What are the primary symptoms of a scaphoid fracture?
Pain and swelling at the base of the thumb and in the anatomical snuffbox.
p.4
Causes of Clavicular Fractures
What are common causes of a supracondylar fracture?
Fall on an outstretched arm, fall directly onto elbow, direct blow to the elbow.
p.9
Complications of Scaphoid Fractures
What happens when a fracture occurs across the middle part of the scaphoid?
Nutrients fail to diffuse from the distal part to the proximal part, leading to avascular necrosis.
p.3
Anatomy of the Clavicle
What anatomical change occurs due to the pull of the deltoid muscle in a humeral fracture?
The proximal fragment of the humerus may be carried laterally, producing a bump on the lateral aspect of the arm.
p.6
Anatomy of the Clavicle
What ligament is affected during an avulsion of the medial epicondyle?
The ulnar collateral ligament.
p.8
Causes of Clavicular Fractures
What is a common cause of scaphoid fractures?
A fall on the palm when the hand is abducted.
p.1
Causes of Clavicular Fractures
What are common causes of clavicle fractures?
Indirect force from a fall on an outstretched hand or a direct fall on the shoulder.
p.7
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
How can direct trauma to the elbow lead to a proximal radius fracture?
It can push the radius into the capitulum of the humerus.
What causes the shoulder to droop?
The trapezius muscle's action alone is insufficient to hold the weight of the upper limb against gravity.
p.8
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What are common symptoms of fractures of the radial head?
Pain and swelling at the elbow, particularly swelling on the anterior aspect due to fluid in the synovial cavity.
p.6
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
What may happen to the fractured epicondyle due to the flexor muscles?
It may be pulled further distally.
p.8
Anatomy of the Clavicle
Where do scaphoid fractures commonly occur?
Across the narrow part of the scaphoid.
p.7
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
What is a common cause of a proximal radius fracture?
Fall on an outstretched hand.
What causes the appearance of 'shortening' of the limb in a humeral fracture?
The upward pull of the long and short head of biceps causes overriding of the fractured ends.
p.6
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
In which age group is avulsion of the medial epicondyle most common?
Children and adolescents below the age of 15.
p.4
Anatomy of the Clavicle
In a supracondylar fracture, how is the distal fragment of the bone typically displaced?
Almost always displaced posteriorly (extension-type fracture).
p.6
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What are common presentations of an avulsion of the medial epicondyle?
Tenderness and swelling at the medial aspect of the elbow.
p.1
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
How does head rotation affect the appearance of a clavicular fracture?
Rotating the head to the opposite side makes the shoulder bump more apparent.
p.3
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What are the presentations of a midshaft humeral fracture?
Severe pain and swelling at the injured site, and the arm appears deformed and shortened.
p.6
Anatomy of the Clavicle
What type of movement is abduction of the elbow considered?
An abnormal movement, as the elbow joint only allows flexion and extension.
Who is most commonly affected by fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus?
Elderly people with osteoporosis.
p.1
Anatomy of the Clavicle
Where is the weakest part of the clavicle located?
At the junction between the middle and lateral thirds.
p.3
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What are common presentations of shoulder and upper humeral pain?
Pain at the shoulder and upper humeral region, restricted range of motion at the GH joint, and a grinding sensation when attempting to move the shoulder.
p.2
Anatomy of the Clavicle
Where is the surgical neck of the humerus located?
At the proximal part of the body of the humerus, distal to the greater and lesser tubercles.
p.7
Anatomy of the Clavicle
What anatomical feature accommodates the olecranon during extension?
The olecranon fossa of the humerus.
p.3
Causes of Clavicular Fractures
What can cause a midshaft fracture of the humerus?
Direct blow or torsion to the arm.
How do patients typically support a drooping shoulder?
By using the other uninjured limb.
p.8
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What happens to the fat pads in the elbow joint during a radial head fracture?
Tissue fluid and blood may fill the synovial cavity, raising the fat pads on the olecranon and conoid fossae.
Why is the surgical neck of the humerus prone to fractures?
It is the weakest part of the humerus.
p.7
Anatomy of the Clavicle
Why is the olecranon more prone to fracture when the arm is flexed?
It is more exposed at the posterior aspect of the elbow.
p.9
Complications of Scaphoid Fractures
What are the potential complications of a scaphoid fracture?
Avascular necrosis and future osteoarthritis.
p.6
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
What happens to the medial epicondyle during an avulsion fracture?
It is forcefully pulled, causing an avulsion fracture.
p.7
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
What happens during a direct blow to the elbow at 90 degrees of flexion?
It can cause a fracture of the olecranon.
p.7
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What are the symptoms of an olecranon fracture?
Intense elbow pain, swelling, and inability to extend the forearm.
When is the pain most pronounced in a scaphoid fracture?
During extension and abduction of the wrist.
What happens to the humerus during shoulder droop?
It may be pulled medially by the strong adductors of the arm, resulting in overriding bone fragments.
p.8
Anatomy of the Clavicle
Where is the scaphoid located?
It is the largest carpal bone in the proximal row and is positioned most laterally on the side of the thumb.
p.6
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
What causes an avulsion of the medial epicondyle?
A fall that causes severe abduction of an extended elbow.
p.4
Anatomy of the Clavicle
Where does a supracondylar fracture occur in the humerus?
At the thin distal site of the humerus, proximal to the lateral and medial epicondyles.
p.9
Complications of Scaphoid Fractures
How does poor healing of a fractured scaphoid affect the wrist joint?
It increases rubbing between the bones, raising the risk of osteoarthritis.
p.7
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
How can a fall when the triceps brachii is contracted lead to an olecranon fracture?
It can cause an avulsion fracture of the olecranon.
p.1
Anatomy of the Clavicle
What is the most common site of clavicular fracture?
The middle third of the clavicle, proximal to the conoid tubercle.
p.3
Complications of Humerus Fractures
What are potential complications of shoulder injuries?
Axillary nerve injury and posterior circumflex humeral artery injury.
What is a common cause of a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?
A fall on an outstretched arm or elbow.
p.7
Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow (Proximal Radius)
What is a common cause of an olecranon fracture?
Forced elbow hyperextension.
p.8
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What is a notable effect of a radial head fracture on elbow movement?
Decreased range of motion at the elbow joint.
p.1
Symptoms of Clavicular Fractures
What muscle elevates the medial fragment of the clavicle after a fracture?
The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).
