Measures taken to reduce the impact of established disease and prevent further complications are known as ___ (e.g., rehabilitation).

___{{c1::secondary prevention}}___

___ are the total number of deaths in a population, without adjusting for factors like age or gender.

Crude Mortality Rates

{{c1::Sensitivity}} is the ability of a test to correctly identify those who have the disease (___ positives).

true

___ refers to the sequence of events in the development and progression of disease.

{{c1::Pathogenesis}}

Periods when the symptoms of a chronic disease worsen are known as ___.

Exacerbations

___ are systematically developed statements or recommendations intended to guide health care providers in the diagnosis and treatment of specific clinical conditions.

___{{c1::Clinical Practice Guidelines}}___

___ are studies that collect data on disease and exposure status at one point in time to determine associations.

Cross-sectional Studies

___ are subjective feelings of discomfort reported by the patient (e.g., pain).

{{c1::Symptoms}}

A disease that has recognizable signs and symptoms is referred to as a ___ ___.

Clinical Disease

___ are a group of individuals without the disease, used as a comparison in case-control studies.

Controls

{{c1::False - Negative}} is a test result that incorrectly indicates the ___ of a disease in someone who has it.

absence

___ is the study of the causes of disease, including biological agents, physical forces, and genetic or environmental factors.

{{c1::Etiology}}

A person who harbors a pathogen without showing symptoms but can still transmit the disease to others has ___ ___.

Carrier Status

___ refers to the progression and outcome of a disease without medical intervention.

Natural History

{{c1::Diagnostic Tests}} are procedures and lab tests used to confirm or rule out conditions and determine a ___.

diagnosis

The proportion of positive test results that are true positives is known as ___ ___ ___.

Positive Predictive Value

___ are measures taken to prevent the onset of disease (e.g., vaccination, lifestyle changes).

Primary Prevention

{{c1::Reliability}} is the ability of a diagnostic test or measurement to consistently provide the same result under ___ conditions.

unchanged

___ are defects present at birth that may result from genetic factors, environmental influences, or both.

{{c1::Congenital Conditions}}

The proportion of negative test results that are true negatives is known as ___ ___ ___.

Negative Predictive Value

{{c1::Laboratory Parameters}} are lab values used to measure health indicators, which help in diagnosing and managing ___.

diseases

{{c1::False - Positive Test}} is a test result that incorrectly indicates the ___ of a disease in someone who does not have it.

presence

The total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time is referred to as ___.

Prevalence

___ is the incidence of death in a population due to a disease.

Mortality

{{c1::Specificity}} is the ability of a test to correctly identify those who do not have the disease (___ negatives).

true

___ is the study of the functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes.

{{c1::Pathophysiology}}

___ is the form and structure of cells and tissues, including changes seen during disease.

{{c1::Morphology}}

Periods when the symptoms of a chronic disease lessen or disappear are known as ___.

Remissions

___ are studies that follow a group of people over time to observe the development of disease and determine risk factors.

Cohort Studies

{{c1::Sequelae}} are the aftereffects or complications that follow a disease (e.g., ___ following a stroke).

paralysis

The study of disease patterns in populations, focusing on factors like incidence, prevalence, and the distribution of health conditions, is called ___.

Epidemiology

___ refers to the total number of cases (both new and existing) of a disease in a population at a given time.

Prevalence

___ involves early detection and treatment of disease to prevent progression (e.g., cancer screenings).

Secondary Prevention

___ is the study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that cause or are caused by disease.

{{c1::Pathology}}

___ are defects that occur after birth due to factors like injury, infection, or environmental exposures.

{{c1::Acquired Defects}}

The progression of a disease from its onset through its duration and outcomes is known as the ___ ___.

Clinical Course

___ is the expected outcome of a disease, including the likelihood of recovery or complications.

Prognosis

{{c1::Diagnosis}} is the identification of the nature and cause of a health problem based on patient history, physical exams, and ___ tests.

diagnostic

A ___ - ___ test result correctly indicates the absence of a disease.

True - Negative

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period is known as ___.

Incidence

___ refers to the incidence of disease in a population or the effects an illness has on an individual's quality of life.

Morbidity

{{c1::Validity}} is the degree to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to ___.

measure

___ is the science of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

{{c1::Physiology}}

A long-term illness that persists over time, often with periods of exacerbations and remissions, is called a ___ ___.

Chronic Disease

___ is medical care based on the best available research evidence combined with clinical expertise.

___{{c1::Evidence-Based Practice}}___

___ are conditions or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease (e.g., smoking, high blood pressure).

Risk Factors

{{c1::Symptom}} is a subjective experience of ___ or discomfort noticed by the person affected.

illness

{{c1::Standardization}} is the process of establishing consistent methods and standards for diagnostic tests to ensure ___ and reliability.

accuracy

According to the WHO, ___ is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease.

{{c1::Health}}

___ is the microscopic study of tissues and cells, often used to diagnose diseases like cancer.

{{c1::Histology}}

A disease that is less severe than an acute disease but lasts longer is called a ___ ___.

Subacute Disease

___ are studies that compare individuals with a disease (cases) to those without the disease (controls) to identify risk factors.

Case-Control Studies

{{c1::Syndrome}} is a group of ___ and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition.

signs

{{c1::True - Positive Result}} is a test result that correctly indicates the ___ of a disease.

presence

___ is a deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part of the body, manifested by characteristic symptoms or signs.

{{c1::Disease}}

___ are objective indicators of disease observed by someone else (e.g., fever).

{{c1::Signs}}

A disease that is not clinically apparent and may be detected only by diagnostic tests is known as a ___ ___.

Subclinical Disease

Pathology

the study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that cause or are caused by disease

What is the basis of Evidence-Based Practice in medical care?

A) Traditional methods

B) Best available research evidence combined with clinical expertise

C) Patient preferences

D) Hospital policies

E) Insurance guidelines

What is a false-positive result?

A) A test result that incorrectly indicates the presence of a disease

B) A test result that correctly indicates the presence of a disease

C) A test result that incorrectly indicates the absence of a disease

D) A test result that correctly indicates the absence of a disease

E) A test result that measures health indicators

What are 'cross-sectional studies'?

A) Studies that follow a group of people over time

B) Studies that compare individuals with a disease to those without the disease

C) Studies that collect data on disease and exposure status at one point in time to determine associations

D) Studies that measure the total number of cases of a disease

E) Studies that measure the number of deaths due to a disease

What is a disease?

A) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

B) A deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part of the body

C) The study of the causes of disease

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What are acquired defects?

A) Defects present at birth

B) Defects that occur after birth

C) The sequence of events in the development of disease

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What does prevalence measure?

A) The number of new cases of a disease

B) The total number of cases of a disease at a given time

C) The severity of a disease

D) The duration of a disease

E) The likelihood of disease transmission

What is the primary goal of measures taken to reduce the impact of established disease and prevent further complications?

A) Diagnosis

B) Prevention

C) Rehabilitation

D) Vaccination

E) Screening

What are sequelae?

A) A subjective experience of illness

B) A group of signs and symptoms

C) The aftereffects or complications that follow a disease

D) The identification of a health problem

E) Procedures and lab tests used to confirm conditions

What is a true-positive result?

A) A test result that incorrectly indicates the presence of a disease

B) A test result that correctly indicates the presence of a disease

C) A test result that incorrectly indicates the absence of a disease

D) A test result that correctly indicates the absence of a disease

E) A test result that measures health indicators

What are 'crude mortality rates'?

A) The number of deaths adjusted for age and gender

B) The total number of deaths in a population, without adjusting for factors like age or gender

C) The number of new cases of a disease

D) The number of individuals at risk of developing a disease

E) The number of individuals without the disease

What does pathophysiology study?

A) The causes of disease

B) The normal functions of living organisms

C) The functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What are congenital conditions?

A) Defects that occur after birth

B) Defects present at birth

C) The sequence of events in the development of disease

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What does a true-negative test result indicate?

A) The presence of a disease

B) The absence of a disease

C) The severity of a disease

D) The progression of a disease

E) The likelihood of disease transmission

What is the study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that cause or are caused by disease?

A) Physiology

B) Pathophysiology

C) Pathology

D) Etiology

E) Histology

What are 'controls' in case-control studies?

A) Individuals with the disease

B) Individuals without the disease, used as a comparison

C) The total number of cases of a disease

D) The number of deaths due to a disease

E) The progression of a disease without medical intervention

What is histology?

A) The study of the causes of disease

B) The science of the normal functions of living organisms

C) The study of the functional changes in the body due to disease

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What is carrier status?

A) A person shows symptoms of a disease

B) A person harbors a pathogen without showing symptoms

C) A person has a subclinical disease

D) A person has a chronic disease

E) A person has an acute disease

What is sensitivity in the context of diagnostic tests?

A) The ability to measure health indicators

B) The ability to consistently provide the same result

C) The degree to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure

D) The ability to correctly identify those who have the disease

E) The ability to correctly identify those who do not have the disease

What is 'mortality'?

A) The total number of cases of a disease

B) The incidence of death in a population due to a disease

C) The number of individuals at risk of developing a disease

D) The number of individuals without the disease

E) The progression of a disease without medical intervention

What are 'risk factors'?

A) Conditions or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease

B) The total number of cases of a disease

C) The number of deaths due to a disease

D) The number of individuals without the disease

E) The progression of a disease without medical intervention

What are 'case-control studies'?

A) Studies that follow a group of people over time

B) Studies that compare individuals with a disease to those without the disease to identify risk factors

C) Studies that collect data on disease and exposure status at one point in time

D) Studies that measure the total number of cases of a disease

E) Studies that measure the number of deaths due to a disease

What is 'secondary prevention'?

A) Measures taken to prevent the onset of disease

B) Early detection and treatment of disease to prevent progression

C) Measures to manage and reduce complications of a disease

D) The total number of cases of a disease

E) The number of deaths due to a disease

What is a subclinical disease?

A) A disease that is less severe than an acute disease

B) A disease that is not clinically apparent

C) A disease with recognizable signs and symptoms

D) A long-term illness with periods of exacerbations and remissions

E) A short-term illness with rapid onset

Medical care based on the best available research evidence combined with clinical expertise is known as {{c1::Evidence-Based Practice}}.

A) Traditional methods

B) Best available research evidence combined with clinical expertise

C) Patient preferences

D) Hospital policies

E) Insurance guidelines

What is a symptom?

A) A group of signs and symptoms that occur together

B) The aftereffects or complications that follow a disease

C) A subjective experience of illness or discomfort noticed by the person affected

D) The identification of the nature and cause of a health problem

E) Procedures and lab tests used to confirm or rule out conditions

What does reliability refer to in the context of diagnostic tests?

A) The ability to measure health indicators

B) The ability to consistently provide the same result under unchanged conditions

C) The degree to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure

D) The ability to correctly identify those who have the disease

E) The ability to correctly identify those who do not have the disease

How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define health?

A) The absence of disease

B) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

C) The presence of disease symptoms

D) The ability to perform daily activities

E) The absence of mental illness

What does etiology study?

A) The normal functions of living organisms

B) The causes of disease

C) The functional changes in the body due to disease

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What does morphology study?

A) The causes of disease

B) The normal functions of living organisms

C) The sequence of events in the development of disease

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What is a subacute disease?

A) A disease that is less severe than an acute disease but lasts longer

B) A disease that is not clinically apparent

C) A disease with recognizable signs and symptoms

D) A long-term illness with periods of exacerbations and remissions

E) A short-term illness with rapid onset

What is the purpose of diagnostic tests?

A) To measure health indicators

B) To consistently provide the same result

C) To confirm or rule out conditions and determine a diagnosis

D) To establish consistent methods and standards

E) To identify those who have the disease

What does 'prognosis' refer to?

A) The total number of cases of a disease

B) The incidence of death in a population

C) The progression of a disease without medical intervention

D) The expected outcome of a disease, including the likelihood of recovery or complications

E) The number of individuals without the disease

What is the clinical course of a disease?

A) The number of new cases of a disease

B) The total number of cases of a disease

C) The progression of a disease from onset to outcomes

D) The severity of a disease

E) The likelihood of disease transmission

What is specificity in the context of diagnostic tests?

A) The ability to measure health indicators

B) The ability to consistently provide the same result

C) The degree to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure

D) The ability to correctly identify those who have the disease

E) The ability to correctly identify those who do not have the disease

What are signs and symptoms?

A) Signs: Subjective feelings of discomfort; Symptoms: Objective indicators of disease

B) Signs: Objective indicators of disease; Symptoms: Subjective feelings of discomfort

C) Signs: Microscopic changes in tissues; Symptoms: Functional changes in the body

D) Signs: Genetic defects; Symptoms: Environmental influences

E) Signs: Physical forces; Symptoms: Biological agents

What does epidemiology study?

A) The progression of a disease

B) The total number of cases of a disease

C) Disease patterns in populations

D) The severity of a disease

E) The likelihood of disease transmission

What does the term 'prevalence' refer to?

A) The number of new cases of a disease

B) The total number of cases (both new and existing) of a disease in a population at a given time

C) The number of deaths due to a disease

D) The number of individuals at risk of developing a disease

E) The number of individuals without the disease

Which term describes the science of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts?

A) Pathology

B) Physiology

C) Pathophysiology

D) Morphology

E) Etiology

What are 'cohort studies'?

A) Studies that follow a group of people over time to observe the development of disease and determine risk factors

B) Studies that compare individuals with a disease to those without the disease

C) Studies that collect data on disease and exposure status at one point in time

D) Studies that measure the total number of cases of a disease

E) Studies that measure the number of deaths due to a disease

What does pathogenesis describe?

A) The causes of disease

B) The normal functions of living organisms

C) The sequence of events in the development and progression of disease

D) The form and structure of cells and tissues

E) The microscopic study of tissues and cells

What characterizes a chronic disease?

A) A short-term illness with rapid onset

B) A long-term illness with periods of exacerbations and remissions

C) A disease that is less severe than an acute disease

D) A disease that is not clinically apparent

E) A disease with recognizable signs and symptoms

What are Clinical Practice Guidelines intended to do?

A) Provide legal advice

B) Guide health care providers in the diagnosis and treatment of specific clinical conditions

C) Offer financial planning

D) Promote hospital marketing

E) Develop new medical technologies

What is a false-negative result?

A) A test result that incorrectly indicates the presence of a disease

B) A test result that correctly indicates the presence of a disease

C) A test result that incorrectly indicates the absence of a disease

D) A test result that correctly indicates the absence of a disease

E) A test result that measures health indicators

What does 'natural history' of a disease refer to?

A) The total number of cases of a disease

B) The incidence of death in a population

C) The progression and outcome of a disease without medical intervention

D) The number of individuals without the disease

E) The expected outcome of a disease

What is the positive predictive value?

A) The proportion of negative test results that are true negatives

B) The proportion of positive test results that are true positives

C) The total number of cases of a disease in a population

D) The number of new cases of a disease in a population

E) The progression of a disease

{{c1::Rehabilitation}} is aimed at reducing the impact of established disease and preventing further complications.

A) Diagnosis

B) Prevention

C) Rehabilitation

D) Vaccination

E) Screening

What characterizes a syndrome?

A) A subjective experience of illness

B) A group of signs and symptoms that occur together

C) The aftereffects of a disease

D) The identification of a health problem

E) Lab values used to measure health indicators

What does validity refer to in the context of diagnostic tests?

A) The ability to measure health indicators

B) The ability to consistently provide the same result

C) The degree to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure

D) The ability to correctly identify those who have the disease

E) The ability to correctly identify those who do not have the disease

What does 'morbidity' refer to?

A) The incidence of death in a population

B) The total number of cases of a disease

C) The incidence of disease in a population or the effects an illness has on an individual's quality of life

D) The number of individuals without the disease

E) The progression of a disease without medical intervention

What is 'primary prevention'?

A) Measures taken to prevent the onset of disease

B) Early detection and treatment of disease

C) Measures to manage and reduce complications of a disease

D) The total number of cases of a disease

E) The number of deaths due to a disease

What are exacerbations?

A) Periods when symptoms lessen or disappear

B) Periods when symptoms worsen

C) The total number of cases of a disease

D) The number of new cases of a disease

E) The progression of a disease

What does incidence measure?

A) The total number of cases of a disease

B) The number of new cases of a disease

C) The severity of a disease

D) The duration of a disease

E) The likelihood of disease transmission