephedrine, adrenaline, and calcium, along with external cardiac massage.
In cases of fracture base of skull, coagulopathy, or nasal abnormality.
Reflex response to hypotension caused by decreased venous return.
Anticholinergic atropine.
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, dopamine, dobutamine, and phenylephrine.
Pain, full bladder, hypertensive patients, fluid overload, and excessive use of vasopressors.
Burns, hypovolemic shock, trauma, and tissue damage.
Effective pain control, sedation, and anti-hypertensives.
History of angina, infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia, or hypertension.
Providing appropriate patient positioning.
Check to see if the obstruction can be cleared using the finger sweep.
To understand the intensity of the pain on a scale of 1 to 10.
IV dextrose if blood glucose is less than 3 mmol/L.
Dextran, hydroxyl ethyl starch (HES), and gelatin.
The head may be tilted backwards very slightly with gentle movement.
2 ml/kg/h.
The victim should be rolled onto their side to clear the airway.
32-42 mmHg.
Medium potency and medium duration.
Central venous catheter.
Metoclopramide.
It provides further information that may assist in the treatment of the casualty.
Head tilt, chin lift, and jaw thrust.
1-2 minutes.
To prevent strong vagal stimulation.
Always wear gloves.
Venous stasis.
Overdose and close observation of the patient.
Within a few seconds.
Look and feel for deformities and check strength by asking the casualty to squeeze hands or push with feet.
Position the casualty in the most comfortable position or stable side position if unresponsive and breathing normally.
To detect arrhythmia (lead II), ischemia (lead V5), and cardiac arrest.
Spinal anesthesia.
1- Reduce the risk of anesthesia and surgery. 2- Choose the technique of anesthesia (general or regional). 3- Postoperative arrangement (either to ICU or recovery room).
Trauma to spinal ligaments and intervertebral disease.
It has a toxic effect on the kidney.
Nose, pharynx, and larynx.
Between L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5.
Albumin and fresh frozen plasma.
Usually surgical problems and coagulopathy.
Decreased venous return, hypovolemia, sympatholysis, third space loss, and left ventricular dysfunction.
How long the casualty has been experiencing the pain.
Lying down with legs and feet raised.
Shock caused by problems associated with the heart’s functioning.
To identify any significant injuries through a systematic head-to-toe check.
It has a myocardial depressant effect.
Esophagus, pulmonary artery, nasopharynx, tympanic membrane.
High lipid solubility, high potency, and long duration.
Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hypoxia.
Hydroxyl ethyl starch (HES) and gelatin.
Increased incidence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and difficulty with mask support and intubation.
Partial and complete airway obstruction.
Labored breathing, noisy breathing, and some escape of air from the mouth.
Deformity, tenderness, and consideration of mechanism of injury (MOI).
Anticonvulsants, IV fluids, vasopressors, and artificial respiration.
Anticholinergics, except glycopyrrolate.
No loss of consciousness and minimal postoperative complications.
Severe blood loss (Hypovolemic shock).
Respiratory depression up to arrest.
Head and neck operations, chest and heart operations, and with abnormal positions.
The airway must be checked to ensure it is clear.
Droperidol, Metoclopramide, H2 blockers, Ondansetron.
ECG, chest x-ray, abdominal ultrasound, and others if indicated.
Incisional pain, deep cutting, positional nerve compression, IV site trauma, and surgical complications.
The patient lies on their back with arms placed beside the body.
To avoid teratogenicity.
Administer sodium at a rate of 2 mmol/L/h until plasma sodium reaches 120 mmol/L.
They provide cardiovascular stability.
Saline 0.9% compound sodium lactate.
They should be continued until the day of surgery.
Damage to the nervous system from spinal cord injury or neurological disorder.
Efforts at breathing with no sound of breathing and no escape of air from the nose or mouth.
Pulse, blood pressure, chest, heart, abdomen, and lower limb.
Carboxyhemoglobinemia, methemoglobinemia, anemia, hypovolemia, vasoconstriction, nail polish, shivering, skin pigmentation, and dyes.
Type and duration of surgery, type of anesthesia.
Vaginal operations, vaginal delivery (e.g., forceps), and cesarean section.
Dose: 1-2 mg/kg IV; rapid onset and lasts for 10 minutes.
Bleeding disorders, as piercing of venous plexus may result in hematoma and spinal cord compression.
Molecular weight and concentration.
Normal maintenance fluids.
Chronic dermatitis or skin infection.
Low total volume of blood available to circulate.
Turn them over, use a finger sweep if necessary, and place them in a stable side position.
Positive pressure ventilation, involving ambu bag or intubation.
With proper antibiotics depending on the source and type of organism.
Relaxation of airway muscles due to unconsciousness, inhaled foreign body, trauma to airway, and anaphylactic reaction.
Talk to the casualty and assess their level of responsiveness.
3 hours preoperative.
Any vital signs of the casualty.
Mouth opening, head and neck movement, thyromental distance (>6.5 cm), body weight, and history of difficult intubation or obstructive sleep apnea.
Ester group anesthetics.
1-2 mg/kg.
Neostigmine, sugammadex, and milrinone.
Long-acting opioids, including large doses of fentanyl.
The tongue and/or vomit.
Pharmacotherapy (Paracetamol, NSAIDs, Opioids) and Regional Techniques (Local infiltration, Neuraxial).
Backache.
Postoperative analgesia.
To open the airway in adults and children.
Fluid resuscitation to maintain intravascular volume.
0.9% saline, 0.45% saline, Ringer lactate (Hartmann's solution), and 5% dextrose.
10-15 minutes.
Administer additional fluids.
Pain on injection.
Because the condition may lead to complete obstruction suddenly.
Warm the patient using forced air warming or warm IV fluids.
It requires skill.
They are expensive, exhibit fast plasma expansion, and have a longer duration of action.
It is essential to maintaining life.
Anemia, hyperkalemia, or reduced kidney excretion of some drugs.
Barrier gloves.
Duration: 60-90 minutes; metabolized by liver and kidney.
Protection of the airway is more important than protecting the neutral spine.
Glucose and sodium chloride.
Increases growth hormone and serum thyroxin levels; blood sugar and plasma insulin levels remain unchanged.
A severe allergic reaction.
Radial or ulnar nerve palsy.
Pernicious anemia, syphilis, and porphyria.
Morphine, pethidine, or fentanyl.
Slowdown of non-essential organs, rapid weak pulse, pallor, cold clammy skin, nausea, or vomiting.
Circulatory support, rapid IV fluids, and vasopressors.
Source of oxygen, mask, ambu bag, suction, airway and laryngoscope, ETT, oropharyngeal airway, nasopharyngeal airway, and LMA.
Supportive treatment.
Administer insulin.
Facilities for treatment.
To obtain information for more advanced medical personnel when they arrive.
History of loose teeth, caps, crowns, and hiatus hernia which may cause regurgitation and aspiration.
1-2 mg/kg.
Decreases body temperature and may lead to shivering in the postoperative period.
Oral (routine) and nasal (contraindicated in certain conditions).
Stenotic heart disease, e.g., mitral stenosis.
6 hours preoperative.
Deformity and tenderness.
Smooth recovery and less nursing required.
Decreases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate; releases antidiuretic hormone.
Maintain airway and supply oxygen by face mask, up to artificial ventilation if necessary.
In regional and local anesthesia, and systemic local anesthetics are used as analgesics, e.g., lidocaine.
Diazepam.
Overwhelming infection, usually bacterial.
Dose: 0.6 mg/kg; duration: 10-20 minutes.
To decrease gastric acidity.
Deformity, tenderness, equal rise and fall, and bruising.
Undertake the primary assessment.
Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), coagulation abnormalities, and renal failure.
If blood or serum is lost from drains, gastrointestinal losses continue, or after major surgery.
Uncooperative or psychotic patient.
Abnormal fluid losses (bleeding, vomiting, diuresis, diarrhea) and increased insensible losses (hyperventilation, fever, sweating).
Transient radicular irritation.
Blood and fluids.
Toxicity to lidocaine.
Severe hypotension and bradycardia.
One year to eight years of age.
Difficult intubation due to limited mouth opening and fixed cervical spine.
History of epilepsy and drug therapy including anticonvulsants, antihypertensives, antiarrhythmics, bronchodilators, and CNS depressants.
Deformity, tenderness, and fluid leaking from ears and nose.
Excessive starvation and dehydration.
Severe bleeding, major trauma, severe burns, dehydration, heart disorders, and anaphylactic reactions.
