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Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer
What are some other symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, unusually heavy menstrual bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, haematuria, anaemia, raised platelet count.
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Endometrial Cancer Overview
What is the FIGO staging system used for?
To stage endometrial cancer.
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Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer
What effect does smoking have on menopause?
Smoking destroys oocytes, resulting in an earlier menopause.
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Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer
How does obesity increase the risk of endometrial cancer?
Adipose tissue is a source of oestrogen, which increases cancer risk.
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Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer
What is the role of Tamoxifen in relation to endometrial cancer?
It has an oestrogenic effect on the endometrium, increasing cancer risk.
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Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer
How does smoking affect oestrogen metabolism?
Oestrogen may be metabolised differently in smokers.
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Endometrial Hyperplasia
What are the two types of endometrial hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia without atypia and atypical hyperplasia.
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Protective Factors Against Endometrial Cancer
What protective factors exist against endometrial cancer?
Combined contraceptive pill, Mirena coil, increased pregnancies, and cigarette smoking.
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Unopposed Oestrogen and Its Effects
What does unopposed oestrogen refer to?
Oestrogen without progesterone.
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Diagnostic Investigations for Endometrial Cancer
What investigations are used to diagnose endometrial cancer?
Transvaginal ultrasound, pipelle biopsy, and hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy.
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Management and Treatment Options
What is the usual treatment for stage 1 and 2 endometrial cancer?
Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH and BSO).
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Management and Treatment Options
What treatment options are available for endometrial hyperplasia?
Progestogens via an intrauterine system or continuous oral progestogens.
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Endometrial Cancer Overview
What is endometrial cancer?
Cancer of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus.
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Management and Treatment Options
What additional treatment options may be considered for endometrial cancer?
Radical hysterectomy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and progesterone as hormonal treatment.
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Referral Criteria for Endometrial Cancer
What is the referral criteria for a 2-week-wait urgent cancer referral for endometrial cancer?
Postmenopausal bleeding more than 12 months after the last menstrual period.
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Endometrial Hyperplasia
What is endometrial hyperplasia?
A precancerous condition involving thickening of the endometrium.
