陈政欣, also known by the pen names 绿浪 and 陈欣, is a pioneer of modern poetry in Malaysia.
钱钟书, also known as 默存 and 槐聚, is a prominent figure in contemporary academia, celebrated for his cultural contributions. His notable works include the essay collection '写在人生边上', the short story collection '人·兽·鬼', and the novels '围城' and '读《伊索寓言》'.
方修, originally named 吴之光, is a historian and writer of Malaysian Chinese literature, known for pioneering research in this field and authoring works such as '长夜集' and '马华文学史稿'.
A song from the 宋词 collection, originally a Tang dynasty tune, repurposed by Song poets to express themes of mourning for Yang Guifei.
《察今》 is an essay selected from 《吕氏春秋》, categorized as an ancient political essay.
Lin Qingxuan is a Taiwanese writer known for his essays and philosophical writings.
The main categories are drinking poems, nostalgic poems, and pastoral poems.
星新一, whose real name is 星亲一, is known as the 'Father of Japanese Microfiction'.
Tao Yuanming, also known as Yuanliang, was a Chinese poet and recluse, recognized as the founder of pastoral poetry and referred to as the 'Master of Five Willows'.
Russell is one of the most famous and influential scholars of the last century, a pacifist social activist, and is referred to as an 'encyclopedic writer.' He won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
汉乐府诗 marks the establishment of narrative poetry in China, characterized by the use of dialogue and actions to reflect character traits and advance the plot.
A representative literary form of the Song Dynasty, originating in the Tang Dynasty, formalized in the Five Dynasties, and flourishing in the Song, characterized by being sung to music with strict rules on structure and rhyme.
崔颢 is a prominent poet of the 盛唐 period, known for his works such as 《崔颢诗》 and the 七言律诗 《黄鹤楼》, which expresses feelings of homesickness.
方路, originally named 李成友, is a poet whose works have been included in various Taiwanese poetry anthologies such as '八十八年诗选', '九十年诗选', and '2006 台湾诗选'.
Shakespeare is known as the father of English drama and is regarded as 'the greatest dramatic genius of humanity' and 'the Zeus of literature on the Olympic mountain of humanity.' His works are outstanding representatives of humanistic literature.
Robert Frost, known as the 'Poet Laureate of America', authored several acclaimed poetry collections including 'Mountain Interval', 'Birches', and 'The Road Not Taken', which reflect his views on life, society, and the universe.
林连玉, originally named 林采居, is a prominent figure in Malaysian Chinese literature, known as the 'soul of the clan' and a key promoter of Chinese education in Malaysia.
The central idea is about finding peace and returning to nature, encapsulated in the phrase 'just within the cage, I can return to nature'.
'传奇' refers to the long narrative form of drama that evolved from the Southern Drama of the late Yuan Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, distinct from the Tang Dynasty's narrative forms.
'吉陵春秋' is praised by Yu Guangzhong as creating a captivating space that is both real and surreal, and it was selected as one of the top 100 Chinese novels of the 20th century by Asia Weekly.
This phrase reflects Tao Yuanming's refusal to compromise his principles for material gain, emphasizing his commitment to a simple, reclusive life.
'事略' denotes a summary of the life events of the deceased, categorized as biographical literature.
Liu E, also known as Tieyun, is an ancient Chinese text researcher and businessman, recognized for his work 'Lao Can You Ji', which is one of the top ten classical vernacular novels in China.
Liang Wendao has written 'Common Sense', 'Too Much Noise', 'My Obsession', 'My Reading', and 'Jianghu Hong Kong', focusing on film criticism.
郑愁予, originally named 郑文韬, is known as the '浪子诗人' (Wandering Poet) and was voted the most popular poet by readers of Taipei's '文讯月刊'. His poetry collection '郑愁予诗集' was included in the list of 'Thirty Books that Influenced Taiwan for Thirty Years'.
季羡林, also known as 希逋 and 齐奘, is referred to as a 'scholarly giant' and was selected as one of the 'Top Ten People Who Moved China'. His notable works include '天竺心影', '牛棚杂忆', and '漫谈散文', which discusses the essay genre.
梁实秋, originally named 梁治华, was a prominent Chinese writer known for his essays and small pieces. He co-founded 新月书店 and served as the editor of the magazine 《新月》.
A novelist from the late Yuan to early Ming dynasty, known for writing the long novel 'Water Margin' (also known as 'Water Margin Transmission').
'聊斋志异' is a collection of ancient Chinese short stories written by 蒲松龄, combining elements of 六朝志怪 and 唐宋传奇, highlighting supernatural themes and societal issues.
A classic Chinese novel attributed to Shi Nai'an, depicting the story of Lin Chong who is framed by corrupt officials and ultimately seeks revenge, revealing the dark corruption of the Northern Song dynasty.
'致橡树' is a representative love poem by 舒婷 that expresses her views on love.
'先妣' refers to the term used by children to address their deceased mother.
'I Wander Alone, Like a Cloud' is a modern poem written by William Wordsworth, considered one of his most beautiful nature poems.
'临川四梦' and '玉茗堂四梦' refer to Tang Xianzu's works: 'The Purple Hairpin', 'The Peony Pavilion', 'The Story of Handan', and 'The South River Dream', which are masterpieces of romanticism in Chinese opera history.
锺怡雯 is a Malaysian writer recognized as a representative of the sixth generation of Taiwanese essay writers, known for her essay collections such as '河宴', '垂钓睡眠', and '听说'.
'Lao Can You Ji' is a classical vernacular novel by Liu E, noted as one of the 'Four Great Satirical Novels' of the late Qing Dynasty.
'醉翁亭记' is a prose piece by 欧阳修 that uses the character '乐' to convey the author's emotions towards nature and his joy in sharing experiences with the people.
Notable works include poetry collections like 《哭城传奇》 and 《赶在风雨之前》, as well as essays and critiques such as 《阅读马来西亚》.
A notable scholar and writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, known for his essay '岳阳楼记' and his philosophical views on public duty and personal emotion.
Notable works include 'Lotus Flower Blooming and Falling', 'Cold Moon Bell Flute', 'Warm a Jug of Moonlight Wine', and 'The Makeup of Life'.
'偷葬礼' refers to the bizarre behavior of a father whose son's disappearance delays the father's funeral.
Wordsworth is a foundational figure in 19th-century British Romantic poetry and a major representative of the 'Lake Poets.' He co-published 'Lyrical Ballads,' marking the rise of British Romantic literature.
《陌上桑》 is a representative work of narrative poetry, also known as 《艳歌罗敷行》 or 《日出东南隅行》, reflecting the struggles of the lower class.
欧阳修, also known as 永叔 and 醉翁, was a leader of the Northern Song Dynasty's ancient prose movement and one of the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. He authored works such as '新五代史' and '醉翁亭记', which expresses his feelings towards nature and joy with the people.
《孔雀东南飞》 is the longest narrative poem in China and is considered the highest achievement of 汉乐府 narrative poetry.
'曹子建集' and '情诗' are collections that highlight the literary contributions of Cao Zhi, reflecting themes of personal emotion and social issues.
Lu Xun, originally named Zhou Shuren, is a great modern Chinese writer and thinker, known as a founding figure of the New Literature Movement.
《行行重行行》 is the first poem of 《古诗十九首》 and reflects the works of lower and middle-class intellectuals.
天狼星诗社 is a poetry society founded by 林连玉 that actively promotes the modern literary movement in Malaysia.
The Tang Dynasty is considered the golden age of Chinese poetry, marked by the development of regulated verse (近体诗) which was established in the early Tang and matured during the peak of the Tang.
'关雎' is the first poem in '诗经', a love poem consisting of five stanzas of four lines each, utilizing the techniques of 比 (bi) and 兴 (xing).
Also known as 《吕览》, it is a representative work of the Miscellaneous School, compiled by Lü Buwei and written by his assembled scholars. It consists of 8 sections, 6 discussions, and 12 records, primarily focusing on Confucian and Daoist thoughts.
A prominent representative of the 婉约派 in the Northern Song Dynasty, known for his contributions to slow lyric poetry and for his famous works like '雨霖铃'.
李白, known as the 'Poet Immortal', is a major romantic poet who primarily wrote lyrical poetry. His notable works include 《李太白文集》 and the poem 《将进酒》, which encourages drinking and reflects his belief that 'heaven has a purpose for my talents'.
Helen Keller was an American author and activist, recognized as one of America's top ten heroes by Time magazine. She wrote works such as 'The Story of My Life' and 'Three Days to See', detailing her experiences and the influence of her teacher, Anne Sullivan.
The central argument is that if one cannot have both life and righteousness, one should 'sacrifice life for righteousness', warning people not to lose their 'true heart'.
A prose poem that expresses the author's optimistic and open-minded attitude towards life despite being in adversity.
The 'Four Histories' refer to a collection of historical texts in Chinese literature, which includes the 'Book of Han'.
'错误' is a modern poem by 郑愁予, which is celebrated as a masterpiece of modern lyrical poetry.
'诗经' is the earliest collection of Chinese poetry, reflecting the social life of the Zhou Dynasty, containing 305 poems from the early Western Zhou to the mid-Spring and Autumn period.
Liu Yiqing, also known as Ji Bo, was a prominent figure during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, known for his simplicity and love for literature. His major works include 'Shishuo Xinyu', 'Xuzhou Xianxian Zhuan', and 'Dianxu', as well as the supernatural fiction 'Youming Lu'.
白居易, also known as 白傅 or 白文公, was a famous realist poet of the Middle Tang period, known for his satirical poetry and advocacy for the New LeFu movement, emphasizing that '文章合为时而著，歌诗合为事而作'.
《如果孔子驾车》 serves as a critique of contemporary society's rudeness and arrogance, using the metaphor of Confucius driving to reflect on governance.
Lu Xun's essays, known as 'miscellaneous writings', introduced a new style of literary criticism and social commentary.
'骚体', also known as '楚辞', refers to a style of poetry characterized by its lyrical and expressive nature, originating from the works of 屈原.
'Blessing' is a modern vernacular novel selected from Lu Xun's collection 'Wandering', featuring the main character Xianglin Sao.
After her migration south, Li Qingzhao's poetry often reflects themes of national loss and longing for her homeland and loved ones.
'蓼莪' is a poem from '小雅', a part of '雅', which serves as a mourning song for parents, employing the techniques of 比 (bi) and 兴 (xing).
The core idea of Confucianism is 'Ren', which emphasizes benevolence and the importance of moral integrity.
'拉子妇' was originally titled '土妇的血'.
Peach Blossom Spring is a prose work by Tao Yuanming that describes an idyllic utopia, symbolizing a return to nature.
Roland is known for his long novel 'Jean-Christophe', which is regarded as one of the greatest novels of the 20th century, and for his biographical work 'The Unyielding Spirit – A Biography of Beethoven'.
'才高八斗' refers to someone with exceptional talent or ability, often used to describe a highly skilled individual.
Records of the Three Kingdoms is a historical text written by Chen Shou, known for its biographical style and focus on the Three Kingdoms period.
The two categories of 元曲 are '散曲' (which includes 小令 and 套曲 for solo singing) and '杂剧' (which refers to the complete scripts performed on stage).
《东门行》 is a type of 汉乐府 poetry, included in the Song Dynasty collection by 郭茂倩.
'The True Story of Ah Q' is an immortal masterpiece in modern Chinese literature written by Lu Xun.
白朴, known as one of the '四大家' of 元曲, was a playwright whose notable works include '唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨' and '堇月英花月东墙记'.
苏轼, also known as 子瞻 and 东坡居士, was a bold and free-spirited poet whose works exhibit a romantic style similar to that of 李白. He is known for his contributions to poetry and prose, including '苏东坡集'.
A famous long chapter-style novel based on Chen Shou's 'Records of the Three Kingdoms', written by Luo Guanzhong, and is considered the first notable chapter-style novel in China.
'雷雨' is a modern drama by 曹禺 that is considered a significant work in the history of Chinese dramatic literature, known for its deep realism and tragic themes.
The main themes include pastoral poetry by Tao Yuanming, landscape poetry by Xie Lingyun, court poetry by Liang dynasty poets, and frontier poetry by Cao Cao.
The '元曲四大家' refers to four major playwrights of 元曲: 白朴, 郑光祖, 关汉卿, and 马致远.
《语言的演变》 discusses the evolution of the Chinese language, originally titled 《古今言殊》.
'雨巷' is praised by 叶圣陶 for opening a new era in the music of Chinese new poetry, reflecting the poet's longing for an uncertain future.
'Chutangsijie' refers to the 'Four Masters of the Early Tang', which includes Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhao Lin, and Luo Bin Wang.
Li Yu's poetry reflects the lavish life of the court in his early works and later expresses nostalgia for the past and lamentation over his life as a prisoner.
Zhuangzi's prose is known for its high artistic achievement and romantic artistic style.
《谈美》 is significant for proposing a unique aesthetic perspective and includes the essay '当局者迷，旁观者清', which discusses the clarity of observation versus involvement.
A philosophical statement by 范仲淹 expressing the idea of remaining unaffected by external circumstances and maintaining a sense of duty to the greater good.
Lin Qingxuan is also known by the pen names Qin Qing, Lin Li, and Lin Da Bei.
An American civil rights leader known as 'the voice of Black Americans' and 'Pastor King', who won the Nobel Peace Prize and is recognized as one of the most persuasive speakers of the last century.
A seven-character regulated verse written for the author's brother, Su Zhe, and is a type of singing and responding poem.
'I Have a Dream' is one of his notable speeches advocating for civil rights.
屈原, also known as 平, was a poet and politician from the Chu state, recognized as the creator and representative author of '楚辞' (Songs of Chu) and is regarded as the greatest patriotic poet loyal to Chu.
An American physicist known as the father of modern physics and the creator of the theory of relativity, recognized as one of the most important scientists of the 20th century.
The trio of Su Shi, Su Xun, and Su Zhe, notable figures in Chinese literature.
张养浩, also known as 希孟 and 云庄, was a prominent figure in 元曲, recognized for his contributions to '散曲' and known for works like '三事忠告' and '归田类稿'.
'Shishuo Xinyu' is considered the earliest example of Chinese anecdotal fiction and a representative work of the Six Dynasties' zhiren (literati) novels. It was co-compiled by Liu Yiqing and his associates, influencing later vernacular novels like 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and 'Water Margin'.
《长恨歌》 is a narrative poem that explores themes of love and loss, reflecting on the enduring nature of love despite separation.
'硕鼠' is a representative satirical poem in '诗经', using the metaphor of a large rat to criticize rulers and exploiters, reflecting the grievances of the oppressed people.
The term '唐宋八大家' refers to the eight great prose masters of the Tang and Song dynasties, including 韩愈, 柳宗元, 欧阳修, 苏轼, 苏洵, 苏辙, 曾巩, 王安石, 元稹, and 白居易.
'Strategies of the Warring States' is considered the most complete work on political struggles during the Warring States period and has the highest literary value among historical prose.
Mozi, also known as Ming Zhi, is the founder of the Mozi school, advocating for 'universal love and mutual benefit' and emphasizing that those who rely on their strength thrive, while those who do not do not survive.
Lin Juemin's writings express the views on life and happiness of revolutionaries, reflecting the noble inner world of democratic revolutionaries.
《喂 —— 出来》 is a micro science fiction novel by 星新一.
朱光潜, also known by pen names 孟实 and 孟石, is a Chinese modern aesthetician and literary theorist, recognized as a pioneer and foundational figure in modern aesthetics. He is noted for being the first to widely introduce Western aesthetics in China and is regarded as a master in the field.
徐志摩 was a Chinese poet influenced by Western education, European Romanticism, and the Aesthetic Movement. He was a representative poet of the 新月派 and is best known for his lyrical poem '再别康桥', considered one of the finest lyrical poems of 20th century China.
In 《背影》, 朱自清 expresses his feelings of dissatisfaction with dark realities and a longing for light and freedom, using the metaphor of a荷 to convey a sense of purity and integrity.
Russell authored 'Principia Mathematica,' 'Philosophical Essays,' 'On Education,' 'A History of Western Philosophy,' and the essay 'Why I Live,' selected from 'Russell's Autobiography.'
'李杜' refers to the duo of 李白 and 杜甫, two of the most celebrated poets in Chinese literature.
Pascal was a 17th-century French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher known for creating the first mechanical calculator and being one of the founders of probability theory. He authored 'Provincial Letters', a foundational work of French classical prose, and 'Pensées', which includes the famous quote 'Man is a thinking reed'.
The 'Book of Han' is the first chronological biographical history in China, authored by Ban Gu, and is considered one of the 'Four Histories'.
《伊索寓言》 is one of the earliest collections of fables in the world, showcasing moral lessons through storytelling.
林连玉 served as the chairman of 教总 from the third to the tenth term, playing a crucial role in its establishment.
The 'Four Great Satirical Novels' include Liu E's 'Lao Can You Ji', Wu Yanren's 'Twenty Years of Observing Strange Phenomena', Li Boyuan's 'The Appearance of Officialdom', and Zeng Pu's 'Narcissus Flower'.
'渡江' is a poem from '九章' that serves as a travel poem reflecting his feelings during his second exile.
《师说》 is an essay that critiques contemporary issues and emphasizes the importance of teachers, summarizing their role as '传道授业解惑也'.
王安石, also known as 介甫 and 半山, was a prominent reformer of the 11th century in China, known for implementing the 王安石变法 (Wang Anshi Reforms). He is one of the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties and is notable for not being demoted.
《过秦论》 is a political essay by 贾谊 that critiques the mistakes of the Qin dynasty and advocates for benevolent governance to avoid repeating the same errors. It is noted for its eloquent expression and is considered a significant work in the genre of political essays.
《木兰诗》 is considered the pinnacle of Northern Dynasties 乐府民歌 and is part of the '乐府双壁' alongside 《孔雀东南飞》.
Liu Xiang, also known as Gengsheng, was a Western Han dynasty scholar, cataloguer, and writer known for compiling the 'Strategies of the Warring States'.
His works often reflect the tragic lives of the poor and their yearning for happiness and beauty.
《史记》 is structured into several sections: 12 本纪 (annals of emperors), 30 世家 (lineages of feudal lords), 70 列传 (biographies of notable figures), 10 表 (tables of major events), and 8 书 (treatises on institutions). It is considered the highest achievement of Han prose.
'Night Rain to the North' is a seven-character quatrain by Li Shangyin that expresses feelings of longing for his wife and his own solitude, yearning for reunion.
'Strategies of the Warring States' records events from the Spring and Autumn period to the Qin dynasty.
The four major tragedies written by Shakespeare are 'King Lear,' 'Othello,' 'Macbeth,' and 'Hamlet.'
李永平 is an author known for works such as '婆罗洲之子', '拉子妇', and '吉陵春秋', with '拉子妇' originally titled '土妇的血'.
The essay '让生命舒展如树' explores themes of personal narrative and character depiction, reflecting the author's interests in agriculture, Buddhism, and literature.
元曲 is a form of Chinese drama that includes singing, recitation, acting, and stage settings, recognized as a comprehensive art form. It originated from labor songs and dances, developed through various dynasties, and is categorized into '散曲' and '杂剧'.
'The Meaning of Relativity' is one of his significant publications.
'San Xia Wu Yi' is recognized as the first true martial arts novel in China and is a representative work of the classical long-form chivalric genre.
A Russian writer regarded as one of the greatest literary figures of the 19th and early 20th centuries, known for his critical realism.
'序' refers to a preface or commentary, and in 司马光's work, it emphasizes the idea that the principles of rise and fall, while often attributed to fate, are significantly influenced by human actions.
'出师表' is a memorial written by Zhuge Liang to express his loyalty and strategies during military campaigns, showcasing his political and military acumen.
Regulated verse (近体诗) has strict requirements regarding meter, word count, and line count, contrasting with ancient verse (古体诗).
'散曲' refers to a type of lyrical poetry used for solo singing, which includes forms like 小令 and 套曲.
Wang Changling, known by the courtesy name Shaobo, is a famous frontier poet of the Tang Dynasty, celebrated for his mastery of seven-character quatrains and referred to as the 'Saint of Seven Absolute Poems'.
'赋' is a literary form that exists between poetry and prose, characterized by rhythmic prose. It flourished during the Han dynasty and evolved from the '楚辞' (Chuci), with later generations referring to it as '辞赋' (rhapsody).
Bai Xingjian, also known as Zhitui, was a Tang dynasty writer and the brother of Bai Juyi, known for his work 'Li Wa Zhuan', a notable Tang dynasty legend.
An essayist known as Zhenchuan Xiansheng, who opposed the 'literature must follow the Qin and Han dynasties' theory and influenced the Qing dynasty's Tongcheng school of prose.
Refers to the four great novels of the Ming dynasty: 'Water Margin', 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms', 'Journey to the West', and 'Jin Ping Mei'.
The 'Dao of the Mean' refers to the principle of moderation and balance in behavior and thought, central to Confucian philosophy.
'Gong Shu' is a prose piece from the Mozi that recounts how Mozi persuaded Gongshu Pan and the King of Chu to abandon their plans to attack the Song state.
'Yange Xing' is recognized as the earliest complete seven-character poem by a literati, often referred to as the 'ancestor of seven-character poetry'.
'Wang Meng' refers to the poetic relationship between Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, highlighting their contributions to Tang poetry.
杜甫, known as the 'Poet Sage', is recognized for his realistic poetry and established the 'poetry history' with works like 《三吏》 and 《三别》. His famous poem 《登高》 is a notable example of 七言律诗.
Ban Gu, also known as Mengjian, is a Chinese historian and author of the 'Book of Han', which is the first chronological biographical history in China and one of the 'Four Histories'.
Liang Wendao, also known as 'Dao Chang', is a Hong Kong cultural figure and writer.
'三言二拍' refers to a collection of vernacular stories, including works by Feng Menglong and Ling Mengchu, such as 'The Words of the World', 'The Warnings of the World', and 'The Constant Warnings of the World'.
Rosenthal, an American journalist for The New York Times, won the Pulitzer International Reporting Prize for 'Auschwitz: A Report on the News', which is considered a timeless classic in American journalism.
林连玉's忌辰 is regarded as '华教节', a day to promote the '林连玉精神' and honor his contributions to Chinese education.
Maupassant is celebrated as the 'King of Short Stories' for his mastery in the genre, with notable works including 'Boule de Suif', 'The Necklace', and the novel 'Bel-Ami'.
The term '五经' refers to the Five Classics of Chinese literature, which include '尚书', '礼记', '周易', '春秋', and '诗经'.
'归田赋' (Return to the Fields) is a notable small fu (rhyme-prose) work by Zhang Heng.
贾谊, also known as 贾太傅, 贾长沙, and 贾生, was a prominent figure in Han dynasty prose and rhapsody. He proposed reforms but was demoted to the position of 太傅 of the King of Changsha. His major literary achievements include political essays such as 《过秦论》 and 《论积贮疏》, and he is recognized as a transitional figure from the style of 'sao' poetry to Han rhapsody.
舒婷, originally named 龚佩瑜, is a contemporary Chinese female poet and a representative of the Misty Poetry movement. She is known for her poetry collections such as '双桅船' and '会唱歌的鸢尾花'.
'梁任公' refers to 梁启超, expressing 梁实秋's admiration for him in his essay 《记梁任公的一次演讲》.
Li Qingzhao was a prominent female poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, known for her contributions to the lyrical style of poetry, particularly the 'Wanyue' style. Her works reflect personal emotions and later, the pain of national loss.
梁启超, also known as 任公, was a key figure in the reform movement in China, co-founder of the first modern literary magazine 《新小说》, and a proponent of literary and historical revolutions.
'逸事' refers to events that are lost and not recorded in official history, often recounted in prose works.
'诗界革命' refers to the movement initiated by 梁启超 advocating for the reform of poetry in China.
The main theme of the 小令 in 元曲 often reflects the struggles of the common people, as expressed in lines like '兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦'.
The poem 'From Military Campaign' is a seven-character quatrain that uses an old theme from the Yuefu to express the spirit of soldiers defending their homeland.
Suijincheng, also known as Shunchen, was a prominent writer of sanqu and zaju during the Yuan dynasty. He is known for works such as 'Suijincheng Ci' and 'Ban She Diao: Shao Bian: Gao Zu Huan Xiang', which reflect the society of the Yuan dynasty while depicting Liu Bang.
'Jing Ke's Assassination of the King of Qin' is a historical prose piece selected from 'Strategies of the Warring States', illustrating a famous assassination attempt.
'Lianbi' refers to the collaboration between Li Bai and Wang Changling in their seven-character quatrains.
'Spring and Autumn Annals' is the first detailed chronological history of China, documenting the events of the Eastern Zhou period.
《兵车行》 is a famous poem by 杜甫 that reflects the hardships of the common people during his time, showcasing his commitment to realism in poetry.
A Song dynasty lyric poem belonging to the bold style, which integrates emotion and scenery while reminiscing about the historical figure Zhou Yu.
蒲松龄, also known as 字留仙 and 别号 柳泉居士, is a Chinese writer from the Qing Dynasty known for his work '聊斋志异', which reflects the corruption of the imperial examination system and societal darkness.
'徭役制' refers to a system of forced labor or corvée labor, which was often criticized for its harshness and exploitation of the common people.
'述行赋' (On Conduct) is a small fu work authored by Cai Yong.
The literary relationship between Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi.
'野火集' is a notable work by 龙应台, which has been described by 余光中 as a 'tornado', indicating its powerful impact.
Qiu Chi, also known as Xi Fan, was skilled in writing parallel prose and landscape poetry. He was recognized in Zhong Rong's 'Shi Pin' for his poetic style and authored works such as 'Qiu Zhonglang Ji' and 'Letter to Chen Bozhi'.
'Strategies of the Warring States', also known as 'Guoce', is a historical text that focuses on the strategies and speeches of advisors during the Warring States period.
The 'Four Books' refer to four important Confucian texts: 'Mencius', 'The Great Learning', 'The Doctrine of the Mean', and 'The Analects'.
A novelist known for 'Journey to the West', which is regarded as a representative work of Chinese mythology and fantasy literature.
Wang Wei, known by the courtesy name Mo Jie, is a prominent poet of the peak Tang period, referred to as the 'Buddha of Poetry', and is a representative figure of the landscape and pastoral poetry school.
'桐城三祖' refers to the three founding figures of the 桐城派, which are 方苞, 姚鼐, and 刘大櫆, influential in the development of prose during the Qing Dynasty.
The four classic novels of Chinese literature: 'Water Margin', 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms', 'Journey to the West', and 'Dream of the Red Chamber'.
Cao Zhi, known posthumously as Chen Si Wang, is celebrated for his poetry that initially focused on ideals and aspirations, later expressing sorrow over persecution.
Wordsworth is known for his long poems 'Prelude' and 'The Excursion,' as well as his collections of lyrical poems such as 'We Are Seven,' 'Daffodils,' and 'The Solitary Reaper.'
Abraham Lincoln is celebrated for his role in the emancipation of enslaved people and is referred to as 'The Great Emancipator'. His speech at the Gettysburg National Cemetery is regarded as a masterpiece in the history of speeches.
韩愈, also known as 韩昌黎, was a prominent leader of the ancient prose movement during the Tang Dynasty and is considered one of the Eight Great Prose Masters of Tang and Song. He is known for his works such as 《昌黎先生集》 and the essay 《师说》.
'漫谈散文' is an essay that specifically discusses the essay genre, highlighting its characteristics and significance.
荀子, known as 况, proposed the theory of 'innate evil' and emphasized the importance of '仁' (benevolence) and the doctrine of the mean, advocating for the emulation of Zhou rituals.
诸葛亮, also known as Kongming, was a prominent strategist and statesman who assisted Liu Bei in establishing the Shu Han regime and served as its chancellor.
方苞, also known as 字灵皋 and later as 望溪, is a Qing Dynasty prose writer and the founder of the 桐城派, known for his works such as '望溪先生集' and '左忠毅公逸事'.
A novelist from the late Yuan to early Ming dynasty, recognized as the ancestor of Chinese chapter-style novels, best known for 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms'.
林连玉 contributed to modern poetry by co-planning the first modern poetry album and cassette in Malaysia, titled 《惊喜的星光》.
The literary connection between Su Shi and Xin Qiji, both prominent figures in the bold style of poetry.
曹雪芹, also known as 名露 and 字梦阮, is a renowned Qing Dynasty novelist and poet, best known for his masterpiece '红楼梦', considered one of the greatest novels in Chinese literature.
'Blessing' employs a reverse chronological narrative technique.
Wen Tianxiang, originally named Yun Sun, was a notable patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, known for his works that express national pride and resistance.
'康梁' refers to the duo 康有为 and 梁启超, significant figures in the reform movement in China.
Lu You was a famous patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, recognized for having the most surviving works from that period, with a focus on national consciousness.
Zhuangzi, also known as Zhou and later referred to as 'Nanhua Zhenren', is a representative of Daoism during the Warring States period, inheriting and developing Laozi's 'Dao follows nature' philosophy.
'Guo Yu' is the first national history text in a separate category, focusing on the history of various states during the Spring and Autumn period.
微型小说, also known as micro-novels, short stories, or ultra-short stories, refers to a genre of extremely brief fiction that conveys a complete narrative in a concise format.
The original title of 'The Necklace' is 'La Parure'. It is a short story that explores themes of wealth and social status.
《雅舍小品》 is one of the representative works of 梁实秋, showcasing his talent in prose and small essays.
龙应台 is a Taiwanese writer known for her impactful works, including '野火集', '百年思索', '孩子你慢慢来', and '目送'.
'劝学' means to encourage and motivate people to study diligently, with the central idea that learning should not be for oneself alone.
司马迁, also known as 史圣, 史迁, and 太史公, is renowned for authoring 《史记》, the first comprehensive historical text in China. He contributed to the reform of the calendar and is celebrated as a pivotal figure in Chinese historiography.
谈家桢 is an international geneticist known as the founder of modern genetics in China, often referred to as the 'master of Chinese genetics'.
干宝, known as the ancestor of Chinese prose fiction, authored '晋纪' and '搜神记', which laid the groundwork for later narrative forms in Chinese literature.
《奇妙的克隆》 is an explanatory text selected from '中学科技', highlighting advancements in genetics.
'黍离' is a poem from the early Eastern Zhou period, expressing nostalgia and mourning for a fallen kingdom.
'Wenxin Diaolong' by Liu Xie is the first systematic and complete work of literary theory in China, providing foundational insights into literary criticism.
Lin Juemin, also known as Dou Fei, was a participant in the Tongmenghui and one of the martyrs of the Huanghuagang Uprising.
戴望舒 is called the '雨巷诗人' due to his representation of modernist symbolism in poetry, particularly in his famous work '雨巷'.
Cao Cao's 'Short Song Style' is a significant work that expresses his aspirations and is part of his literary legacy.
余光中 is known as the '乡愁诗人' and is recognized as one of the 'top ten poets' of modern Taiwan, contributing significantly to poetry and prose.
'Zuo Zhuan' is a historical text attributed to Zuo Qiuming, considered one of the 'Three Commentaries' of the 'Spring and Autumn Annals'.
'A Madman's Diary' is the first vernacular novel in the history of modern Chinese literature, published in the magazine 'New Youth'.
'诗经' is divided into three parts: 风 (Feng), 雅 (Ya), and 颂 (Song), which represent folk songs, court music, and sacrificial songs, respectively.
His major works include 'War and Peace', 'Anna Karenina', and the autobiographical trilogy 'Childhood, Boyhood, Youth'.
The literary collaboration between Su Shi and Huang Tingjian, both of whom are associated with the bold style.
Li Shangyin, also known as Yuxi, was a famous poet of the late Tang dynasty, known for his lyrical poetry and works such as 'Night Rain to the North'.
The 唐代古文运动, or the ancient prose movement of the Tang Dynasty, was a reform movement that opposed the parallel prose style and advocated for the revival of the ancient prose style from the Qin and Han dynasties.
'Pianwen' originated in the Han Dynasty, developed during the Wei and Jin periods, and matured in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It gradually gave way to 'guwen' during the Mid-Tang to Song Dynasties, with late Tang referring to it as 'siliu' and Qing calling it 'pian ti wen'.
Confucius, also known as Kong Qiu, was a Chinese philosopher and the founder of Confucianism, revered as 'The Most Sage and First Teacher'.
'Li Wa Zhuan' is a Tang dynasty legend that tells the fictional love story between Zheng Sheng and Li Wa, criticizing the coldness of noble families.
Mozi advocated for 'valuing the worthy', 'valuing harmony', and 'non-governance', believing that officials do not have permanent nobility and the people do not have permanent low status.
'Dou E Yuan', also known as 'June Snow', is a famous zaju play by Guan Hanqing. It is considered one of the 'Top Ten Classical Tragedies of China' and has been praised for its literary merit, being recognized as a significant work in the world of tragedy.
'乡愁' expresses the feelings of nostalgia and longing for home experienced by those who are away from their homeland.
Yang Xiong is known for his representative works 'Ganquan' and 'Yulie', which are significant examples of Han grand prose.
Mencius, also known as Ke and styled Ziyu, is a representative figure in Confucianism who inherited the idea of 'benevolence', advocating for 'innate goodness' and 'benevolent governance'.
The term refers to the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties period, characterized by a heightened consciousness and development in literature.
'Yian Ti' refers to the unique style of poetry created by Li Qingzhao, characterized by its graceful and fresh expression.
Five-Character Ancient Poetry saw new developments under the Jian'an poets and matured during the Wei and Jin dynasties.
'搜神记' is a collection of short stories that serves as a significant reference for the development of Tang dynasty legends and later narrative styles.
吕叔湘 is regarded as a master in Chinese linguistics and a pioneer in modern Chinese language studies, known for his works like 《中国文法要略》.
'Zhengqi Ge' is a five-character ancient poem written by Wen Tianxiang, created during his imprisonment, symbolizing enduring patriotism.
Mei Cheng's 'Seven Poems' established the formal structure of the Han dynasty's grand prose.
'The Analects' is a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius and his disciples, compiled by his followers.
'Xiang Jian Huan' is a song from the Song dynasty, originally a Tang court song, expressing feelings of sorrow and separation due to the fall of the country.
Xin Qiji was one of the greatest patriotic poets of the Southern Song Dynasty, known for his bold and heroic style of poetry, representing the 'Haofang' school.
曹禺, originally named 万家宝, is often referred to as 'China's Shakespeare' and is known for his influential plays such as '雷雨' (Thunderstorm).
'资治通鉴' is the first chronological history of China, authored by 司马光. It serves as a significant historical text in Chinese literature.
The real name of the poet 戴望舒 is 戴朝安, and he is also known as 戴梦欧.
Guan Hanqing, also known as Yizhai Sou, is regarded as the greatest playwright of the Yuan dynasty and is often referred to as the 'father of Yuan Zaju'. He is celebrated for his works such as 'Jiu Feng Chen', 'Wang Jiang Ting', and 'Dan Dao Hui', and is sometimes called the 'Shakespeare of the East'.
Miscellaneous writings, referred to by Lu Xun as 'notes' or 'short comments', include short essays, notes, letters, diaries, and speeches.
Other notable playwrights of the Yuan dynasty include Ma Zhiyuan, known for 'Han Gong Qiu'; Wang Shifu, known for 'Xi Xiang Ji'; Zheng Guangzu, known for 'Qing Nu Li Hun'; and Gao Ming, known for 'Pi Pa Ji', which is regarded as the pinnacle of Southern drama.
'San Li' refers to the trio of poets Li Bai, Li Yu, and Li Qingzhao, recognized for their significant contributions to Chinese poetry.
The term 'Three Caos' refers to the prominent figures Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, and Cao Pi, who were key contributors to the Jian'an poetry movement.
'Mencius' is a collection of dialogues and debates co-authored by Mencius and his disciples, focusing on Confucian philosophy.
'红楼梦', also known as '石头记', is a classic Chinese novel by 曹雪芹 that explores themes of love, society, and family, featuring key characters like 贾宝玉 and 林黛玉.
Cao Cao, also known as Mengde, was the founder of the Wei state and a major figure in the Three Kingdoms period, known for his literary works and military prowess.
'Shi Pin' by Zhong Rong is recognized as the first work of poetry criticism in China, establishing a framework for evaluating poetry.
The poem 'Autumn Night in the Mountain Retreat' is one of the representative works of Chinese landscape and pastoral poetry, depicting the poet's contentment with a life of seclusion amidst nature.
Sima Xiangru was a prominent figure in Han dynasty literature, known for his works 'Zixu Fu' and 'Shanglin Fu', representing the highest achievements of Han grand prose.
'Pao Ding Jie Niu' is a story from Zhuangzi that illustrates the philosophy of 'nurturing life' through the tale of Pao Ding skillfully dismembering an ox for Lord Wen Hui.
Li Yu, also known as Zhongguang, was the last emperor of the Southern Tang during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, celebrated as a 'poet emperor'.
Cao Pi, known posthumously as Wei Wen Emperor, was the founding emperor of the Cao Wei state and contributed to literature with works like 'Yange Xing'.
'Shi Er' is a seven-character quatrain written by Lu You, regarded as his final work, expressing his deep concern for the nation and its people.
'Xiao Li Du' refers to the duo of poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu, known for their significant contributions to poetry during the Tang dynasty.
